Search

Efficient traceability is paramount for Australia's biosecurity system and market access. Electronic identification (eID) offers higher traceability performance than that achieved with visual and mob‐based identification used for the sheep and goats National Livestock Identification System (NLIS). The current study aims to gain an understanding of the barriers and motivations of using eID for NLIS sheep and goats in New South Wales (NSW) and to provide recommendations to support the transition to eID. A social research study using a mixed‐methods approach was used through semi‐structured interviews and a cross‐sectional epidemiological and behavioural study among sheep and goat producers. The COM‐B behaviour change model based on capabilities, opportunities and motivations was used as a framework for the study. A total of 269 participants informed this study: 25 interviews were conducted with government, industry and private stakeholders, and 184 and 58 sheep and goat producers participated in the cross‐sectional study, respectively. The study identified poor understanding of the purpose and importance of NLIS among producers, with over two‐thirds not supporting eID implementation. The main barriers identified to the eID implementation were practical, including costs, technology quality and increased workload. Attitudinal, behavioural and knowledge barriers, such as the perception of the current system providing efficient traceability and the perceived lack of benefits of eID were also identified. This study provides an in‐depth analysis of practices and perceptions of stakeholders and producers on sheep and goat traceability and recommendations to address barriers identified, based on education and appropriate behavioural and technical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its benefits, adopting electronic identification in Nigeria has been slow. This study aims to identify the factors influencing electronic identification adoption in Nigeria using the Technology Acceptance Model and self-determination theory as bases. The model was expanded to include digital literacy, access to information and communications technology, perceived credibility, and trust. A total of 692 responses were collected using a questionnaire distributed using convenience sampling. The data was analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings indicate that the strongest factor affecting the adoption of electronic identification is perceived credibility, followed by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Furthermore, electronic identification adoption is also predicted significantly by digital literacy, trust, and perceived autonomy. However, access to information and communications technology was found to have no significant impact on electronic identification adoption, while perceived cultural influence had a negative effect. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing electronic identification adoption in Nigeria and suggest strategies to increase adoption rates.

Despite its benefits, adopting electronic identification in Nigeria has been slow. This study aims to identify the factors influencing electronic identification adoption in Nigeria using the Technology Acceptance Model and self-determination theory as bases. The model was expanded to include digital literacy, access to information and communications technology, perceived credibility, and trust. A total of 692 responses were collected using a questionnaire distributed using convenience sampling. The data was analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings indicate that the strongest factor affecting the adoption of electronic identification is perceived credibility, followed by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Furthermore, electronic identification adoption is also predicted significantly by digital literacy, trust, and perceived autonomy. However, access to information and communications technology was found to have no significant impact on electronic identification adoption, while perceived cultural influence had a negative effect. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing electronic identification adoption in Nigeria and suggest strategies to increase adoption rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As digital technologies continue to transform health care and health systems, they will continue to have a lasting impact on health services. Many health and social care services have rapidly become ‘digital by default’. The electronic identification (e-ID) technology is needed for secure authentication to digital services. Recent studies have shown that the ‘digital divide’ is prominent between ethnic minorities and the majority populations and between older and younger adults. Inequalities related to not having an e-ID, which is in many countries required to access digital health services, remain under-researched. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge of the use of digital services among older migrants. This study analyses general socio-demographic as well as migration specific factors that may be associated with not having an e-ID among older migrants. We used the Care, Health and Ageing of Russian-speaking Minority in Finland (CHARM) study, which is a nationally representative survey of community-dwelling Russian-speaking adults aged ≥ 50 years living in Finland (N = 1082, 57% men, mean age 63.2 years, standard deviation 8.4 years, response rate 36%). Our results showed that 21% of older Russian-speakers did not have an e-ID. Our regression analysis showed that older age and poorer economic situation were associated with a lower probability of having an e-ID. In addition, we found an association between not speaking local languages and not having an e-ID. This may relate to private banks regulating the requirements for obtaining the most common e-ID method, online banking ID. We argue that for individuals who are already in vulnerable positions, current e-ID practices might pose yet another obstacle to obtaining the health services they need and are entitled to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very important to monitor animals in livestock activities, record the necessary information and evaluate the data. One of the methods used for this is radio frequency identification technology (RFID). The aim of this study; It is to find out which animal enters and leaves the farm by following the number of small cattle in and out of the farm, and the total number of animals by using RFID system and software. The study was carried out using foot or ear tags of farm animals. Counting was carried out via serial port using Agrident ASR-550 device and antenna as RFID reader, a laptop computer with i5 6500 processor and 8 Gb RAM, and C# program. Since the device reads more than one data at the same time, necessary adjustments were made in the program so that the same animal would not be counted again. As a result, all animals on the farm were successfully counted and monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The way the internet is used by billions of users around the world has been revolutionized by mobile devices. The capabilities of smartphones are constantly growing, and the number of services available for mobile devices is also increasing. This undeniable trend makes smartphones terminals for accessing services that process confidential data, which make smartphones priceless targets of cyberattacks. Along with an increasing number of mobile services, the methods of securing the confidentiality, integrity and availability of systems used have also evolved and adapted to the capabilities of a mobile environment. One of the important security services is the user authentication process. This process often implements the postulates of strong authentication, multistage authentication based on factors from the knowledge, position and inherence categories. Unfortunately, the implementation of the factors belonging to these categories is not always possible due to the limitations of smartphones, such as the lack of interfaces for the implementation of biometrics or environmental factors - problems with network or internet access in various countries and regions. Therefore, there is a need to analyse the possibility of implementing a strong authentication process based on additional information about users, e.g., based on location data. The article analyses the requirements for the authentication process and authentication factors. Based on the performed analysis, the criteria that each authentication factor must meet were defined. This article presents a proposal for a user authentication protocol based on the location factor for a mobile environment. The method can be used in the case of problems with the implementation of strong authentication or as an additional authentication factor that increases the security of the user identity confirmation process. The presented protocol has been analysed in terms of performance, security and compliance with the requirements related to the authentication factors.

The article focuses on the intersections of the regulation of electronic identification as provided in the eIDAS Regulation and data protection rules in the European Union. The first part of the article is devoted to the explanation of the basic notions and framework related to the electronic identity in the European Union— the eIDAS Regulation. The second part of the article discusses specific intersections of the eIDAS Regulation with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), specifically scope, the general data protection clause and mainly personal data processing in the context of mutual recognition of electronic identification means. The article aims to discuss the overlapping issues of the regulation of the GDPR and the eIDAS Regulation and provides a further guide for interpretation and implementation of the outcomes in practice.

The Article provides an insight in the scope of regulation of the Latvian Administrative Procedure Law and the use of e-services and other means of electronic communication in administrative procedure. The scope of regulation of the Latvian Administrative Procedure Law is mainly determined by the definition of an administrative act, which, in turn, is derived from the German administrative law. The adoption and application of the Administrative Procedure Law is generally regarded as very successful example of transformation of the legal system. For the past ten years the government has introduced various e-services and other electronic tools designed to facilitate electronization of administrative procedure. The article outlines basic legal regulation of these tools, as well as gives a short insight towards recent impact of the pandemic of COVID-19 on use of electronic communication between the government and private persons.

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The digital identity (or electronic identity) of a person is about being able to prove upon authentication who one is on the Internet, with a certain level of assurance, such as by means of some attributes obtained from a trustworthy Identity Provider. In Europe, the eIDAS Network allows the citizens to authenticate securely with their national credentials and to provide such personal attributes when getting access to Service Providers in a different European country. Although the eIDAS Network is more and more known, its integration with real operational services is still at an initial phase. This paper presents two eIDAS-enabled services, Login with eIDAS and Wi-Fi access with eIDAS, that we have designed, implemented, deployed, and validated at the Politecnico di Torino in Italy. The validation study involved several undergraduate students, who have run the above services with their authentication credentials and platforms and with minimal indications on their usage. The results indicate that the services were beneficial. Several advantages exist both for the users and for the Service Providers, such as resistance to some security attacks and the possibility to adopt the service without prior user registration (e.g. for short meetings, or in public places). However, some students expressed doubts about exploiting their national eID for Wi-Fi access, mainly in connection with usability and privacy issues. We discuss also these concerns, along with advantages and disadvantages of the proposed services.

Copyright of Annual of the Faculty of Law / Godišnjak Fakulteta Pravnih Nauka is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Secure electronic identification (eID) is one of the key enablers of data protection, privacy, and the prevention of online fraud. However, until now, the lack of common legal basis prevented European Member States from recognizing and accepting eIDs issued in the other Member States. The electronic identification and trust services (eIDAS) regulation provides a solution to these issues by ensuring the cross-border mutual recognition of eIDs. FIWARE is a European initiative that provides a rather simple yet powerful set of application programming interfaces (APIs) that ease the development of smart applications in multiple vertical sectors and oriented to the future internet. In this paper, we propose a model that enables the connection of FIWARE OAuth 2.0-based services with the eID authentication provided by eIDAS reference. Thanks to this model, services already connected with an OAuth 2.0 identity provider can be automatically connected with eIDAS nodes for providing eID authentication to European citizens. For validating the proposed model, we have deployed an instance of the FIWARE identity manager connected to the Spanish eIDAS node. Then, we have registered two services, a private videoconferencing system, and a public smart city deployment, and extended their functionalities for enriching the user experience leveraging the eID authentication. We have evaluated the integration of both services in the eIDAS network with real users from seven different countries. We conclude that the proposed model facilitates the integration of generic and FIWARE-based OAuth 2.0 services to the eIDAS infrastructure, making the connection transparent for developers.

The implementation of services that process confidential data in a mobile environment requires an adequate level of security with the strictest possible mechanisms of information protection. The dominance of mobile devices as client applications of distributed systems has led to the development of new techniques that combine traditional methods of protection with protocols leveraging the potential of numerous interfaces available from a smartphone. For this reason, an upward trend in the use of biometrics-based methods and dynamically generated OTP secrets can be observed. Mobile devices are increasingly used in complex business processes that require strong user authentication methods, which, according to the European Commission (Regulation), must use at least two authentication factors belonging to different categories. Therefore, on the basis of the analysis of the solutions presented so far, a distributed protocol has been proposed. It enables user authentication using three authentication factors: possession, knowledge, and inherence. The described authentication scheme refers to the possibility of carrying out the process in the mobile environment of the Android platform with guaranteed authentication support.

Data on the performance of individual beef cattle from birth to processing can be used to improve herd management and genetic characteristics such as fertility, weaning weight and tenderness. Likewise, tracing the origins and whereabouts of cattle that may have been exposed to infectious disease agents is necessary to protect the health of the national beef herd. Such information is rarely available, in part because cattle often change ownership during the beef production process. A system developed to support the lifetime tracking of individual cattle in the UC Davis beef herd seamlessly transfers information between the UC Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center, UC Davis campus feedlot and a commercial beef-cattle processing plant, and provides a repository for performance data collected at all production stages. The system provides real-time data sharing, as well as integrated analysis and management evaluation options, and will be a valuable resource for beef-cattle research. UC livestock farm advisors are now implementing a similar system with cooperating commercial ranches.

The accelerated and continued development of information technology and telecommunications led to an unprecedented growth of the possibilities to conduct activities in any field, especially in the economic, financial, administrative and legal areas. Currently, we can remotely access information resources, conclude contracts, we have and use electronic payment methods, we use systems to electronically transfer money and trade and many of the like. Thus, development of a trusted context is a prerequisite, given the potential risks, which may occur when we perform activities using on-line electronic systems: party identification, data transfer, securing payments, also taking into account the legal framework still insufficiently clear about consumer protection. Any economic activity is prone to fraud, so issues arise when it is found that resolving these conflicts requires increased attention, especially in the field of electronic trade. At European Union level, these issues have been and are being hotly debated, with the Union aiming to provide a common basis for secure electronic interactions between citizens, businesses and public authorities, in order to increase the efficiency of online public and private sector services, ebusiness and e-commerce in the Union. This paper proposes a brief foray into the Union and national legislative framework governing the use of electronic signature and an overview of the most important risks that its use may raise, especially from the perspective of cybercrime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annual of the Faculty of Law / Godišnjak Fakulteta Pravnih Nauka is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency and economic viability of the implementation and use of four cattle identification methods allowed by the Brazilian traceability system. The study was conducted in a beef cattle production system located in the State of Mato Grosso, from January to June 2012. Four identification methods (treatments) were compared: T1: ear tag in one ear and ear button in the other ear (eabu); T2: ear tag and iron brand on the right leg (eaib); T3: ear tag in one ear and tattoo on the other ear (eata); and T4: ear tag in one ear and electronic ear tag (eael) on the other. Each treatment was applied to 60 Nelore animals, totaling 240 animals, divided equally into three life stages (calves, young cattle, adult cattle). The study had two phases: implementation (phase 1) and reading and transfer of identification numbers to an electronic database (phase 2). All operating expenses related to the two phases of the study were determined. The database was constructed, and the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® 17.0 software. Regarding the time spent on implementation (phase 1), conventional ear tags and electronic ear tags produced similar results, which were lower than those of hot iron and tattoo methods, which differed from each other. Regarding the time required for reading the numbers on animals and their transcription into a database (phase 2), electronic ear-tagging was the fastest method, followed by conventional ear tag, hot iron and tattoo. Among the methods analyzed, the electronic ear tag had the highest technical efficiency because it required less time to implement identifiers and to complete the process of reading and transcription to an electronic database and because it did not exhibit any errors. However, the cost of using the electronic ear-tagging method was higher primarily due to the cost of the device.

The individual electronic identification (EID) of cattle based on RFID technology (134.2 kHz ISO standard 11784) will definitely enter into force in European countries as an official means of animal identification from July 2019. Integrating EID with 3D digital images of the animal would lead to the creation of a virtual archive of breeding animals for the evaluation and promotion of morphology associated with economic traits, strategic in beef cattle production. The genetically-encoded morphology of bulls and cows together with the expression in the phenotype were the main drivers of omic technologies of beef cattle production. The evaluation of bulls raised for reproduction is mainly based on the conformation and heritability of traits, which culminates in muscle mass and optimized carcass traits in the offspring destined to be slaughtered. A bottom-up approach by way of SWOT analysis of the current morphological and functional evaluation process for bulls revealed a technological gap. The innovation of the process through the use of smart technologies was tested in the field. The conventional 2D scoring system based on visual inspection by breed experts was carried out on a 3D model of the live animal, which was found to be a faithful reproduction of live animal morphology, thanks to the non significant variance (p > 0.05) of means of the somatic measures determined on the virtual 3D model and on the real bull. The four main groups composing the scoring system of bull morphology can easily be carried out on the 3D model. These are as follows: (1) Muscular condition; (2) Skeletal development; (3) Functional traits; (4) Breed traits. The 3D-Bull model derived from the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm displays a high tech profile for the evaluation of animal morphology in an upgraded system.

Electronic identification is a means of authentication of individuals using electronic services. The successful application of e-Government is inconceivable without the use of a single method for proving the identity of the participants. The article aims to clarify the nature of electronic identification and to outline its application in the European Union and Bulgaria. The following tasks are solved: the concept of the e-identification has been defined, the main benefits of its implementation have been outlined, the technical specifications of the electronic identification scheme have been examined, the methods of electronic identification in the European Union and Bulgaria have been described. At the end of the article a SWOT analysis is made, comparing the e-identification options used by Bulgarian citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the readability of electronic and visual ear tags in hair goat kids managed under extensive conditions. A total of 74 kids were identified with electronic and visual ear tags at birth. Readability of electronic and visual ear tags was 97.3% and 94.6% in static conditions at the end of 7 months, and 96.8% and 93.5% at the end of the first year after tagging, respectively. No breakages and electronic failures occurred during this study. Infected ear rate in electronic and visual ear tags was 45.9% and 17.6%, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, electronic and visual ear tags did not fulfill the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) requirements (readability >98%) for an official animal identification device at the end of the first year after tagging. Therefore, low animal traceability with electronic and visual ear tags was determined by this study.

This article offers an interdisciplinary analysis of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the context of electronic identification schemes. Gov.UK Verify, the UK Government's electronic identification scheme, and its compatibility with some important aspects of EU data protection law are reviewed. An in-depth examination of Gov.UK Verify's architecture and the most significant constituent elements of both the Data Protection Directive and the imminent GDPR – notably the legitimising grounds for the processing of personal data and the doctrine of joint controllership – highlight several flaws inherent in the Gov.UK Verify's development and mode of operation. This article advances the argument that Gov.UK Verify is incompatible with some major substantive provisions of the EU Data Protection Framework. It also provides some general insight as to how to interpret the requirement of a legitimate legal basis and the doctrine of joint controllership. It ultimately suggests that the choice of the appropriate legal basis should depend upon a holistic approach to the relationship between the actors involved in the processing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The e-IDAS Regulation is a new European act that comprehensively regulates the issues concerned with trust services and electronic identification. The e-IDAS Regulation broadens the catalogue of trust services, introduces uniform terminology and new standards in all European Union’s Member Countries, it introduces the obligation to recognize and accept the electronic signatures and seals in European Union’s Member Countries. The main goal is to increase the security level of trust services and to increase the popularity of these services among citizens of the European Union.

Electronic communication is a topical issue in social and health care. Digitalization means of allowing a more customer-oriented services. The purpose of this article is to introduce the ongoing PUOLA project and its connection with the research on its operation and methods. The research is primarily about the evaluation and development of the use of information and communication technologies. Within the project, the transfer of information between My Kanta service and the regional online services will be developed and modelled and solutions on acting on behalf of someone else based on registration and a power of attorney according to national regulations will be functionally piloted. This is a good example of the project, in which the national definitions support regional development. Role in the project development work will brings experience and support to the implementation of national services. From the organization point of view, the success of the development project requires functioning technology, committed management, motivated superiors and adaptable personnel.

In order to monitor feeding behavior of sows and further attain the sow's precise feeding, an intelligent production performance testing system was designed in this study, which played functions in sows' automatic identification, body weight perception, automatic feeding data acquisition and data analysis simultaneously. The system was composed of electric ear tag identification module, precise feed flow control module, feed trough and boar weighing module, data communication and remote control module. The mechanical device system was constituted of feeding bin, brackets, railing and blocking apron. The mechanical device system was constituted of feeder's vertical wall, weighting platform, flapper, feed loading device, feed bin, control box, switch of discharge and ear tag recognizer. Electronic control systems included microprocessor (LPC1766, ARM Cortex-M3, Working temperature -40-105℃, Operating voltage 2.0-3.6 V, flash 256 K, low power consumption et al.), RS232 reader port, data storage chip (the default storage capacity is 256 KB), circuit of watchdog, weighing circuit, exterior-drivers circuit, JTAG connector circuit and stabilivolt source circuit. Among above, the sensor used for pigs weighing was Delux ADS1232 which had 2 rate options, 10 times per second and 80 times per second, with high precision and large range of features. The performance testing experiment revealed that: 1) the system's precision meets the monitoring requirement of sow production performance. The discharge rate of feeder depended on the level of feed in stock bin, and the average amount of unloading feed was 93±2 g at one time; the range of pig weighing was 0~200kg with the precision error below 10 g, and the dynamic weighing error was below 0.5% of pig's weight. 2) The feeding behavior monitor for 40 gilts (25-60 kg) showed that the frequency of free feed intake was 10-12 times per day, the average feed time was 78 min, the feed conversion ratio was 2.33:1, and their weight gain was converged to the Gompertz curves (e.g. Wt=172.1exp(-4.0187exp(-0.0122*t)), Wt means body weight, kg; t means day old, day), the predicted decreasing daily weight gain of growing pigs by Gompertz curve occurred at day 111-117, with corresponding inflection point weight in the range of 63-64 kg. The observed and predicted results above could precisely determine the growth performance, indicating that the software systems and hardware devices could satisfy the requirement of growth performance determination in sows. 3) The wiper motor rather than early stepping motor was used in feed discharging control system, which reduced the cost of production. In addition, the combined wiper motor with cylindrical scraper structure decreased the discharge rate of feeder and improved the precision of unloading control system. 4) The core chip in control system was imported, multi-redundant, and protection systems were applied in circuit design. Multiply functional verification was adopted in software writing. The redundancy design in software and hardware eliminated the interference of power, electrical machine and electromagnetic wave, and improved the systems' reliability and stability. 5) The collected data could be saved or transferred, which facilitates the accumulation of pig production, data mining and sow breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]