818 results on '"Electron source"'
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2. Construction and Characterization of the Diode and Triode Electron Sources for EBM 300 keV/20 mA
- Author
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Darsono, Taufik, Suprapto, Saefurrochman, Elin Nuraini, and Sutadi
- Subjects
beam profile ,beam current ,diode and triode ,electron source ,extraction anode ,nec tube ,Technology ,Technology (General) ,T1-995 - Abstract
The technical challenge in constructing the electron source (ES) lies in the joining of metal and ceramic tubes. Furthermore, there is a lack of available technical comparison data for the output performance between the diode and triode ES under the same experimental conditions. The research aim is to describe a simple technique for constructing the diode and triode ES for an electron beam machine (EBM) of 300 keV/20 mA, and to investigate their output characteristics. The method used is to make a flange for mounting the Tungsten filament, Pierce electrodes, and heat shield. Two or three electrodes of the NEC (National Electric Corporation) accelerator tube are removed before the flange is united into the NEC tube, becoming the ES. The ES‘s are investigated in terms of their electron beam profiles and beam current output for the variation of the extraction electrode voltage as well as the focusing electrode voltage. The experimental results show that for the triode ES, the focusing electrode voltage greatly affects the shape of the electron beam profile up to 3 kV. However, for the diode ES, the shape of the electron beam profile is slightly affected by the extraction electrode voltage. The beam current output increases rapidly with the increase of the extraction electrode voltage up to 2.5 kV. Above this voltage, the beam current slowly increases, and it tends to reach saturation. The diode ES provides a higher electron beam current output than the triode ES output, but the triode ES provides a better shape of the electron beam profile. The constructed ES can provide the electron beam current of 40 mA at the filament current of 18 A.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Photosynthetic H2 production: Lessons from the regulation of electron transfer in microalgae.
- Author
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Wei, Lanzhen and Ma, Weimin
- Subjects
- *
CHARGE exchange , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *CALVIN cycle , *MICROALGAE , *HYDROGEN as fuel - Abstract
Green hydrogen, produced during microalgal photosynthesis, is regarded as one of the most promising sustainable energy sources. It utilizes sunlight and water, which are essentially unlimited, and its combustion results in only water as a waste product. In microalgal hydrogen energy production systems, the sensitivity of hydrogenase to O2 poses a significant challenge, limiting sustained photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. Additionally, efficient photosynthetic H2 production in anaerobic microalgal cells is hindered by impaired electron source (photosystem II) and electron loss through the Calvin‐Benson cycle, cyclic electron transfer around photosystem I, and O2 photoreduction, which are identified as the other key challenges. Over the past eight decades, considerable progress has been made in addressing these challenges and regulating electron transfer to achieve sustainable and efficient photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. In this review, we discuss a range of regulatory methods for achieving sustainable and efficient photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. Emphasizing the significant progress made over the past eight decades, we also address current challenges and propose potential future solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Negative Current Feedback in the Accelerating Gap in Electron Sources with a Plasma Cathode.
- Author
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Vorobyov, M. S., Moskvin, P. V., Shin, V. I., Koval, T. V., Devyatkov, V. N., Doroshkevich, S. Yu., Koval, N. N., Torba, M. S., and Ashurova, K. T
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON sources , *ELECTRON plasma , *PLASMA sources , *ELECTRON beams , *ELECTRON emission , *CATHODES , *ELECTRIC arc , *GLOW discharges - Abstract
Using the example of an electron source with a plasma cathode based on a low-pressure arc discharge with grid stabilization of the cathode/emission plasma boundary and an open anode/beam plasma boundary, a mechanism is described for increasing the electrical strength of a high-voltage accelerating gap by introducing a series negative current feedback (NCF) in the accelerating interval, which makes it possible to level out uncontrolled bursts of the beam current during its pulse. The introduction of NCF is achieved by using a special electrode in the space of the plasma emitter connected through a resistance to the anode of the arc discharge, and the main task of which is to intercept accelerated ions penetrating into the emitter from the high-voltage accelerating gap, due to which the current of electron emission from the arc discharge plasma decreases by a value proportional to the ion current in the accelerating gap. Since most sources and accelerators of electrons with plasma cathodes based on discharges of various types have a similar principle of operation, the use of this method will not only expand the limiting parameters of the generated electron beams, but also increase the stability of the operation of such electron sources, and, accordingly, beam irradiation of various materials and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Electron Source with a Radially Converging Beam and a Multiarc Plasma Cathode.
- Author
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Torba, M. S., Doroshkevich, S. Yu., Vorobyov, M. S., Koval, N. N., Ezhov, V. V., Sulakshin, S. A., and Kartavtsov, R. A.
- Abstract
The results of experiments on the generation of a radially converging electron beam in a source with a multiarc grid plasma cathode are presented. The beam was generated at an accelerating voltage of up to 50 kV, a discharge current of 50–300 A, a pulse duration of 50–500 μs, and a pressure of 20–50 mPa. The operation modes of the electron source are compared, and the design of the plasma emitter is modernized to increase the current density to a level sufficient to modify the surface of the collector material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Control of the Electron Beam Density Distribution on the Collector in Sources with a Grid Plasma Cathode Based on a Low-Pressure Arc.
- Author
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Koval, T. V., Shin, V. I., Vorobyov, M. S., Moskvin, P. V., Devyatkov, V. N., and Koval, N. N.
- Abstract
An experimental and theoretical study is carried out to control the distribution of electron beam current density in a SOLO source with a plasma cathode based on a low-pressure arc discharge with grid stabilization of the emission plasma boundary. It has been shown experimentally and numerically that using a control electrode in the form of a disk (disks) in the plasma cathode and a leading magnetic field, it is possible to change the distribution of the emission current density and, accordingly, the energy density of the electron beam on the collector. Theoretical study using the envelope method, "particle-in-cells" method and drift-diffusion models shows good agreement with experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Electron Source with Plasma Emitters Based on Low-Pressure Arc Discharge.
- Author
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Kartavtsov, R. A., Vorobyov, M. S., Moskvin, P. V., Shin, V. I., Koval, N. N., and Shugurov, V. V.
- Abstract
On the example of an electron source with a plasma cathode based on a low-pressure arc discharge with grid stabilization of the cathode/emission plasma boundary and an open anode/beam plasma boundary, a new method of electron beam formation is described, in which an additional auxiliary arc discharge is ignited in the anode region of the source. Initiation of the discharge was carried out by the electron beam, and the discharge itself was supported by an additional power source, which represented a low-impedance artificial forming line included in the collector circuit. The dependence of the current in the accelerating gap on the current flowing in the collector circuit was obtained in the absence of the arc discharge current of the plasma cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Dynamics of the Wire Discharge Anode Plasma in an Electron Source Based on Ion-Electron Emission.
- Author
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Doroshkevich, S. Yu., Grishkov, A. A., Vorobyov, M. S., Koval, N. N., Torba, M. S., and Kartavtsov, R. A.
- Abstract
In a source based on a non-self-sustaining high-voltage glow discharge with the extraction of a large cross section electron beam (2900 cm
2 ) into the atmosphere, the dynamics of the anode plasma during the generation period of an auxiliary glow wire discharge with a hollow cathode is demonstrated. A repetitively pulsed generation mode with a frequency of 10 kHz was used. The features of the formation and evolution of the auxiliary discharge anode plasma were studied by measuring the distribution of the electron beam current density in the atmosphere. By applying a negative potential bias to the anode grid by (50–200 V) relative to the walls of the vacuum chamber, the possibility of increasing the electron beam extraction coefficient into the atmosphere during the discharge generation pause is shown. New modes of electron beam generation and its more efficient extraction into the atmosphere open new prospects for using electron sources of this type both in science and in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Opportunities for Bright Beam Generation at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA).
- Author
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Frame, Emily, Al Marzouk, Afnan, Chubenko, Oksana, Doran, Scott, Piot, Philippe, Power, John, and Wisniewski, Eric
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETIC fields ,ELECTRON sources ,ELECTRON beams - Abstract
Bright electron beams have played a critical role in many recent advances in accelerator technology. Producing bright beams via photo-emission is ultimately limited by the mean transverse energy (MTE), which is determined by the photocathode. This paper discusses the opportunity to generate bright electron beams using an upgraded version of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) photo-injector. The focus of this study is to examine the optimal configurations of the AWA photo-injector to produce 100 pC with a ∼100 nm transverse emittance (corresponding to a 5D brightness B 5 ≥ 10 15 A·m − 2 ). The numerical optimization of the AWA photo-injector operating point, including realistic electromagnetic field maps, is presented for the different types of photocathodes under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Photosynthetic H2 production: Lessons from the regulation of electron transfer in microalgae
- Author
-
Lanzhen Wei and Weimin Ma
- Subjects
anaerobiosis ,electron loss ,electron source ,electron transfer ,hydrogenase ,microalgae ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract Green hydrogen, produced during microalgal photosynthesis, is regarded as one of the most promising sustainable energy sources. It utilizes sunlight and water, which are essentially unlimited, and its combustion results in only water as a waste product. In microalgal hydrogen energy production systems, the sensitivity of hydrogenase to O2 poses a significant challenge, limiting sustained photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. Additionally, efficient photosynthetic H2 production in anaerobic microalgal cells is hindered by impaired electron source (photosystem II) and electron loss through the Calvin‐Benson cycle, cyclic electron transfer around photosystem I, and O2 photoreduction, which are identified as the other key challenges. Over the past eight decades, considerable progress has been made in addressing these challenges and regulating electron transfer to achieve sustainable and efficient photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. In this review, we discuss a range of regulatory methods for achieving sustainable and efficient photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. Emphasizing the significant progress made over the past eight decades, we also address current challenges and propose potential future solutions.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Enhanced cutoff energies for direct and rescattered strong-field photoelectron emission of plasmonic nanoparticles
- Author
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Saydanzad Erfan, Powell Jeffrey, Summers Adam, Robatjazi Seyyed Javad, Trallero-Herrero Carlos, Kling Matthias F., Rudenko Artem, and Thumm Uwe
- Subjects
electron source ,nanoparticle ,nanostructure ,photonics ,plasmonics ,strong-field ionization ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The efficient generation, accurate detection, and detailed physical tracking of energetic electrons are of applied interest for high harmonics generation, electron-impact spectroscopy, and femtosecond time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy. We here investigate the generation of photoelectrons (PEs) by exposing plasmonic nanostructures to intense laser pulses in the infrared (IR) spectral regime and analyze the sensitivity of PE spectra to competing elementary interactions for direct and rescattered photoemission pathways. Specifically, we measured and numerically simulated emitted PE momentum distributions from prototypical spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters between 5 and 70 nm generated by short laser pulses with peak intensities of 8.0 × 1012 and 1.2 × 1013 W/cm2, demonstrating the shaping of PE spectra by the Coulomb repulsion between PEs, accumulating residual charges on the NP, and induced plasmonic electric fields. Compared to well-understood rescattering PE cutoff energies for strong-field photoemission from gaseous atomic targets (10× the ponderomotive energy), our measured and simulated PE spectra reveal a dramatic cutoff-energy increase of two orders of magnitude with a significantly higher contribution from direct photoemission. Our findings indicate that direct PEs reach up to 93 % of the rescattered electron cutoff energy, in contrast to 20 % for gaseous atoms, suggesting a novel scheme for the development of compact tunable tabletop electron sources.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Fundamental Development of "Floating‐Mode" Avalanche Photodiode for Low‐Energy Electron Measurements in Space Plasma.
- Author
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Tanaka, Seishiro, Hirahara, Masafumi, Kasahara, Satoshi, and Kubo, Shin
- Subjects
SPACE plasmas ,MICROCHANNEL plates ,ELECTRONS ,ELECTRON sources ,SPACE exploration ,COLLISION broadening - Abstract
We conducted developmental experiments using avalanche photodiode (APD) for electron measurements applicable in future space plasma explorations. Electrons with energies of 10 eV to a hundred keV could be detected by applying "floating" voltages up to +5 kV to APD to achieve wide‐energy electron measurements. We detected 10‐eV electrons from an electron source as energized electrons of an energy of approximately 5 (5.01) keV due to the 5‐keV electrostatic acceleration (=Source energy: 0.01 keV + Acceleration energy: 5 keV; hereafter, (0.01 + 5) keV) with an energy resolution of ∼4.6 keV by simplified assumption and calculation based on peak energy and full width at half maximum of the pulse height distribution. The energy resolution for (5 + 0)‐keV electrons, ∼5.3 keV in our experiments, was equivalent to the previous results. On the other hand, we concluded that for (5 + 5) keV, the energy resolution was significantly improved to 1.3 keV compared with that for (5 + 0) keV. For (1 + 5)‐keV electrons, the energy distribution showed a broadening toward lower energies than that for (6 + 0) keV because the backscattered electrons produced secondary electrons at the APD chassis surface, which were accelerated to 5 keV by the floating voltage to be detected by the APD. We verified that the floating‐mode APD can contribute to space plasma measurements as a detector with characteristics different from those of microchannel plates. This is the first achievement to establish advanced in‐situ observation techniques based on APD for wide‐energy (a few eV to a hundred keV) electron measurements in space. Key Points: We conducted fundamental developments of floating‐mode avalanche photodiode (APD) for reducing lowermost measurable energy of electrons in spaceExperimental results indicate that the floating‐mode APD applied by +5 kV as floating voltage can detect 10‐eV electronsWe identified contaminations by secondary electrons that were produced by backscattered electrons and accelerated by the floating voltage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Development of a Cold Cathode Electron Source Based on Gold Cathode MCP
- Author
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YAO Wen-jing, LIU Shu-lin2, YAN Bao-jun, ZHANG Bin-ting2, WEI Wen-lu2, PENG Hua-xing2, and YANG Yu-zhen
- Subjects
electron source ,deep uv ,gold cathode ,microchannel plate (mcp) ,electron beam ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In this study, cold cathode electron sources using deep-UV photons to excite gold cathode and microchannel plate (MCP) were employed to configure a high-quality electron impact ion source (EI) in a mass spectrometry. As an electron multiplying device, MCP can amplify weak signal by thousands of times. Gold was used as a photocathode and it had the characteristics of simple excitation, stable photoemission, and uniform photocurrent density distribution. Combining the characteristics of the two, a series of research were carried out. The gold cathode JGS2 was formed by evaporation gold film on JGS2 quartz glass, and the gold-cathode MCP was formed by evaporation gold film on the input surface of MCP, respectively. The two were assembled in different combinations to develop two kinds of cold cathode electronic sources. Firstly, the deep-UV excited gold cathode MCP was used as the electron source, the output electron beam current range was 10-11-10-6 A. When the excitation light source was stable, the electron source could reach a stable state quickly and maintain a stable output for a long time (>5 h). Under the interaction of gold cathode MCP and gold cathode JGS2, the maximum output electron beam current of electron source could reach 10-5 A. At the same time, the contributions of reflected photoelectrons and transmitted photoelectrons generated by the gold cathode to the output current under different electric fields were discussed, as for the deeper working mechanism to be solved. In addition, the output electron beam current could be continuously adjusted by changing the working voltage of MCP, so that the cold cathode electron source could be flexibly and quickly adjusted and responded within a certain range. Finally, a fluorescent screen was used to observe the imaging quality of the output current generated by the above system, and the RGB image captured by the high-definition camera was converted into a grayscale image, and the non-uniformity of the image was calculated to be about 6.5%. Therefore, the imaging uniformity of the cold cathode electron source developed in this paper on the phosphor screen was good. The above results showed that the cold cathode electron source composed of gold cathode MCP excited or combined with gold cathode JGS2 by deep ultraviolet light had the characteristics of long working stability, good uniformity, wide and continuously adjustable beam current range. It can realize the functions of photoelectric conversion and electron multiplication, and is expected to provide a new alternative for the development of electron sources in EI sources in the future.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The AC-MOT cold atom electron source
- Author
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Jones, Michael, Appleby, Robert, and Xia, Guoxing
- Subjects
500 ,low emittance ,smort ,physics ,atom ,atomic ,electron ,high brightness ,low temperature ,low energy electron ,trapping ,atom trap ,electron source ,accelerator physics ,electron beam ,cold atom ,MOT ,magneto-optical trap ,cold atom electron source - Abstract
This thesis presents details of a new type of cold atom electron source (CAES) that uses an alternating current magneto-optical trap (AC-MOT). Cold atom electron sources produce electron bunches by threshold photoionisation from a population of laser-cooled atoms. The electrons extracted from the atoms are made into a beam which has an ultra-low transverse velocity distribution. The low velocity distribution increases the brightness and reduces the energy spread of the beam, making CAESs potential sources for future electron diffraction and electron spectroscopy studies. The newly commissioned source detailed here produces focused electron bunches with characteristic temperatures as low as 12.6 ± 0.8 K, at a rate of up to 10 Hz, and with a bunch charge of 2.2±0.2fC, comparable to other state-of-the-art cold atom electron sources. The AC-MOT CAES can also produce cold bunches with energies < 200 eV, which is lower than has previously been reported for this type of source. The electrons originate from a population of laser-cooled 85Rb atoms held in an ACMOT. The AC-MOT CAES design allows the magnetic trapping fields to be switched to zero in 32 μs, more than ~175 times faster than is possible using a comparable DC-MOT source. This means that electron bunches can be created and extracted in a magnetic field-free environment without any reduction in trap density and hence bunch charge, as occurs in conventional DC-MOT sources. The design, development, characterisation, and operation of the systems needed for the new AC-MOT CAES are detailed in this thesis. This includes details of the atom trapping system, the photoionisation system, the electron extraction system and the various timing systems for creation and characterisation of the resultant cold electron bunches. Finally, the characterisation of the AC-MOT CAES itself is presented, and the measured beam metrics are used to compare the new AC-MOT CAES with other CAES designs which are under development.
- Published
- 2019
15. Plasma Generation in a High-Current Glow Discharge with a Hollow Cylindrical Cathode Using Two Electron Sources.
- Author
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Ostroverkhov, E. V., Denisov, V. V., and Kovalsky, S. S.
- Subjects
- *
GLOW discharges , *ELECTRON sources , *PLASMA production , *CATHODES , *ELECTRIC arc , *PLASMA sources - Abstract
Experimental distributions of plasma parameters in the volume of a hollow cathode of a high-current non-selfsustained low-pressure glow discharge supported by electron injection from one and two electron sources located on the upper and lower bases of the cylindrical hollow cathode are obtained. A plasma source based on an arc discharge with an integrally cold hollow cathode is used as an electron source. The possibility of applying the superposition principle to predict the distribution of plasma concentration in the hollow cathode of a high-current low-pressure glow discharge with two electron sources is investigated. The distributions of the plasma parameters were measured at arc discharge currents of 20 and 45 A and glow discharge currents up to 200 A. With an increase in arc discharge currents by about 2 times, from 20 to 45 A, the accuracy of the superposition principle decreases. The maximum degree of inhomogeneity of the plasma concentration when two sources of electrons with currents of 20 A were turned on in the longitudinal direction was 25%. In the radial direction, it was 52%. The maximum discrepancy between the inhomogeneity coefficients for the experimental distribution and the distribution obtained as a result of summing the data obtained with separate operation of electron sources amounted to 8%. When two sources of electrons with currents of 45 A were switched on, the maximum inhomogeneity in the longitudinal direction was 8%, in the radial direction, it was 34%, and the maximum mismatch of the inhomogeneity coefficients was 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A Core-Shell MWCNT-Pt Nanowire Electron Source with Anomalously Long-Term Stable Field Emission.
- Author
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Zhang, Wenqi, Chao, Peidong, Chen, Donglei, Yang, Zhan, and Dong, Lixin
- Subjects
- *
NANOWIRES , *ELECTRON sources , *FIELD emission , *SCANNING electron microscopes , *CARBON nanotubes - Abstract
A hybrid core-shell structured nanowire is proposed for a long-term stable electron source based on an isolated platinum/multi-walled carbon nanotube (Pt/MWCNT). This hybrid nanowire is prepared by growing a Pt shell on a metallic MWCNT through a field-emission-induced deposition (FEID) method. An in situ field emission (FE) platform was constructed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with two nanorobotic manipulators (NRMs) for the preparation and testing of the hybrid nanowire. An in situ fatigue test was conducted with high current intensity (500 nA) to show the influence of the Pt shell. Compared with the pristine bare MWCNT, our hybrid-nanowire-based electron source has a lifetime of hundreds of times longer and can work continuously for up to 48 h under relatively high pressure ( 3.6 × 10 - 3 Pa) without having an apparent change in its structure or emission currents, demonstrating good stability and tolerance to poor working conditions. The anomalous long-term stability is attributed mainly to the shielding of oxygen by Pt from the carbon shells and less heating due to the work function lowering by Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. 一种基于金阴极 MCP 的冷阴极电子源的研制.
- Author
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姚文静, 刘术林, 闫保军, 张斌婷, 韦雯露, 彭华兴, and 杨玉真
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON sources , *MICROCHANNEL plates , *FUSED silica , *GOLD films , *ION bombardment , *PHOTOCATHODES , *ELECTRON beams - Abstract
In this study, cold cathode electron sources using deep-UV photons to excite gold cathode and microchannel plate(MCP) were employed to configure a high-quality electron impact ion source(EI) in a mass spectrometry. As an electron multiplying device, MCP can amplify weak signal by thousands of times. Gold was used as a photocathode and it had the characteristics of simple excitation, stable photoemission, and uniform photocurrent density distribution. Combining the characteristics of the two, a series of research were carried out. The gold cathode JGS2 was formed by evaporation gold film on JGS2 quartz glass, and the gold-cathode MCP was formed by evaporation gold film on the input surface of MCP, respectively. The two were assembled in different combinations to develop two kinds of cold cathode electronic sources. Firstly, the deep-UV excited gold cathode MCP was used as the electron source, the output electron beam current range was 10-11-10-6 A. When the excitation light source was stable, the electron source could reach a stable state quickly and maintain a stable output for a long time(>5 h). Under the interaction of gold cathode MCP and gold cathode JGS2, the maximum output electron beam current of electron source could reach 10-5 A. At the same time, the contributions of reflected photoelectrons and transmitted photoelectrons generated by the gold cathode to the output current under different electric fields were discussed, as for the deeper working mechanism to be solved. In addition, the output electron beam current could be continuously adjusted by changing the working voltage of MCP, so that the cold cathode electron source could be flexibly and quickly adjusted and responded within a certain range. Finally, a fluorescent screen was used to observe the imaging quality of the output current generated by the above system, and the RGB image captured by the high-definition camera was converted into a grayscale image, and the non-uniformity of the image was calculated to be about 6.5%. Therefore, the imaging uniformity of the cold cathode electron source developed in this paper on the phosphor screen was good. The above results showed that the cold cathode electron source composed of gold cathode MCP excited or combined with gold cathode JGS2 by deep ultraviolet light had the characteristics of long working stability, good uniformity, wide and continuously adjustable beam current range. It can realize the functions of photoelectric conversion and electron multiplication, and is expected to provide a new alternative for the development of electron sources in EI sources in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Investigation on Applying an InGaN Photocathode with Negative Electron Affinity for Electric Propulsion.
- Author
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Yusuke INOUE, Tomohiro NISHITANI, Anna HONDA, Daiki SATO, Haruka SHIKANO, Atsushi KOIZUMI, Yoshio HONDA, Daisuke ICHIHARA, and Akihiro SASOH
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON affinity , *PHOTOCATHODES , *ELECTRIC propulsion , *INDIUM gallium nitride , *SPACE sciences , *ELECTRON emission , *GALLIUM nitride - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Opportunities for Bright Beam Generation at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA)
- Author
-
Emily Frame, Afnan Al Marzouk, Oksana Chubenko, Scott Doran, Philippe Piot, John Power, and Eric Wisniewski
- Subjects
electron source ,photo-emission ,bright electron beams ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity ,QC770-798 - Abstract
Bright electron beams have played a critical role in many recent advances in accelerator technology. Producing bright beams via photo-emission is ultimately limited by the mean transverse energy (MTE), which is determined by the photocathode. This paper discusses the opportunity to generate bright electron beams using an upgraded version of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) photo-injector. The focus of this study is to examine the optimal configurations of the AWA photo-injector to produce 100 pC with a ∼100 nm transverse emittance (corresponding to a 5D brightness B5≥1015 A·m−2). The numerical optimization of the AWA photo-injector operating point, including realistic electromagnetic field maps, is presented for the different types of photocathodes under consideration.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Nanoscale heterojunctions of InGaN/GaN photocathodes for electron sources.
- Author
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Zhangyang, Xingyue, Liu, Lei, Tian, Jian, Cheng, Hongchang, and Guo, Xin
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON sources , *NANOWIRES , *INDIUM gallium nitride , *HETEROJUNCTIONS , *ELECTRIC fields , *GALLIUM nitride , *PHOTOCATHODES , *ELECTRON beams - Abstract
The design of the photocathode is crucial for generating high-quality electron beam in electron sources. In this study, InGaN/GaN heterojunction nanowire photocathodes were proposed, and the photoemission theoretical model was developed. The results demonstrate that the built-in electric field along the axis enables the heterojunction nanowire photocathode to achieve higher collection efficiency across the response spectrum compared to In 0.5 Ga 0.5 N nanowire photocathodes. The variation of incidence angle results in distinct peaks in quantum efficiency and collection efficiency for the heterojunction nanowire photocathode. Meanwhile, the "additional electric field" has the potential to decrease the number of laterally emitted electrons from the nanowires, consequently reducing the shielding effect of adjacent nanowires. With an incidence angle of 15° and an "additional electric field" of 2 V/μm, the collection efficiency of photoelectrons at the collection end can be maximized to 47.6 %. This indicates that the heterojunction nanowire array photocathode has potential for use in high-performance vacuum electron sources. • The photoemission model of NEA surface InGaN heterojunction nanowire array photocathode is constructed. • The additional electric field can reduce the number of laterally emitted electrons from the nanowires. • The photocathode quantum efficiency peaks at 240 nm wavelength and an incidence angle of 15°, reaching 78.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Emission surface improvement of In0.5Ga0.5N tilted nanowire array photocathode for vacuum electron sources.
- Author
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Zhangyang, Xingyue, Liu, Lei, Tian, Jian, Cheng, Hongchang, and Guo, Xin
- Subjects
- *
NANOWIRES , *ELECTRON sources , *PHOTOCATHODES , *ELECTRON affinity , *ELECTRIC fields , *FINITE difference method , *QUANTUM efficiency - Abstract
• The photoemission model of NEA surface InGaN tilted nanowire array photocathode is established. • The improvement of photoemission performance provides new ideas for the design of vacuum electron sources. • This paper determines the feasibility of developing the potential of nanostructured photoanodes through structural optimization, adjusting lighting conditions, and modulating the interelectrode electric field strength through simulation experiments. • The optimized tilted nanowire photoanodes, assisted by oblique light, can achieve a peak quantum efficiency of 88.35% with an electric field of 0.6 V/μm and a peak collection efficiency of 52.60% with an electric field of 4 V/μm. Photocathode has received increasing attention in scientific devices that require high-quality electron beams. A theoretical photoemission model for enhancing the performance of In 0.5 Ga 0.5 N tilted nanowire array photocathodes with negative electron affinity surface is proposed. Finite Element and finite difference methods are employed in simulation experiments to study the In 0.5 Ga 0.5 N tilted nanowire array photocathode. The results demonstrate that the photoelectric conversion performance of the In 0.5 Ga 0.5 N tilted nanowire array photocathode can be significantly enhanced through the combined impact of oblique incident light and an additional electric field. Specifically, when θ = 20°, β = −40°, and E out = 4 V/μm, the total quantum efficiency and collection efficiency are 2.79 times and 4.27 times higher than compared to vertical nanowires without external assistance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. 3D-Printed Plasma Cathode Electron Source for Educational Purposes
- Author
-
Bernstein, Fabian, Schmeling, Sascha, Wilhelm, Thomas, Woithe, Julia, Jarosievitz, Beata, editor, and Sükösd, Csaba, editor
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. X-ray generation by field emission
- Author
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Parmee, Richard and Milne, William
- Subjects
537.5 ,Field emission ,carbon nanotubes ,x-ray ,encoded aperture ,electron source ,cnt pillar arrays ,x-ray generation - Abstract
Since the discovery of X-rays over a century ago the techniques applied to the engineering of X-ray sources have remained relatively unchanged. From the inception of thermionic electron sources, which, due to simplicity of fabrication, remain central to almost all X-ray applications at this time, there have been few fundamental technological advances. The emergence of new materials and manufacturing techniques has created an opportunity to replace the traditional thermionic devices with those that incorporate Field Emission electron sources. One of the most important attributes of Field Emission X-ray sources is their controllability, and in particular the fast response time, which opens the door to applying techniques which have formerly been the preserve of optical systems. The work in this thesis attempts to bridge the gap between the fabrication and optimisation of the vacuum electronic devices and image processing aspects of a new approach to high speed radiographic imaging, particularly with a view to addressing practical real-world problems. Off the back of a specific targeted application, the project has involved the design of a viable field emission X-ray source, together with the development of an understanding of the failure modes in such devices, both by analysis and by simulation. This thesis reviews the capabilities and the requirements of X-ray sources, the methods by which nano-materials may be applied to the design of those devices and the improvements and attributes that can be foreseen. I study the image processing methods that can exploit these attributes, and investigate the performance of X-ray sources based upon electron emitters using carbon nanotubes. Modelling of the field emission and electron trajectories of the cathode assemblies has led me to the design of equipment to evaluate and optimise the parameters of an X-ray tube, which I have used to understand the performance that is achievable. Finally, I draw conclusions from this work and outline the next steps to provide the basis for a commercial solution.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Rnf1 is the primary electron source to nitrogenase in a high-ammonium-accumulating strain of Azotobacter vinelandii.
- Author
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Barney, Brett M. and Plunkett, Mary H.
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON sources , *NITROGENASES , *NITROGEN fixation , *AZOTOBACTER , *MULTIENZYME complexes , *ATMOSPHERIC ammonia , *ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen - Abstract
The enzyme nitrogenase performs the process of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), converting atmospheric dinitrogen gas into the biologically accessible ammonia, which is rapidly protonated at physiological pH to yield ammonium. The reduction of dinitrogen requires both ATP and electrons. Azotobacter vinelandii is an aerobic nitrogen-fixing microbe that is a model organism for the study of BNF. Previous reports have described strains of A. vinelandii that are partially deregulated for BNF, resulting in the release of large quantities of ammonium into the growth medium. Determining the source of the electrons required to drive BNF is complicated by the existence of several protein complexes in A. vinelandii that have been linked to BNF in other species. In this work, we used the high-ammonium-accumulating strains of A. vinelandii to probe the source of electrons to nitrogenase by disrupting the Rnf1 and Fix complexes. The results of this work demonstrate the potential of these strains to be used as a tool to investigate the contributions of other enzymes or complexes in the process of BNF. These results provide strong evidence that the Rnf1 complex of A. vinelandii is the primary source of electrons delivered to the nitrogenase enzyme in this partially deregulated strain. The Fix complex under native regulation was unable to provide sufficient electrons to accumulate extracellular ammonium in the absence of the Rnf1 complex. Increased ammonium accumulation could be attained in a strain lacking the Rnf1 complex if the genes of the Fix protein complex were relocated behind the strong promoter of the S-layer protein but still failed to achieve the levels found with just the Rnf1 complex by itself. Key points: • The Rnf1 complex is integral to ammonium accumulation in A. vinelandii. • The Fix complex can be deleted and still achieve ammonium accumulation in A. vinelandii. • A. vinelandii can be engineered to increase the contribution of the Fix complex to ammonium accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Optimization of a Field Emission Electron Source Based on Nano-Vacuum Channel Structures.
- Author
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Xu, Ji, Lin, Congyuan, Shi, Yongjiao, Li, Yu, Zhao, Xueliang, Zhang, Xiaobing, and Zhang, Jian
- Subjects
ELECTRON sources ,TRAVELING-wave tubes ,ELECTRON field emission ,ELECTRON microscopes ,STRUCTURAL optimization - Abstract
Recent discoveries in the field of nanoscale vacuum channel (NVC) structures have led to potential on-chip electron sources. However, limited research has reported on the structure or material parameters, and the superiority of a nanoscale vacuum channel in an electron source has not been adequately demonstrated. In this paper, we perform the structural optimization design of an NVC-based electron source. First, the structure parameters of a vertical NVC-based electron source are investigated. Moreover, the symmetrical NVC structure is further demonstrated to improve the emission current and effective electron efficiency. Finally, a symmetrical nano-vacuum channel structure is successfully fabricated based on simulations. The results show that the anode current exceeds 15 nA and that the effective electron efficiency exceeds 20%. Further miniaturizing the NVC structures in high integration can be utilized as an on-chip electron source, thereby, illustrating the potential in applications of electron microscopes, miniature X-ray sources and on-chip traveling wave tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A stable LaB6 nanoneedle field-emission electron source for atomic resolution imaging with a transmission electron microscope.
- Author
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Tang, Shuai, Tang, Jie, Okunishi, Eiji, Ninota, Yuki, Yasuhara, Akira, Uzuhashi, Jun, Ohkubo, Tadakatsu, Takeguchi, Masaki, Yuan, Jinshi, and Qin, Lu-Chang
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON sources , *TRANSMISSION electron microscopes , *IMAGE transmission , *ELECTRON beam lithography , *PARTICLE beam bunching , *SCANNING electron microscopy , *SCANNING transmission electron microscopy , *ELECTRON microscopes - Abstract
[Display omitted] Field-induced electron emission offers the best performance point electron source for electron microscopes. Herewith we report a new cold field-emission point electron source utilizing a nanoneedle made of lanthanum hexaboride (LaB 6) and its implementation in a spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (TEM). A sub-ångstrom resolution of 0.96 Å has been obtained with the TEM operated at an acceleration voltage of 60 kV and a smaller energy spread was also observed compared with the contemporary W(310) electron source. In particular, the LaB 6 nanoneedle cold field-emission electron source required no thermal flashing for continuous operation of extended hours (>100 hours) while exhibiting and sustaining a high stability in emission current (<1%). We attribute the excellent performance of the LaB 6 nanoneedle electron source to (i) a low work function of LaB 6 ; (ii) excellent alignment of the nanoneedle emitter by the electron and ion dual-beam processing with nanoscale precision and (iii) robustness of the nanometric structure that suppressed mechanical vibrations of the LaB 6 emitter even in a high electric field. This new LaB 6 nanoneedle cold field-emission electron source enables stable high-resolution imaging in TEM and it will also benefit cryogenic electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron beam lithography, and other electron beam technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A Core-Shell MWCNT-Pt Nanowire Electron Source with Anomalously Long-Term Stable Field Emission
- Author
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Wenqi Zhang, Peidong Chao, Donglei Chen, Zhan Yang, and Lixin Dong
- Subjects
field emission ,hybrid nanowire ,electron source ,focused electron-beam-induced deposition ,nanorobotic manipulation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
A hybrid core-shell structured nanowire is proposed for a long-term stable electron source based on an isolated platinum/multi-walled carbon nanotube (Pt/MWCNT). This hybrid nanowire is prepared by growing a Pt shell on a metallic MWCNT through a field-emission-induced deposition (FEID) method. An in situ field emission (FE) platform was constructed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with two nanorobotic manipulators (NRMs) for the preparation and testing of the hybrid nanowire. An in situ fatigue test was conducted with high current intensity (500 nA) to show the influence of the Pt shell. Compared with the pristine bare MWCNT, our hybrid-nanowire-based electron source has a lifetime of hundreds of times longer and can work continuously for up to 48 h under relatively high pressure (3.6×10-3 Pa) without having an apparent change in its structure or emission currents, demonstrating good stability and tolerance to poor working conditions. The anomalous long-term stability is attributed mainly to the shielding of oxygen by Pt from the carbon shells and less heating due to the work function lowering by Pt.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Investigation and optimisation of a plasma cathode electron beam gun for material processing applications
- Author
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Del Pozo Rodriguez, Sofia and Smith, D.
- Subjects
537.5 ,RF excited plasma ,Electron emission ,Electron source ,DC plasma ,Additive manufacturing - Abstract
This thesis describes design, development and testing work on a plasma cathode electron beam gun as well as plasma diagnosis experiments and Electron Beam (EB) current measurements carried out with the aim of maximising the power of the EB extracted and optimising the electron beam gun system for material processing applications. The elements which influence EB gun design are described and put into practice in a thermionic EB gun case study. The relevant principles of plasma EB gun systems, such low-temperature, low-pressure, RF excitation, are described along with the test rigs developed to investigate different plasma cathode configurations. The first experimental setup was for optical spectroscopy measurements of the light emitted from the plasma and the second included current measurements from EBs generated at –30 and –60 kV as well as the spectroscopic measurements. Comparison of EB current measurements with different plasma cathode configurations and correlation with spectroscopic measurements are presented. The maximum current extracted from the Radiofrequency (RF) gun was 38 mA at –60 kV using a hollow cathode geometry and permanent magnets for electron confinement. The RF gun was compared to a Direct Current (DC) gun which generated higher currents. This was reflected in the spectra which indicated a higher ionisation level than in the RF plasma. Simulation work carried out using Opera-2d to model beam trajectories indicated that the beam shape is largely influenced by the plasma boundary. Particle In Cell (PIC) simulations of a parallel plate RF plasma cathode demonstrated that higher excitation frequencies produced higher ionisation, however the RF sheaths were larger and thus the current extracted may be limited in practice due to fewer electrons being available near the aperture. The sheath thickness decreased in the simulations as the discharge gap was increased. RF plasma also produced larger currents from larger plasma chambers.
- Published
- 2016
29. Impedance of an intense plasma-cathode electron source for tokamak startup
- Author
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Perry, Justin [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000171228609)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. A Miniaturized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Field Emission Cathode With RF Excited by Coaxial Resonant Cavity.
- Author
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Jiang, Ruirui, Liu, Jianlong, Xu, Duo, Li, Yu, Yang, Kaiqiang, Zhao, Jing, Chen, Tao, Gong, Yubing, and Zeng, Baoqing
- Subjects
- *
FIELD emission , *CARBON nanotubes , *ELECTRON field emission , *ELECTRON sources , *ELECTRIC fields , *CATHODES , *SINGLE walled carbon nanotubes , *COAXIAL cables - Abstract
A miniaturized radio frequency (RF) excited grid-free field emission cathode made by single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is suggested and studied. The $\lambda $ /4 coaxial resonant cavity is used as field-emitted electron source with length of 26.5 mm and diameter of 12.8 mm. Electrons can be pulled out by a small electrostatic field and an RF electric field without interception. The RF electric field of inner conductor surface at the open end, which pasted SWCNTs, can reach 3 MV/m when the input power is 30 W, and the field is larger than the turn-on field of SWCNTs. The results of simulation and experiment both show that the maximum emission current under input RF power of 30 W is 30 times larger than without RF excitation, which can reach 24 mA at the anode voltage of 950 V. This miniaturized RF excited grid-free field emission cathode electron source can be used as electron source, in a high repetition frequency vacuum electronic devices, e.g., terahertz (THz) devices, and X-ray tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Dynamic Power Control of a Submillisecond Pulsed Megawatt Electron Beam in a Source with a Plasma Cathode.
- Author
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Vorobyov, M. S., Moskvin, P. V., Shin, V. I., Koval, N. N., Ashurova, K. T., Doroshkevich, S. Yu., Devyatkov, V. N., Torba, M. S., and Levanisov, V. A.
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON beams , *ELECTRON sources , *PLASMA sources , *CATHODES , *POWER resources , *SURFACES (Technology) - Abstract
We describe a method for dynamic power control of a submillisecond pulsed electron beam in a "SOLO" type source with plasma cathode. The beam power is controlled by dynamic variation of the beam current amplitude with the corresponding low-inertia change in the concentration of emissive plasma. This method can be used to generate submillisecond electron beams of variable power (up to 10 MW at a maximum variation rate not exceeding 0.5 W/μs)—in particular, for the processing of various metallic materials with modification of their functional properties by controlled beam energy supply to the material surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Optimization of a Field Emission Electron Source Based on Nano-Vacuum Channel Structures
- Author
-
Ji Xu, Congyuan Lin, Yongjiao Shi, Yu Li, Xueliang Zhao, Xiaobing Zhang, and Jian Zhang
- Subjects
nano-vacuum channel structure ,electron source ,field emission ,simulation ,electric properties ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
Recent discoveries in the field of nanoscale vacuum channel (NVC) structures have led to potential on-chip electron sources. However, limited research has reported on the structure or material parameters, and the superiority of a nanoscale vacuum channel in an electron source has not been adequately demonstrated. In this paper, we perform the structural optimization design of an NVC-based electron source. First, the structure parameters of a vertical NVC-based electron source are investigated. Moreover, the symmetrical NVC structure is further demonstrated to improve the emission current and effective electron efficiency. Finally, a symmetrical nano-vacuum channel structure is successfully fabricated based on simulations. The results show that the anode current exceeds 15 nA and that the effective electron efficiency exceeds 20%. Further miniaturizing the NVC structures in high integration can be utilized as an on-chip electron source, thereby, illustrating the potential in applications of electron microscopes, miniature X-ray sources and on-chip traveling wave tubes.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Graduate Student Program in Materials and Engineering Research and Development for Future Accelerators
- Author
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Spentzouris, Linda [Illinois Inst. of Technology, Chicago, IL (United States)]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Development of Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Author
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Kooyman, Patricia Jane, Castleman, Albert W, Series editor, Toennies, Jan Peter, Series editor, Yamanouchi, Kaoru, Series editor, Zinth, Wolfgang, Series editor, Frenken, Joost, editor, and Groot, Irene, editor
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Introduction to the Imaging Theory for TEM Including Nonlinear Terms
- Author
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Tanaka, Nobuo and Tanaka, Nobuo
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Electron Sources
- Author
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Zuo, Jian Min, Spence, John C. H., Zuo, Jian Min, and Spence, John C.H.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. A Cascade Electron Source Based on Series Horizontal Tunneling Junctions.
- Author
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Li, Zhiwei and Wei, Xianlong
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRON sources , *TUNNEL design & construction , *ELECTRON tunneling , *ELECTRONIC equipment , *ELECTRON emission - Abstract
On-chip tunneling electron sources have wide potential applications in miniature vacuum electronic devices, and emission efficiency is one of their performance benchmarks. A cascade electron source (CES) based on series metal–insulator–metal horizontal tunneling junctions (HTJs) is proposed, where free electrons are additively extracted from each tunneling junction. A CES with ${n}$ HTJs shows a theoretical emission efficiency of approximately η(n) = 1-(1-η0)n, with η0 being the efficiency of a single tunneling junction. Experimentally, a CES with three Si–SiOx–Si tunneling junctions is demonstrated, achieving an emission efficiency of as high as 47.6%. This work provides a new way of realizing highly efficient on-chip tunneling electron sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Review of Photocathodes for electron beam sources in particle accelerators
- Abstract
This paper compares different photocathodes that are applicable for electron injector systems and summarizes the development in cathode technology in the last years. The photocathode is one of the key components of the facilities that provides electrons for many research experiments. Typically, a high efficiency and a long operation time are desired, thus the photocathode needs to be robust against any rest gases occasionally available during operation. Low thermal emittance and fast response time are special requirements for the accelerator community. These parameters are commonly used to compare the various cathode materials. Metals and plasmon-enhanced materials emit electrons from the near surface, whereas semiconductors emit photoelectrons mostly from the bulk region. We compare metal photocathodes such as magnesium, copper and lead, with semiconductor photocathodes such as cesium telluride, antimonide photocathodes and III-V semiconductor photocathodes. GaAs and its typical application for the generation of spin-polarized electrons is discussed and special attention has been paid to the emerging GaN as a potential novel photocathode. The above mentioned state-of-the-art cathodes are compared regarding their preparation approaches, quantum efficiency, lifetime, response time and their status of application. This work is aimed to provide a guideline for particle accelerator researchers in their choice of the cathode material. Thermionic cathodes and field emission cathodes are not discussed in this review.
- Published
- 2023
39. Operational Experience From 8 Years of ELBE SRF-Gun II
- Abstract
At the electron accelerator for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE), the second version of a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) photoinjector was brought into operation in 2014. After a period of commissioning, a gradual transfer to routine operation took place in 2017, so that now more than 1800h of user beam are generated every year. Since the commission, a total of 24 cathodes (2 Cu, 12 Mg, 10 Cs2Te) have been used, without observing serious cavity degradation. The contribution summarizes commissioning and operational experience of the last 8 years of gun operation, with special emphasis on SRF properties but also on specialties such as dark current and multipacting that are directly linked to the integration of a normal conducting cathode into the SRF cavity.
- Published
- 2023
40. Overview of the Semiconductor Photocathode Research in China
- Author
-
Huamu Xie
- Subjects
photocathode ,accelerator ,electron gun ,electron source ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
With the growing demand from scientific projects such as the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), ultrafast electron diffraction/microscopy (UED/UEM) and electron ion collider (EIC), the semiconductor photocathode, which is a key technique for a high brightness electron source, has been widely studied in China. Several fabrication systems have been designed and constructed in different institutes and the vacuum of most systems is in the low 10−8 Pa level to grow a high QE and long lifetime photocathode. The QE, dark lifetime/bunch lifetime, spectral response and QE map of photocathodes with different kinds of materials, such as bialkali (K2CsSb, K2NaSb, etc.), Cs2Te and GaAs, have been investigated. These photocathodes will be used to deliver electron beams in a high voltage DC gun, a normal conducting RF gun, and an SRF gun. The emission physics of the semiconductor photocathode and intrinsic emittance reduction are also studied.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Feasibility of Increasing the Interelectrode Distance in an SSVD by Filling the Discharge Gap with Electrons
- Author
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Apollonov, V. V., Adibi, Ali, Series editor, Rhodes, William T., Editor-in-chief, Hänsch, Theodor W., Series editor, Krausz, Ferenc, Series editor, Masters, Barry R., Series editor, Venghaus, Herbert, Series editor, Weber, Horst, Series editor, Weinfurter, Harald, Series editor, Midorikawa, Katsumi, Series editor, and Apollonov, V. V.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Electron Sources
- Author
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Kruit, Pieter, Carter, C. Barry, editor, and Williams, David B., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Physics of Intraoperative Radiotherapy for the Breast
- Author
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Mourtada, Firas, Arthur, Douglas W, editor, Vicini, Frank A., editor, Wazer, David E., editor, and Khan, Atif J., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Transmission Electron Microscope
- Author
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Egerton, R. F. and Egerton, R.F.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Modern Electron Optics and the Search for More Light: The Legacy of the Muslim Golden Age
- Author
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El-Gomati, Mohamed M., Al-Amri, Mohammad D., editor, El-Gomati, Mohamed, editor, and Zubairy, M. Suhail, editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Conclusions
- Author
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Gulde, Max and Gulde, Max
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Experimental Analysis of a Tip-Based Ultrafast Electron Gun
- Author
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Gulde, Max and Gulde, Max
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Aspects of Ultrafast LEED
- Author
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Gulde, Max and Gulde, Max
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Introduction
- Author
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Gulde, Max and Gulde, Max
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Exploring the Potential of a Thermionic LaB6 Virtual Source Mode Electron Gun for a High Angular Current Density and a Narrow Energy Distribution.
- Author
-
Lee HR, Hwang J, Ogawa T, Kim J, Lee JW, Jung H, Yun DJ, Lee S, and Park IY
- Abstract
To date, lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) thermionic electron sources have not been able fully to capitalize on their inherent potential, resulting in an ambiguous position within the application area. Although they exhibit higher brightness compared with a tungsten filament source, they still fall short of the performance of Schottky electron sources. This study aims to explore the capabilities of the LaB6 electron source under different operating conditions to bridge the gap, ultimately to realize its untapped potential. Simulations in virtual source mode indicated enhanced beam brightness and a reduced beam half-angle with an increase the extraction voltage, promising up to tenfold times higher beam brightness compared with the crossover mode. The energy distribution measured using a prelens retarding field energy analyzer revealed an energy distribution of 0.55 eV and a high angular current density of 33 mA/sr in the virtual source mode. Therefore, the virtual source mode of LaB6 can provide a narrow energy distribution akin to that of a ZrO/W Schottky electron gun (1600 K) while having an angular current density over 2,000 times higher. In addition, the stability of the virtual source mode is ±0.022%, while that of the crossover mode is ±0.138%., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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