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AbstractPurposeMaterials and methodsResultsConclusionsBlack gram (Vigna mungo [L.] Hepper) is an important annual legume with great economic, nutritional and ecological significance. Novel variations through induced mutagenesis can accelerate narrow genetic base-impeded black gram improvement. This is a first study on characterization of genome-wide mutation spectrum induced by electron beam (EB).Black gram genotype ‘Pant U-31’ was irradiated with 400 Gy EB generated in a 10 MeV LINAC. A stable mutant PM-32 (M6) was re-sequenced by combining Illumina (BIOO Scientific, Inc., Austin, TX) and Nanopore Technologies (Oxford, UK). Variants were predicted in reference to the available whole genome scaffold level draft assembly of parent ‘Pant U-31’.Genome analysis predicted a total of 76,893 genes of which 58,517 were annotated. The identified variants totaling 728,161, largely comprised (91.56%) of single base substitutions (SBSs) with a transition (Ti) to transversion (Tv) ratio of 1.95. Of the indels constituting 8.44% of total induced variants, insertions accounted for 4.29%, with preponderance of multiple bases (53.63%) and 2–5 bp insertions as the major class (33.71%). Multiple-base deletions (2–5 bases) formed the bulk (31.14%) of the total deletions. The genic variants (2438) with estimated high and moderate effects were located within 1271 predicted genes. A higher number of mutations were observed on chromosomes Vm1 (588) and Vm3 (428) with the highest frequency on chromosome Vm3 (every 0.07 Mb).Our study reiterated the mutagenic utility of EB for inducing SBSs and small indels genome-wide. The knowledge gained from SNP-level profiling of EB-induced mutations can expedite comparative mutation breeding studies in legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a physical model that describes the interaction between surface electron beams and plasma. The dispersion relations for beam plasma interactions were derived using perturbation method and field matching methods. The study investigates how different parameters affect radiation frequency and bandwidth. The results indicate that as electron beam velocity increases, the associated kinetic energy also rises, leading to an increase in both the maximum radiation frequency and bandwidth at high frequencies. Conversely, the radiation bandwidth at low frequencies decreases. Similarly, a higher plasma density results in a greater maximum radiation frequency, but the high-frequency bandwidth decreases, while the low-frequency bandwidth increases. Additionally, when the electron density and electron velocity of the electron beam remain constant, increasing the plasma density can increase the microwave radiation frequency However, there exists a plasma density threshold, beyond which high-frequency electromagnetic waves are no longer radiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We outline a method of beamed power for propulsion that utilizes relativistic electron beams. The physics of charged particle beam propagation in the space plasma environment is discussed and the long-range (> 100 AU) advantage of relativistic electron beams is emphasized. A preliminary statite-based beam emitter for powering probes to 0.1c is proposed and the challenges in beamed-power uses are explored. • The potential for a relativistic electron beam to have dramatically longer beam ranges than other forms of beam-driven propulsion is revealed • The propagation of the beam through the space plasma is discussed and areas for further work identified • It is shown that the longer range of the beam permits interstellar probes to be driven to relevant speeds above 0.1c with feasible power levels in the GW class for implementation. • The key remaining obstacle, the conversion from the electron beam to rocket thrust, is identified and some possible approaches discussed • A path to implementation, using plasma sailing to hover the beam platform near the sun, and thermoelectric power conversion to generate the power for the beam, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of the interaction between electron beams and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be challenging due to the complex surface charging behavior and various nanostructures formed by CNTs. Herein, an overview of the challenges and potential solutions are provided for achieving high‐resolution imaging of nanomaterials, such as CNTs, in SEM systems. First, imaging mechanisms of CNTs on conducting, insulating, and hybrid substrates are summarized, with morphology, material type, and charging effect covered. Second, measuring the conductivity, bandgap, and diameter of a CNT by SEM method is introduced. Finally, the utilization of super‐aligned CNT (SACNT) films for observing insulators and vertically aligned CNT arrays (VACNTAs) as electron blackbodies are discussed separately. New techniques for imaging and characterizing nanostructures will ultimately lead to the advancement of CNT‐based technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beam radiation is applied in wastewater treatment to destroy pollutants, including antibiotics. Standard solutions of oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole (10–100 ppm) were irradiated at 10–50 kGy. Increasing irradiation dose and concentration increased and decreased degradation efficiency, respectively. Most antibiotic standard samples, irradiated at 25 kGy, showed destruction efficiency more than 90%. Erythromycin and enrofloxacin as target antibiotics, were identified in real pharmaceutical wastewater, with degradation efficiency of 100% and 90%, respectively, at 25 kGy. Byproducts found by LC/MS in irradiated samples had acceptable toxicity. Therefore, electron beam irradiation is an efficient way to eliminate antibiotics from pharmaceutical wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irradiations at Ultra-High Dose Rate (UHDR) regimes, exceeding 40 Gy/s in single fractions lasting less than 200 ms, have shown an equivalent antitumor effect compared to conventional radiotherapy with reduced harm to normal tissues. This work details the hardware and software modifications implemented to deliver 10 MeV UHDR electron beams with a linear accelerator Elekta SL 18 MV and the beam characteristics obtained. GafChromic EBT XD films and an Advanced Markus chamber were used for dosimetry characterization, while a silicon sensor assessed the machine's beam pulses stability and repeatability. The dose per pulse, average dose rate and instantaneous dose rate in the pulse were evaluated for four experimental settings, varying the source-to-surface distance and the beam collimation, i.e., with and without the use of a cylindrical applicator. The results showed a dose per pulse from 0.6 Gy to a few tens of Gy and an average dose rate up to 300 Gy/s. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility to perform in vitro radiobiology experiments and test new technologies for beam monitoring and dosimetry at the upgraded LINAC, thus contributing to the electron UHDR research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid hydrogels with superabsorbent properties based on acrylic acid (20%), sodium alginate (0.5%) and poly(ethylene oxide) (0.1%) were obtained by electron-beam irradiation between 5 and 20 kGy, and are characterized by different physical and chemical methods; the first results reported showed gel fractions over 87%, cross-link densities under 9.9 × 103 mol/cm3 and swelling degrees of 400 g/g. Two types of hydrogels (without and with 0.1% initiator potassium persulfate) have been subjected to swelling and deswelling experiments in different swelling media with different pHs, chosen in accordance with the purpose for which these superabsorbent materials were obtained, i.e., water and nutrients carriers for agricultural purposes: 6.05 (distilled water), 7.66 (tap water), 5.40 (synthetic nutrient solution) and 7.45 (organic nutrient solution). Swelling kinetics and swelling dynamics have been also studied in order to investigate the influence of swelling media type and pH on the absorption phenomenon. The swelling and deswelling behaviors were influenced by the hydrogel characteristics and pH of the swelling media. Both the polymeric chain relaxation (non-Fickian diffusion) and macromolecular relaxation (super case II) phenomenon were highlighted as a function of swelling media type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the synthesis of the aluminum–zirconia titanate composite powder using a high-power fastelectron beam. It is shown that the electron-beam processing of the mixture of initial oxide powders leads to the formation of composite ceramics with a complex phase composition. It is found that the porosity of the powder mixture depends on the electron beam parameters, scanning, and beam-induced displacement rate of the cuvette. When selecting these parameters, it is possible to synthesize low-porosity ceramics, which shows the tendency of combining synthesis and sintering during the electron-beam processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherenkov terahertz (THz) surface plasmons (SPs) generation by a relativistic electron beam over the graphene surface, deposited on a SiO 2 substrate, is investigated. The relativistic electron beam tassel produced by SPs produces perturbed linear current density and develops THz SPs via Cherenkov interaction. Electron beam energy from 498.91 to 499.03 KeV is essential for the excitation of THz SPs of 3 to 10 THz. The growth rate of THz SPs depends on the electron beam density and Fermi energy of the graphene surface. The current investigation possesses the potential to be harnessed for the utilization of THz sensors and detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beams with energies up to 3 MeV, widely used in technological and research practice, have a relatively low penetration depth into matter, and the inhomogeneity of energy absorption can reach 30% per 1 mm of path. High heterogeneity, as well as the high cost of radiation, requires the researcher to have skills in optimizing the uniformity of irradiation and reducing energy losses. This work presents the dependences of the average absorbed dose and dose heterogeneity for irradiation of liquid with a horizontal beam in test tubes or tubes with different glass wall thicknesses (0.2–2 mm Pyrex). The dependences are applicable to refining, predicting, and analyzing the distribution of absorbed dose in materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers have the utmost significance in biomedical applications and blending synthetic polymers has shown favorable characteristics versus individual counterparts. The utilization of the blends can be restricted through the use of toxic chemical agents such as initiators or crosslinkers. In this regard, a chemical agent-free ionizing irradiation is a beneficial alternative for preparing the hydrogels for biomedical applications. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-CS), guar gum (GG), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) based ternary blends (TB) were crosslinked using various doses of ionizing irradiation to fabricate hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels were characterized for physicochemical properties, swelling analysis, biological assays, and drug delivery applications. Swelling analysis in distilled water revealed that the hydrogels exhibit excellent swelling characteristics. An in vitro cytocompatibility assay showed that the hydrogels have greater than 90% cell viability for the human epithelial cell line and a decreasing cell viability trend for the human alveolar adenocarcinoma cell line. In addition, the prepared hydrogels possessed excellent antibacterial characteristics against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). Finally, the release studies of anti-inflammatory Quercus acutissima (QA) loaded hydrogels exhibited more than 80% release in phosphate-buffered saline (pH = 7.4). These findings suggest that TB hydrogels can be used as suitable carrier media for different release systems and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the surface sample potential on the head-incident electron beam in the scanning electron microscope has been studied in terms of the mirror effect. The multipole and charged disc models have been used to approximate the sample potential. The energy conservation law is used to assist set up the equation of motion for the incident electron. The point of reflection of the electrons along the length between the sample surface and the column diaphragm is then determined by solving the equation. In fact, the beam and surface potential characteristics mostly determine the reflection point's value. In light of the variations between the two models that were utilized, the reflection behavior was examined in terms of these characteristics. The outcomes have demonstrated that, when it comes to simulating the surface potential, each model has both advantages and disadvantages. In reality, the two models exhibit comparable results over a broad range of distances between the sample surface and the column diaphragm when the common parameters are placed in parallel. However, the variance between them occurs in a very short distance that almost does not exceed 13% approximately. Nevertheless, because of its own mathematical nature, the multipole model is best appropriate to estimate the surface potential of highly concentrated trapped charges. Meanwhile, the charged disc model is suitable for approximating the surface potential for low concentrated trapped charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using strong electromagnetic fields generated by lasers to interact with electrons for precise diagnosis and manipulation of electron beams represents a recent focal point in accelerator technology. This approach surpasses the limitations of conventional RF technology, such as low electric field gradients and timing jitters, effectively enhancing the accuracy of ultrafast electron beam diagnostics and manipulations. As demands for precision continue to rise, the precise diagnosis of crucial parameters of ultrafast electron beams remains challenging. This study delves into the electromagnetic behavior of THz-driven devices and proposes an all-optical method utilizing single-cycle THz radiation to compress and characterize a 3 MeV electron beam. Particle tracking simulations demonstrate an astonishing compression effect, reducing the bunch length from 54.0 fs to 4.3 fs, and achieving sub-femtosecond bunch length measurement resolution. Moreover, when combined with an orthogonal THz streak camera, this method shows even greater potential in multi-bunch scenarios.

The processes of recharging, heating and evaporation of a positively charged microparticle (MP) introduced into the plasma with an injected high-energy electron beam are considered. It is assumed that the MP is charged outside the plasma and then introduced into the plasma by an accelerating field, where plasma and beam electrons hitting the MP heat and evaporate it. In addition to introducing the MP into the plasma, the positive MP charge provides an additional source of energy needed to heat and evaporate it. Using the OML theory, the system of current and energy balance equations was numerically solved and the conditions, under which the MP is heated to the boiling point of its substance, resulting in its intense evaporation, were determined. The influence of the energy of the electron beam on the process of MP recharging, as well as on the rate of its heating and evaporation, has been studied. An estimate of the particle entry velocity into the plasma has been made; the distances at which its recharging, heating to the boiling point and complete evaporation occur are determined. The work is carried out in order to creating plasma of a given elemental composition.

An electron beam may be used to generate bremsstrahlung photons that go on to create photoneutrons within metals. This serves as a low-energy neutron source for irradiation experiments. In this article, we present simulation results for optimizing photoneutron yield for a 10-MeV electron beam on tantalum foil and erbium deuteride (ErD3). The thickness of the metal layers was varied. A tantalum foil thickness of 1.5 mm resulted in the most photons reaching the second metal layer. When a second metal layer of ErD3 was included, the photoneutron yield increased with the thickness of the secondary layer. When the electron beam was directly incident upon a layer of ErD3, the photoneutron yield did not differ significantly from the yield when a layer of tantalum was included. The directional photoneutron yield reached a maximum level when the thickness of the ErD3 layer was around 12 cm. About 1 neutron was generated per 104 source electrons. When using a 2-mA beam current, it is possible to generate up to 1012 neutrons per second, making this combination a relatively-inexpensive neutron generator.

Pharmaceutically active compounds are the most widely produced and consumed consumer products that pose a substantial threat to the environment and living organisms owing to their pharmacokinetics, side effects, and contraindications. In this study, the degradation of chloroquine (CQ), a popular antimalarial and recently proposed COVID-19 drug, was investigated under electron beam (EB) irradiation of aqueous solutions. Both the hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron generated in the radiolysis of water contribute to the degradation of CQ in aqueous solution. The overall removal efficiency for 125 mg·L-1 of the CQ solution under EB treatment is reported to be >80% at neutral pH at a maximum irradiation dose of 7 kGy. Removal efficiency is further favored by acidic and slightly alkaline conditions where reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons are favored, respectively. Additionally, increments in the applied dose resulted in the increased removal efficiency for the same concentration of CQ. Conversely, the removal efficiency decreased with increasing concentration of CQ at the same irradiation dose. The initial solution pH, applied irradiation dose, and initial pollutant concentration play an important role in the EB-induced degradation of CQ by influencing the available oxidizing and reducing species. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were not significantly decreased during the treatment process and indicated the formation of organic byproducts, which were not further degraded under the current experimental conditions.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a 4-amino quinoline derivative, has antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activity and was most recently proposed in the treatment of SARS-COVID-19. Its pharmacokinetics and toxic side effects necessitate the monitoring of its presence in the environment and its removal from wastewater. In this study, HCQ was removed from an aqueous solution with a removal efficiency of between 80% and 90% under electron beam (EB) irradiation. The degradation of HCQ was propagated by reactions involving both the hydroxyl radical and aqueous electron. The degradation was observed to follow a pseudo-first-order kinetic reaction. The applied radiation dose, pH, and initial HCQ concentration were influential in the degradation efficiency under EB irradiation. Acidic and alkaline pH favored the removal of HCQ under EB irradiation. Even though the initial HCQ was successfully degraded, it was not completely mineralized. The TOC and chemical oxygen demand (COD) remained at a relatively stable level following EB irradiation of the aqueous solutions. This is attributed to the formation of other organic compounds that were not degraded under the investigated experimental conditions.

In this research, the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was simulated and exposed to electron radiation with up to 20 keV energy. Absorbed energy was measured for spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, and envelope of the virus. Simulations were performed by Geant4-DNA in a water environment at temperature of 20 °C and pressure of 1 atm. Since the viral RNA is kept inside the nucleocapsid protein, damage to this area could destroy the viral RNA strand and create an inactive virus. Our findings showed that electron beams with an energy of 2.5 keV could cause a maximum absorption dose and consequently maximum damage to the nucleocapsid and effectively be used for inactivation virus.

The single processing technology is difficult to meet the multiple requirements of the NFC juice, such as maintaining the nutrition and flavor, reducing browning and sterilization. In order to explore the combined effect of stress pretreatment and sterilization technologies on NFC fruit juice, 50% CO2 stress pretreatment was used before apple juice squeezed to study the influence of different stress intensity on sensory quality and nutritional quality of apple juice. The effects of electron beam irradiation and pasteurization on sensory and nutritional quality and bacteriologic effect of apple juice were also studied. The results showed that: 50% CO2 stress pretreatment could significantly increase the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and VC content of the NFC apple juice (P

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Cancers around the eye are often treated using orthovoltage machines or by plastic surgery, neither of which are widely available in regional Australia. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) using electrons and an internal eye shield is an alternative, relatively underreported technique which can provide similar cosmetic and functional outcomes. This report aimed to describe the process for the use of internal eye shields at GenesisCare Fraser Coast Radiation Oncology (GCFCRO) and the associated clinical outcomes and patient perceptions of the delivery and results of this procedure.This project was conducted in two phases. Phase I was an audit of the departmental technique and short‐term clinical outcomes of 17 patients who received EBRT for skin cancer near the eyes at GCFCRO in partnership with Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service (WBHHS). Phase II was a survey of nine of those patients to elicit the patient perspective of the delivery and long‐term outcomes of the treatment.Phase I revealed the departmental procedures for simulation, planning and treatment at GCFCRO are consistent with other departments published protocols. Phase II results detailed positive patient perspectives regarding cosmetic outcomes and receipt of EBRT for skin cancer near their eyes.EBRT with an internal eye shield is an acceptable alternative modality to surgery for squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and basal cell carcinomas (BCC) around the eye in the definitive and adjuvant setting. This is particularly important in regional locations to facilitate patients receiving high‐quality care and outcomes locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]To investigate the effect of electron beam and ultraviolet irradiation on the degradation rate and active components of aflatoxin in Polygala tenuifolia. [Method] High performance liquid chromatography was used to study the effects of different irradiation doses of electron beams, different water contents and different durations of ultraviolet radiation on the degradation rate and active components of aflatoxin in Polygala. [Result]The higher the electron beam irradiation dose, the higher the degradation rate of aflatoxin in Polygala. After 10 kGy electron beam irradiation, the degradation rates of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 in Polygala tenuifolia were 19. 27%, 19. 64%, 15. 62%, and 15. 14%, respectively. The degradation rates of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were the highest in polygala with 28% water content treated with 6 kGy irradiation. The longer the UV irradiation time, the higher the degradation rate of aflatoxin in polygala. The degradation rate of aflatoxins decreased with the increase of irradiation distance. There was no significant change in the contents of tenuifolin, polygaltrione and 3,6′-sinaloyl sucrose after different irradiation treatments. [Conclusion] Electron beam irradiation combined with water content treated and ultraviolet irradiation can effectively degrade aflatoxins in polygala, and has little effect on active components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Addendum to the AAPM's TG‐51 protocol for the determination of absorbed dose to water is presented for electron beams with energies between 4 MeV and 22 MeV (1.70cm≤R50≤8.70cm$1.70\nobreakspace {\rm cm} \le R_{\text{50}} \le 8.70\nobreakspace {\rm cm}$). This updated formalism allows simplified calibration procedures, including the use of calibrated cylindrical ionization chambers in all electron beams without the use of a gradient correction. New kQ$k_{Q}$ data are provided for electron beams based on Monte Carlo simulations. Implementation guidance is provided. Components of the uncertainty budget in determining absorbed dose to water at the reference depth are discussed. Specifications for a reference‐class chamber in electron beams include chamber stability, settling, ion recombination behavior, and polarity dependence. Progress in electron beam reference dosimetry is reviewed. Although this report introduces some major changes (e.g., gradient corrections are implicitly included in the electron beam quality conversion factors), they serve to simplify the calibration procedure. Results for absorbed dose per linac monitor unit are expected to be up to approximately 2 % higher using this Addendum compared to using the original TG‐51 protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The inherent problems in the existence of electron equilibrium and steep dose fall-off pose difficulties for small- and narrow-field dosimetry. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cutout factors for keloid electron radiotherapy using various dosimetry detectors for small and narrow fields. METHOD: The measurements were performed in a solid water phantom with nine different cutout shapes. Five dosimetry detectors were used in the study: pinpoint 3D ionization chamber, Farmer chamber, semiflex chamber, Classic Markus parallel plate chamber, and EBT3 film. RESULTS: The results demonstrated good agreement between the semiflex and pinpoint chambers. Furthermore, there was no difference between the Farmer and pinpoint chambers for large cutouts. For the EBT3 film, half of the cases had differences greater than 1%, and the maximum discrepancy compared with the reference chamber was greater than 2% for the narrow field. CONCLUSION: The parallel plate, semiflex chamber and EBT3 film are suitable dosimeters that are comparable with pinpoint 3D chambers in small and narrow electron fields. Notably, a semiflex chamber could be an alternative option to a pinpoint 3D chamber for cutout widths≥3 cm. It is very important to perform patient-specific cutout factor calibration with an appropriate dosimeter for keloid radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how scattering foil materials and sampling holder placement affect electron energy distribution in electron beams from a modified medical linear accelerator for FLASH radiotherapy. We analyze electron energy spectra at various positions—ionization chamber, mirror, and jaw—to evaluate the impact of Cu, Pb-Cu, Pb, and Ta foils. Our findings show that close proximity to the source intensifies the dependence of electron energy distribution on foil material, enabling precise beam control through material selection. Monte Carlo simulations are effective for designing foils to achieve desired energy distributions. Moving the sampling holder farther from the source reduces foil material influence, promoting more uniform energy spreads, particularly in the 0.5–10 MeV range for 12 MeV electron beams. These insights emphasize the critical role of tailored material selection and sampling holder positioning in optimizing electron energy distribution and fluence intensity for FLASH radiotherapy research, benefiting both experimental design and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitizer or crosslinking promoter must be utilized to improve electron beam irradiation (EBI) vulcanization and achieve optimal results. This work investigated the effect of sensitizers, that is, sulfur and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPT), on the properties of EBI‐vulcanized natural rubber (NR). The experiments focused on analyzing the effect of different amounts of sensitizers, that is, 2 and 3 phr, on the swelling, crosslink density, entanglement, and mechanical properties of NR latex. A sample without sensitizers was taken as a reference. Results revealed that the crosslink density of the samples with sensitizers had improved compared with that of the sample without a sensitizer. The sample with sulfur exhibited higher crosslink density than the NR with TMPT. The sulfur‐containing NR exhibited superior mechanical properties, i.e., modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength, as its crosslink density increased. In addition, increasing the sulfur content reduced the crosslink density of the NR latex, resulting in inferior mechanical properties. Furthermore, the different forms, that is, latex and film, of NR were compared. The latex form revealed higher crosslink density than the film form, thus presenting high mechanical properties because it contained water, which could induce the formation of free radical species and enhance crosslinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of strong and tight copper and stainless steel joints in mechanical structures and components is an actual challenge in modern engineering. Thanks to unique combination of different properties such joints have many important applications like components of linear particle accelerators, ultra-high vacuum systems (up to 10-8 torr), heat exchangers, even of the international fusion experimental reactor. At the same time, ensuring a reliable joint of immiscible materials such as copper and stainless steel is a technologically challenging problem due to significantly different physical, mechanical and metallurgical properties, including melting points, thermal expansion coefficients, thermal conductivity, etc. Traditional approaches to the production of such joints, based on certain welding methods, impose many technical and geometric limitations due to the need for special preparation of the contact surfaces of the parts to be joined or the uncontrolled formation of new phases when mixing melts of different metals. As for brazing methods, they do not always provide reliable vacuum-tight joints for relatively thick parts and do not guarantee sufficient joint strength. Therefore, it is important to find more technologically flexible ways to solve such problems. This article discusses a new approach to joining copper and stainless steel using the xBeam 3D Metal Printing technology. This novel directed energy deposition (DED) technology uses a profile electron beam and coaxial feeding of copper wire to deposit it upon a precision machined stainless steel substrate. The results of the exploration study of joints made using this method are presented, including the study of vacuum tightness of the joint, density of the deposited material, metallurgy of the interface, electrical conductivity, oxygen content, hardness in different zones, etc. Specialized preheating strategies minimized the thermal deformation of the machined substrate, a key consideration for adding multimaterial functionality to monolith components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present times, with increasing emphasis on circular economies, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered resource recovery facilities. The targeted resources are water, biogas, and sludge, organic residuals containing nutrients and elements needed by plants (nitrogen and phosphorus). Sludge is a byproduct that constitutes the largest volume of all other byproducts obtained in wastewater treatment plants. Its processing and disposal are challenging for environmental engineers because of its complexity. Thus, quick development and implementation in industrial practice of sludge valorization and utilization technologies is required, where high nutrient content must be taken into account. Also, the occurrence of a variety of pathogens in sewage sludge is a matter of concern, even in the case of developed countries. The use of untreated sludge or wastewater in agricultural activities poses a serious risk of bacterial and parasitic infection in human beings. To overcome such issues, the application of ionizing radiation processing, especially electron beam (EB), can be considered a promising method. Its effectiveness in pathogen removal has been proven by researchers. Water radiolysis products created during irradiation of water are highly reactive and cause some effects such as DNA damage, O H   • radical production, etc. Additionally, ionizing radiation technologies in sewage sludge treatment enhance the efficiency of the methane fermentation process. Depending on specific needs, different types of ionizing radiation sources can be discussed. Based on the review information and our research results, the basic engineering parameters of hybrid installation have been presented as the conclusion of the report. In this technical solution, a notably effective additional step would be the use of EB irradiation, combined with conventional wastewater treatment, to achieve efficient removal of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning deals with creating algorithms capable of learning from the provided data. These systems have a wide range of applications and can also be a valuable tool for scientific research, which in recent years has been focused on finding new diagnostic techniques for particle accelerator beams. In this context, SPARC_LAB is a facility located at the Frascati National Laboratories of INFN, where the progress of beam diagnostics is one of the main developments of the entire project. With this in mind, we aim to present the design of two neural networks aimed at predicting the spot size of the electron beam of the plasma-based accelerator at SPARC_LAB, which powers an undulator for the generation of an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL). Data-driven algorithms use two different data preprocessing techniques, namely an autoencoder neural network and PCA. With both approaches, the predicted measurements can be obtained with an acceptable margin of error and most importantly without activating the accelerator, thus saving time, even compared to a simulator that can produce the same result but much more slowly. The goal is to lay the groundwork for creating a digital twin of linac and conducting virtualized diagnostics using an innovative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we apply and further develop an interdisciplinary approach to investigate textile remnants of a 17th-century shirt discovered during archaeological excavations by the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences (conducted in February 2021 under the direction of N.I. Savel'ev) in the former Goncharnaya Sloboda (Pottery Settlement area) of Moscow. When examining a fragment of the shirt with preserved decorative elements, we use a set of complementary analytical methods. The conducted research reveals that the shirt was sewn from linen fabric and bordered with woven silk ribbons. The spun golden threads used for embroidering decorative elements on the shirt are produced by twisting a core thread made of silver (with copper and gold additives) ribbon approximately 340 μm wide and 14 μm thick, with a layer of gold 1–1.5 μm thick applied to its surface. A silk thread is used as the core. A reconstruction of the method for manufacturing the metallic braided ribbon is carried out. High-resolution optical images of the spun gold threads are obtained, revealing their structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electron out‐of‐field scatter is generally not given importance mainly in electron fields. However, this is important when applicator down and boost treatments are given usually at an angle from the central axis. The electron scatter dose is found to be far away from the central axis which could be easily ignored. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the out‐of‐field radiation doses from electron applicators and their effects on clinical treatment. By identifying the parameters that contribute to out‐of‐field doses and to explore potential strategies for reducing these doses in order to improve patient outcomes from modern machines. Methods: Measurements were performed in water phantom using electron diode for modern Elekta and Varian machines. Dose profiles were acquired at surface and dmax with 0° and 90° collimation angle. Various gantry angles were also studied for some data with IC Profiler. The profiles were normalized with respect to the central axis dose. Results: The scatter dose peaks were found at a distance between 11 and 28 cm from the central axis on all machines. However, the peak shifts to 15 cm at 90° collimator when beam is tilted. The position and intensity of the dose varies with depth, collimator, and gantry angles for both Elekta and Varian machines. Due to clearance issues more gantry angles were studied for Elekta applicator compared to Varian. In general, Varian TrueBeam has a lower scatter that Elekta Infinity. The 90° collimator angle has a higher scatter compared to zero degree for both machines. Conclusions: There are clinically significant peripheral doses around 3% of the central axis dose from the electron applicator. Elekta has a slightly higher scatter (3%) than Varian (2%) that peaks at 25 cm which is clinically important but often overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusions The use of electron beams has been rekindled by the advent of ultra‐high‐dose rate radiotherapy (FLASH) and very high energy electrons (VHEE). The need for development of novel technology for beam monitoring and dosimetry of such beams is of paramount importance prior to their clinical translation.In this work we explore the potential of a multi‐layer nanoporous aerogel High‐Energy‐Current (HEC) detector as a dosimeter for electron beam. The detector does not suffer from radiation damage or signal saturation, making it suitable for very‐high‐dose‐rate applications. Standard dose rates and energies are used to establish reference for FLASH and VHEE. We explore detector response to electron energy and residual range both experimentally and computationally.Multilayer HEC detectors were constructed using 1×–10× basic modules of Aluminum(Al)_aerogel(A)_Tantalum(Ta) with 10–70 µm layer thicknesses. Signals are collected from all electrodes (3–21, depending on module multiplicity) with zero external voltage bias. Measurements are acquired as a function of depth(z) in water equivalent plastic using Varian TrueBeam for energies E = 6,9,12,15 MeV (SAD = 105 cm, 6 × 6 cone, 1000 MU/min). Computational simulations of identical detector geometries are performed using the 1D deterministic code CEPXS/ONEDANT. Additionally, percent‐depth‐doses PDD(z), measured with diode in water, are used to explore the response of HEC for various energies and residual ranges.The current measured from Ta electrodes resembles the shape of deposited charges in water and it is proportional to the derivative of the clinical PDD corrected for contribution from photon contamination. The signal is positive on the surface, and it decreases with depth reaching a negative local minimum at z = R50, before increasing again, reaching zero at about the practical range z = Rp. In contrast, the signal from Al electrodes is shaped like the electron PDD(z) shape but with lower signal at the surface and higher bremsstrahlung tail. By subtracting the signal from Ta and Al electrodes we obtained a curve resembling PDD(z,E) after Bremsstrahlung contamination correction.Multi‐layer HEC sensors exhibit characteristic responses to electron beams that are unlike responses of ion chambers or diodes. Since the sensor structures are sensitive to electronic disequilibrium, high‐Z electrodes give a signal proportional to the charge deposition pattern and can be modeled using the derivative of PDD(z). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in 2011, many types of survey meters were used, including Geiger–Müller (GM) survey meters, which have long been used to measure β-rays. Recently, however, a novel radiation survey meter that uses a plastic-scintillation sensor has been developed. Although manufacturers' catalog data are available for these survey meters, there have been no user reports on performance. In addition, the performance of commercial plastic-scintillation survey meters has not been evaluated. In this study, we experimentally compared the performance of a plastic-scintillation survey meter with that of a GM survey meter. The results show that the two instruments performed very similarly in most respects. The GM survey meter exhibited count losses when the radiation count rate was high, whereas the plastic-scintillation survey meter remained accurate under such circumstances, with almost no count loss at high radiation rates. For measurements at background rates (i.e., low counting rates), the counting rates of the plastic-scintillation and GM survey meters were similar. Therefore, an advantage of plastic-scintillation survey meters is that they are less affected by count loss than GM survey meters. We conclude that the plastic-scintillation survey meter is a useful β-ray measuring/monitoring instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that during electron beam sintering in the forevacuum pressure region of powder components of composite Al2O3–Cr ceramics, the magnitude of the current flowing through the sample depends both on the percentage of chromium and on the heating temperature of the sample. When a certain temperature is reached, the process of current flow is influenced by thermoelectric emission from the sample surface. Along with the ions from the beam plasma, a noticeable thermoelectric emission current contributes to the process of neutralizing the charging of the ceramic surface with an electron beam and reduces the absolute value of the negative potential of the sample surface. This ultimately contributes to an increase in the efficiency of energy transfer from the electron beam to the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review summarizes the progress achieved in the surface modification of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) with laser and electron beams in terms of their compliance with the requirements for biomedical devices and implants. The main provisions of the standards regulating this area of activity are aggregated. The production routes for manufacturing bulk items from NiTi SMAs are described. Since the formation of surface alloys on NiTi SMAs is now an intensively growing area of research, the influence of additional alloying elements on their functional properties is also discussed. The common patterns of interaction of laser and electron radiation with NiTi SMAs are specified. The typical requirements for surface layer conditions and conventional methods for their modification are reported. The results of various laser processing methods, differing in energy parameters, atmospheres and beam scanning algorithms, are summarized. They include remelting, annealing, nitriding, shock peening, alloying and texturing. In addition, some data on the modification and alloying of the surface layers with high-current pulsed electron beams are integrated. Finally, the aggregated information is compared and analyzed from the point of view of its prospects in these research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically study a manifestation of the Aharonov–Bohm effect in hydrodynamic instability of a tubular nonrelativistic electron beam moving along a semiconductor nanotube with dielectric filling placed in a coaxial dc magnetic field. The calculations are performed with taking into account the retardation effect for electromagnetic fields. The dispersion equation for the coupled waves of the structure under study and the electron beam, as well as the expression for the increment of the hydrodynamic instability have been derived and numerically analyzed. The mechanism of nonlinear stabilization of the hybrid bulk-surface and surface electromagnetic waves is studied by the method of slowly varying in time amplitudes and phases. The physical cause of excitation of such waves is the Cherenkov resonance, and the nonlinear stabilization mechanism is based on the trapping of beam particles by the field of the excited wave. The numerical analysis shows that the time of saturation of the instability and the maximum field amplitudes depend on the number of magnetic flux quanta in the nanotube and changes with the period equal to one magnetic flux quantum. These dependences are the result of the Aharonov–Bohm effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic systems that can be made up of various routes. Radiation technology is one of the advanced routes explored for hydrogel synthesis. The gamma, electron beam, and microwave are the most extensively studied irradiation methods for hydrogel. The ionising radiations gamma and electron beam offer the benefit of synthesis and grafting without any initiator or crosslinker; hence, the highly pure product can be made and sterilisation can be achieved in a single step which is beneficial for medical applications. With a variation of the dosage of radiation, the gel content and swelling behaviour can be adjusted as these are the two prime properties. Both the gel fraction and swelling capacity increase up to a certain dosage and increasing the dosage further leads to a decrease in the performance due to compact structure formation, with more crosslinking points, and sometimes deterioration of properties in the case of natural polymers. Hence, optimization of radiation dosage is the crucial step. The nonionising radiation, namely microwave, is explored for the synthesis and it offers the benefit of better yield with faster reaction time. The radiation dosage studied for gamma is 0.5–50 KGy by varying the dose rate, whereas for electron beam, the dosage variation is mostly seen in the range of 10–50 KGy, whereas in few cases, 300 KGy is also studied and beam energy and beam current are another key parameter. By microwave, the power variation is done in the range of 100–800 W for the hydrogel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of signal amplification in a plasma microwave amplifier is considered in the linear approximation and with allowance for nonlinear effects leading to saturation of instability. The solutions of the exact dispersion equation and an approximate dispersion equation used in calculation of parameters of plasma microwave amplifiers are compared. It is shown that the solutions of these equations in the region of high frequencies are significantly different. Nonlinear dynamics of beam–plasma instability in plasma microwave amplifiers is described by a system of differential equations which is obtained by the slowly varying amplitude method and yields an approximate dispersion equation when it is linearized. A method for modifying parameters of a nonlinear system of differential equations to make it consistent with the exact dispersion equation is proposed and the calculation results are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The raw liquid and the bio-treatment（MBR） effluent of landfill leachate were irradiated using electron beam（EB） technology. The effect of EB irradiation on the molecular weight，organic composition of pollutants in the landfill leachate，as well as the improvement of biodegradability were investigated. Results showed that EB irradiation coupled with the coagulation process achieved a good COD removal of landfill leachate. Furthermore，the macromolecular organic pollutants（molecular weight >100 ku） in the leachate solution could be destroyed while some small molecular weight organics（molecular weight，0.5-1 ku） would be polymerized during the EB irradiation. Additionally，EB irradiation could effectively remove macromolecular humus in the bio-treatment effluent of the leachate and transform them to small molecular weight organic compounds which would enhance the biodegradability of the landfill leachate.

With the maturation of metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, and the evolution of the machine capabilities, the discussions in literature are pivoting towards reliability and quality of the components produced. There is still much concern amongst stakeholders in the medical, aerospace and automotive industries about whether metal AM parts will meet many of the strict quality requirements. Following a Systems-V approach to quality assurance verification, this work focused on the characterisation of defects detected by µCT sampling scans of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). Pore characteristics were classified by volume, surface area, diameter, compactness, sphericity, spatial distribution and orientation. From a statistical analysis of these attributes, a covariance matrix was established that revealed defect dependencies important to consider for manufacturing quality components in EB-PBF. Due to the sampling method employed, the results were combined with machine process parameters to predict the expected levels of porosity for the entire specimens with good agreement. Thus, this work provides evidence in support of quality verification by µCT sampling methods.

Low-emittance photoinjector-enabled cutting-edge scientific instruments, such as free-electron lasers, inverse Compton scattering light sources, and ultrafast electron diffraction, will greatly benefit from the improved repetition rate. In this paper, we proposed a specifically designed S-band radio frequency (RF) photoinjector to obtain low emittance and kilohertz (kHz) high-repetition rates simultaneously. By lowering the gradient, much lower RF power is needed to feed the electron gun, and then the heat problem is much easier to handle. Meanwhile, by optimizing the length of the gun's first cell from the normal case of 0.6-cell to 0.4-cell, the launch phase and the extraction field are significantly improved, thus ensuring the generation of low-emittance electron beams. In our design, the proposed 1.4-cell RF gun can work effectively under different field gradients ranging from 30 MV/m to 100 MV/m. For a standard case of 60 MV/m, 2.5 MW peak RF power with ys level pulse width is sufficient, thus offering the feasibility of improving the repetition rate to kHz level with a standard 5 MW irradiation klystron. In addition, simulated electron beams with a low emittance of 0.29 mm.mrad@200 pC can be generated by this proposed photoinjector, showing that this high-repetition rate injector holds the potential to deliver high-quality beams comparable to those of state-of-the-art S-band photoinjectors. Combining the merits of low emittance and high-repetition rate, this proposed photoinjector will provide a new possibility for future free-electron laser facilities operating at repetition rates ranging from kHz to tens of kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present germplasm of cluster bean lack the needed natural variability for developing early maturing short statured lines. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the magnitude of heritable variability stimulated through induced mutation in M3 generation. Methods: M3 generation seeds of cluster bean variety MDU1 treated with gamma rays, electron beam and combination of gamma ray with EMS were used in the present investigation. The biometric observations were recorded on ten selected M3 plants from each family of every treatments for six traits viz., plant height, days to first flowering, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length and pod yield per plant. The same method was followed for recording observations on untreated parental materials also. Result: Studies on the variability parameters indicated that the phenotypic variance, genotypic variance, heritability and genetic advance were higher in combination treatment for all the traits. The shortest mutant and the earliest flowering (3M11) was observed in combination of 100 Gy of gamma ray+20 mM EMS. Mutant for the highest number of clusters (3M3) was observed in combination treatment of 300 Gy gamma ray with 20 mM EMS. The mutants for the highest number of pods per plant (3M1 and 3M2) and the highest pod yield (3M1) were identified at 400 Gy of gamma ray treatment. Fifteen desirable mutants were selected and forwarded to next generation for testing the stability in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn and sugarcane are the primary feedstocks for ethanol production, but microbial contamination hinders yeast fermentation efficiency. Current control methods include antibiotics and sulfuric acid, but they have limitations, resulting in dependence on external inputs and the risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This review examines electron beam technology as an industrial-scale disinfection solution for both corn- and sugarcane-based ethanol production, highlighting its advantages, limitations and opportunities for adoption in Brazil. A critical evaluation highlights the importance of optimal operating conditions for scalability, cost effectiveness and sustainable implementation. Through a practical example, we demonstrate the effectiveness of electron beam treatment in improving fermentation efficiency and reducing contamination-related losses. Notably, the ionizing radiation from this process does not affect wort sugar content or generate radioactive residues. While acknowledging the potentially high energy input requirements, cogeneration in sugarcane mills can address this, making it a viable option; however, further technical and economic evaluation should be made. In addition, electron beam technology is a promising approach for the production of high-value products such as neutral alcohol, amino acids, animal feed and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights for researchers, industry stakeholders and policymakers to promote sustainable and efficient ethanol production practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We described the methods of combined hardening of the surface of samples made of die steel grade 3Kh2V8F. To this end, the samples were exposed to thermal-chemical treatment—boroaluminizing, and the resulting diffusion layer was modified by the method of pulse beam treatment using an electron source with a plasma cathode. The study aims to investigate local structural-phase transformations of the boride diffusion layers due to high-speed heating by a millisecond duration electron beam. The diffusion layer structures after boroaluminizing and subsequent pulse beam treatment were compared. In addition, microhardness and surface topography were studied, and the phase state of the diffusion layer was assessed before and after electron beam treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]