Search

In this paper, we utilise blockchain technology (BT) and circular q -rung orthopair fuzzy sets (C q -ROFS) to address practical issues related to urban transportation and supply chain management (SCM). Recognising the weaknesses of earlier approaches such as circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets (C-IFS), we work C q -ROFS to better accommodate imprecise input. Novel approaches that use into metaverse settings are being investigated as a means of addressing the complex problems associated with urban mobility. This study use the SWARA-AROMAN approach to evaluate potential blockchain integration possibilities for metaverse urban mobility. Sensitivity analysis and comprehensive evaluation yield powerful insights into the robustness and adaptability of solutions. With these findings at their disposal, policymakers will be more equipped to take on unpredictability and take advantage of opportunities for sustainable urban mobility. To enhance urban transportation solutions in the dynamic metaverse, future strategies should concentrate on improving processes and exploring novel technology. Ultimately, this research emphasises how critical it is to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing innovation if we hope to influence the patterns of urban mobility in the metaverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we utilise blockchain technology (BT) and circular q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (Cq-ROFS) to address practical issues related to urban transportation and supply chain management (SCM). Recognising the weaknesses of earlier approaches such as circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets (C-IFS), we work Cq-ROFS to better accommodate imprecise input. Novel approaches that use into metaverse settings are being investigated as a means of addressing the complex problems associated with urban mobility. This study use the SWARA-AROMAN approach to evaluate potential blockchain integration possibilities for metaverse urban mobility. Sensitivity analysis and comprehensive evaluation yield powerful insights into the robustness and adaptability of solutions. With these findings at their disposal, policymakers will be more equipped to take on unpredictability and take advantage of opportunities for sustainable urban mobility. To enhance urban transportation solutions in the dynamic metaverse, future strategies should concentrate on improving processes and exploring novel technology. Ultimately, this research emphasises how critical it is to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing innovation if we hope to influence the patterns of urban mobility in the metaverse.

As big data, Artificial Intelligence, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication have advanced, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are being developed to enable efficient and safe transportation systems. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), which is one of the services included in ITS systems, is an automated system that allows vehicles to pass through toll plazas without stopping for manual payment. The ETC system is widely deployed on highways due to its contribution to stabilizing the overall traffic system flow. To ensure secure and efficient toll payments, designing a distributed model for sharing toll payment information among untrusted toll service providers is necessary. However, the current ETC system operates under a centralized model. Additionally, both toll service providers and toll plazas know the toll usage history of vehicles. It raises concerns about revealing the entire driving routes and patterns of vehicles. To address these issues, blockchain technology, suitable for secure data management and data sharing in distributed systems, is being applied to the ETC system. Blockchain enables efficient and transparent management of ETC information. Nevertheless, the public nature of blockchain poses a challenge where users' usage records are exposed to all participants. To tackle this, we propose a blockchain-based toll ticket model named AnonymousTollPass that considers the privacy of vehicles. The proposed model utilizes traceable ring signatures to provide unlinkability between tickets used by a vehicle and prevent the identity of the vehicle using the ticket from being identified among the ring members for the ticket. Furthermore, malicious vehicles' identities can be traced when they attempt to reuse tickets. By conducting simulations, we show the effectiveness of the proposed model and demonstrate that gas fees required for executing the proposed smart contracts are only 10% (when the ring size is 50) of the fees required in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses service times based on vehicle class at barrier-operated toll booths. Service times were measured using four vehicle classifications: car (C), medium goods vehicle (MGV), trucks & bus (TB), and articulated truck (AT) with two payment options: electronic (ETC) and manual toll collection (MTC). Each toll booth has both payment systems and resulting in mixed toll booth utilization in terms of payment and vehicles. The collected data was utilized to estimate logistic regression, and non-parametric statistical tests were performed. Findings indicate, when vehicle size increases, so does service time for even ETC. Furthermore, logistic regression used to compute threshold service times shifting from ETC to MTC for C, MGV, TB, and AT, which were 5.92, 7.51, 10.00, and 12.80 s, respectively. The transition time for a vehicle switch from ETC to MTC based on the logistic curve is denoted by threshold service time. Below the threshold, ETC is more favorable option and affected by barrier and vehicle class. Overall, the results indicate that operators can benefit from more dynamic operational conditions facilitated by threshold service times, enabling adaptive and efficient toll booth operations. Additionally, these thresholds can serve as valuable measure of service quality for managing freeway exits.

As a typical application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the electronic toll collection (ETC) system has been widely used on highways due to its excellent toll efficiency. In the actual traffic environment, there usually exists more than one vehicle in the radiation area of the road-side units (RSU) at the same time, and the front vehicle will affect the ray paths between the RSU and the on-board units (OBU) of the back vehicle. Here we studied the front vehicle’s impact on the ETC system’s path propagation loss by ray tracing technology and Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). Firstly, we simplified the vehicle body structure into two equivalent geometric models. Four situations were considered according to the vehicles’ front and rear positions. We analyzed each scenario’s propagation loss models under line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions based on the distance change among RSU, OBU, and the front vehicle. Finally, we developed an ETC comprehensive test equipment to measure the propagation loss of the four scenarios at a toll station. Both simulation and experiment results indicate that the propagation loss models proposed in this paper are valid.

Bay Area toll bridges are the main transportation link across the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. These bridges experience extreme congestion and become bottlenecks during peak hours with long backups at the toll plazas. A solution to ensure smooth vehicle throughput at toll plazas is the widespread adoption of the electronic toll collection system called FasTrak. However, the FasTrak system has experienced low usage rates since its inception relative to other toll collection systems in the country. Forecasting, marketing, and operations research models were utilized to make recommendations and collaborate with transportation authorities to increase FasTrak usage during peak hours (5–10 a.m. and 3–7 p.m.) to address traffic congestion. After these recommendations were implemented, FasTrak usage increased from 40% in 2006 to the long-term target of 70% by 2016. This paper presents a synthesis of the challenges and the implementation of the FasTrak Strategic Plan. Furthermore, econometric models are presented that capture the effect on traffic volumes of increased FasTrak usage achieved through congestion pricing. Saved travel time resulted in productivity gains of approximately $569 million per year. This study contributes to an understanding of the role of effective transportation policies in reducing congestion and improving productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on price elasticity of demand, especially in the field of transportation, has high theoretical and application value. Based on the perspective of price elasticity of demand, the study presents the impact of adjusting expressway rates on the traffic flow of cars with seven seats or less. The data are from the measured data of the Shanghai expressway Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) from 2019 to 2020. In order to eliminate the impact of the surge of ETC users in 2019 on the results, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is used to optimize the data. The research shows that the price elasticity of demand will increase with the increase in charge amount (distance). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic toll collection (ETC) systems make it easier for drivers to pay the fee for driving on toll roads. Nevertheless, digitalization of any process enables the service provider to collect digital records containing an accurate description of all the transactions carried out by users. This is the case for ETC systems. Moreover, records about road usage contain data about people's driving habits, from which highly sensitive personal information can be inferred. Hence, these systems should be designed in such a way that the privacy of drivers is preserved. In this paper we present an ETC system which guarantees that drivers pay the amount corresponding to their journeys while preserving their privacy in the sense that all the interactions of a car with the system are anonymous and unlinkable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ETC proposal in which the system server is unable to link the entrance and exit points of a trip. The security of the proposal has been analyzed, while its performance has been tested from a prototype implementation which proves its feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The travel time prediction of vehicles is an important part of intelligent expressways. It can not only provide the vehicle distribution trend of each section for the expressway management department to assist the fine management of the expressway, but it can also provide owners with dynamic and accurate travel time prediction services to assist the owners to formulate more reasonable travel plans. However, there are still some problems in the current travel time prediction research (e.g., different types of vehicles are not processed separately, the proximity of the road network is not considered, and the capture of important information in the spatial-temporal perspective is not considered in depth). In this paper, we propose a Multi-View Travel Time Prediction (MVPPT) model. First, the travel times of different types of vehicles of each section in the expressway are analyzed, and the main differences in the travel times of different types of vehicles are obtained. Second, multiple travel time features are constructed, which include a novel spatial proximity feature. On this basis, we use CNN to capture the spatial correlation and the spatial attention mechanism to capture key information, the BiLSTM to capture the time correlation of time series, and the time attention mechanism capture key time information. Experiments on large-scale real traffic data demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal over state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses service times based on vehicle class at barrier-operated toll booths. Service times were measured using four vehicle classifications: car (C), medium goods vehicle (MGV), trucks & bus (TB), and articulated truck (AT) with two payment options: electronic (ETC) and manual toll collection (MTC). Each toll booth has both payment systems and resulting in mixed toll booth utilization in terms of payment and vehicles. The collected data was utilized to estimate logistic regression, and non-parametric statistical tests were performed. Findings indicate, when vehicle size increases, so does service time for even ETC. Furthermore, logistic regression used to compute threshold service times shifting from ETC to MTC for C, MGV, TB, and AT, which were 5.92, 7.51, 10.00, and 12.80 s, respectively. The transition time for a vehicle switch from ETC to MTC based on the logistic curve is denoted by threshold service time. Below the threshold, ETC is more favorable option and affected by barrier and vehicle class. Overall, the results indicate that operators can benefit from more dynamic operational conditions facilitated by threshold service times, enabling adaptive and efficient toll booth operations. Additionally, these thresholds can serve as valuable measure of service quality for managing freeway exits., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

The travel time prediction of vehicles is an important part of intelligent expressways. It can not only provide the vehicle distribution trend of each section for the expressway management department to assist the fine management of the expressway, but it can also provide owners with dynamic and accurate travel time prediction services to assist the owners to formulate more reasonable travel plans. However, there are still some problems in the current travel time prediction research (e.g., different types of vehicles are not processed separately, the proximity of the road network is not considered, and the capture of important information in the spatial-temporal perspective is not considered in depth). In this paper, we propose a Multi-View Travel Time Prediction (MVPPT) model. First, the travel times of different types of vehicles of each section in the expressway are analyzed, and the main differences in the travel times of different types of vehicles are obtained. Second, multiple travel time features are constructed, which include a novel spatial proximity feature. On this basis, we use CNN to capture the spatial correlation and the spatial attention mechanism to capture key information, the BiLSTM to capture the time correlation of time series, and the time attention mechanism capture key time information. Experiments on large-scale real traffic data demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal over state-of-the-art methods.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) represent a group of technologies that can improve transportation system management and public transit, as well as individual decisions surrounding many aspects of travel. ITS technologies include state-of-the art wireless, electronic, and automated technologies with a goal to improve surface transportation safety, efficiency, and convenience. Reducing energy consumption, while not a primary goal for ITS, is a demonstrated ITS benefit in certain circumstances. This paper reviews and summarizes key energy benefits associated with a variety of ITS technologies that have been documented through models, pilot programs/field tests, and full-scale deployment.

The increasing use of technologies based on internet of things in cars and other transportation vehicles, as well as innovations in tracking systems and spatial information systems, has opened up an opportunity to collect tolls on urban roads in a more intelligent, more efficient, and a wider way. Considering the cultural and infrastructure variables in different cities, different approaches have been designed for this purpose, but so far, no work has been done in this area in Tehran. Therefore, in this research, a system of hardware and software based on the internet of things was developed that benefited from Global Positioning System (GPS)/Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication to handle automated urban tolls in Tehran, providing rather the precise location of a user's car and toll payments at any given moment. In addition, in this system, considering the cultural issues in the country, the infrastructure in the metropolis of Tehran, and other important municipal issues, the trespass submission system was designed in accordance with existing surveillance cameras and an infrared-based structure was employed to reduce the burden of image processing in order to improve eficiency. The data obtained from this system will have more potential than using only urban toll management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the topic of a modern electronic toll collection system that will be applied in the Republic of Croatia from the year 2022 onwards. The paper primarily analyses the existing toll collection systems in Croatia, as well as in the European Union. Modern electronic toll collection systems were analysed with an emphasis on the ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition) system, because ANPR technology will be used in Croatia after the restructuring of road traffic occurs. ANPR is not a new technology, however in the last twenty years it has found its wider application. This happened mostly thanks to local and global infrastructural development and technological improvements therefore in turn infrastructure required for the operation of this system became cheaper. By applying the ETC and ANPR, Croatia will have a system in line with European directives and practices which are being applied in other European countries. The system will in turn significantly raise the quality of road traffic in Croatia and reduce its costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade road pricing has moved from the drawing board to practice in projects large and small around the world. But while interest in and experience with electronic roadway tolling is on the rise, political acceptance is not yet widespread and standard models of implementation and management have yet to evolve. Accordingly, this report examines a variety of road pricing projects– some that were smoothly implemented, and others that encountered significant obstacles along the way. Based on these cases and a thorough review of the literature, we draw lessons to guide future implementation and management efforts. We find that the most common barriers to successful implementation concern political acceptability, incomplete or ambiguous public-private contracts, and the complex workings of highly bureaucratic government agencies. Collectively, these case studies show that there is no single best implementation and management structure; what works best depends significantly on the initiative’s objectives, the availability of public and private resources, and political leadership.

The recent European debt crisis has led many governments to impose strict measures to alleviate public expenditure and increase revenue, especially in the southern countries. Many public services and infrastructures became more costly for users due to the increase of existing fees or the implementation of new ones. In Portugal, one of the measures adopted by the government consisted in the removal of shadow tolls and the application of the user-pays principle to the entire network of rural motorways. To rapidly implement, this measure, in the context of financial constraints, the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), materialized by the installation of gantries in selected motorway segments, was the preferred solution over the more time and resource consuming construction of toll plazas. Toll revenue is directly collected by the state, which intends to cover, at least partially, the expenses associated with the contractual payments to private concessionaires for the traffic using these roads. The main objective of this research is to provide a new optimization tool to allocate toll gantries to the segments of an existing motorway with the aim of maximizing toll revenue, based on the case study of Portuguese motorways. A macroscopic decision model that predicts drivers’ decision on using a tolled segment or the fastest alternative route and an optimization model that sets the price and location of toll gantries along a given motorway work together to provide a valuable tool to maximize the revenue. A special focus has been placed on scenarios of economic downturn, characterized by a negative growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); however, the new tool allows making explanatory analyses for situations of economic growth. The results show that the optimal configuration for ETC vary with the macroeconomic scenario, with the number of tolled segments and price per kilometre inducing relevant variations on the revenue and traffic volume. The proposed methodology may be applied in other countries to assist decision makers in the implementation of ETC in motorways under different conditions. The required data is easy to collect from sources at the disposal of the practitioners.

This paper presents a CMOS DSRC transmitter architecture for China electronic toll collection systems. A digitally configurable transmitter architecture is proposed to reduce chip area, power, cost, and design complexity. This transmitter consists of only two digitally configurable analog blocks: an ASK modulator and a power amplifier, other than the digital baseband. The use of digital configuration extends output dynamic range, and facilitates rapid prototyping in different process technologies. The RF-SoC is fabricated using a 0.13 μm CMOS technology. Chip measurement results show that the maximum output power from a single-end port is 7.23 dBm, the occupied bandwidth is 2 MHz, the adjacent channel power ratio is −38 dBc at a 10 MHz offset, the adjustment range of modulation index is 77%–95%, and the transmitter dissipates 36 mA in active mode under a 2 V supply. Compared with state-of-the-art designs in the literature, this design demonstrates remarkable advantages in design complexity, modulation index, chip area, power consumption, output dynamic range, and output peak power. The chip area savings is at least 60%, the power consumption is reduced by at least 10%, the output dynamic range is enhanced by 9%, and the single-end output peak power is improved by at least 45%. • This paper presents a CMOS DSRC transmitter architecture for China electronic toll collection systems. • A digitally configurable transmitter architecture is proposed to reduce chip area, power, cost, and design complexity. • The use of digital configuration extends output dynamic range, and facilitates rapid prototyping in different technologies. • The RF-SoC is fabricated using a 0.13 μm CMOS technology. • Chip measurement shows remarkable advantages in chip area, power consumption, output dynamic range, and output peak power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent European debt crisis has led many governments to impose strict measures to alleviate public expenditure and increase revenue, especially in the southern countries. Many public services and infrastructures became more costly for users due to the increase of existing fees or the implementation of new ones. In Portugal, one of the measures adopted by the government consisted in the removal of shadow tolls and the application of the user-pays principle to the entire network of rural motorways. To rapidly implement, this measure, in the context of financial constraints, the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), materialized by the installation of gantries in selected motorway segments, was the preferred solution over the more time and resource consuming construction of toll plazas. Toll revenue is directly collected by the state, which intends to cover, at least partially, the expenses associated with the contractual payments to private concessionaires for the traffic using these roads. The main objective of this research is to provide a new optimization tool to allocate toll gantries to the segments of an existing motorway with the aim of maximizing toll revenue, based on the case study of Portuguese motorways. A macroscopic decision model that predicts drivers' decision on using a tolled segment or the fastest alternative route and an optimization model that sets the price and location of toll gantries along a given motorway work together to provide a valuable tool to maximize the revenue. A special focus has been placed on scenarios of economic downturn, characterized by a negative growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); however, the new tool allows making explanatory analyses for situations of economic growth. The results show that the optimal configuration for ETC vary with the macroeconomic scenario, with the number of tolled segments and price per kilometre inducing relevant variations on the revenue and traffic volume. The proposed methodology may be applied in other countries to assist decision makers in the implementation of ETC in motorways under different conditions. The required data is easy to collect from sources at the disposal of the practitioners.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems are based on tags, on-board units associated to personal bank accounts, used for paying tolls electronically. Despite the benefits associated to their use, acknowledged by public authorities among other stakeholders, these systems are relentlessly penetrating as a means for paying the use of roads worldwide. However, governments and infrastructure operators still have a great potential to increase the effectiveness and expediency of these mechanisms. Previous literature in this field has focused on analyzing users' perceptions and willingness to pay to use toll roads. However, there is still room for addressing additional aspects such as drivers' adoption of ETC systems in these road networks allowing the payment of tolls electronically. The aim of this paper is to identify the explanatory factors influencing the adoption of ETC technologies by toll road drivers. To that end, we exploit a nationwide survey conducted to road users in interurban toll roads in Spain, and develop a multilevel logit framework to explore users' adoption and position towards the use of electronic tolling. The research concludes that drivers' tag ownership is mainly related to trip-related attributes, while personal socioeconomic characteristics play a minor role. Then, it is not possible to establish specific socioeconomic user market segments to direct policy efforts aimed at increasing the penetration of ETC. Furthermore, according to the results, delivering tag devices for free would be an effective policy measure to encourage individuals adopting electronic tolling and making additional use of toll roads, due to the benefits provided by ETC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief presents a 5.8 GHz digitally controlled dedicated short range communications (DSRC) receiver for Chinese electronic toll collection systems. All RF, IF blocks and digital baseband for on-chip automatic gain control, are integrated on an RF system-on-chip (RF-SoC). The proposed digitally controlled low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer circuits are elaborated. The test chip was realized in a 0.13- \mu \textm CMOS technology. The RF blocks in receiver occupy a chip area of 0.75 mm2. The receiver blocks consume 22 mA under a 1.5-V supply voltage. Measurement results show that the bit error rate maintains better than 10−6, while the input power level varies from −75 dBm to −8 dBm. This design results in a receiver sensitivity improvement of at least 25%, and a dynamic range enhancement of at least 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This papaer entitled electronic toll collection system based on Radio Frequncy Identification System explained in detail based on current issue at toll collection system. There are some obstacles faced every day where the users spent their valuable time in queue at tollgate due to traffic congestion as well as using traditional manual method in most existing toll ETC system to collect toll from road users. Besides that, the barrier design where each vehicle stop waiting until barrier lift which consider source of time delay. To tackle stated problems, an electronic toll collection system is proposed which based on RFID technology. The integrated system consists of two main sections, electronic sides where all input data received from while database management office is where all necessary information stored. To compare the current ETC system, in this research elaborated internet of things where all data transmit through cloud and then to the main office in real time. Not only that, there is some enhancement based on barrier design where, gate is remained open for all vehicles with sufficient tags without requiring to stop to eliminate time delay. By check system throughput compare to existing toll systems, various tests have been carried out in different method where proposed system throughput much higher percentage the current system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a monolithic received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and an ultra-low power SAR ADC for 5.8 GHz DSRC transceiver in China electronic toll collection systems. In order to meet the stringent requirement of wide input range for the transceiver, two RSSIs collaborate with auxiliary ADC circuits to provide the digitalized received signal strength to the digital baseband of a transceiver. The RSSI design achieves fast transient response and low power consumption with a small die area by using internal active low-pass filters instead of external passive ones. The proposed design has been fabricated using a 0.13 µm 2P6M CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the overall input dynamic range is 86 dB with an accuracy of  ±1.72 dB and a transient response of less than 2 µs. Compared with the state-of-the-art designs in the literature, the overall input range and transient settling time are improved by at least 14.6%, and 300%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]