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The paper introduces entropy analysis of bioelectrical activity based on harmonic signal distortion. Over a period of one year, the ultradian dynamics of the electrical activity of higher plants and the response on low frequency electromagnetic fields and modulated light were recorded. Biological active frequencies increasing or decreasing the entropy of bioelectrical activity were identified., Introduction Bioelectricity are electric potentials and currents produced by or occurring within living organisms. The experiments of Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta in the 18th century proved the connection between [...]

Static mass spectrometers are masked by more modern and more sophisticated mass spectrometric instruments, but their potential nowhere is almost exhausted. One of the principle advantages of static mass spectrometers is that they are the only type of mass spectrometric instruments capable of operating in a spectrographic mode by measuring the whole range of masses per a single run. However, systems with good spectrographic properties significantly differ from the optical point of view from systems with good spectrometric properties, and the development of such devices leads to completely new optical problems and, accordingly, to novel methods of their solution. In this paper, we consider possibilities related to the application of electrostatic and magnetostatic fields, homogeneous in Euler's terms, to the development of two-cascade mass spectrographs with double focusing. Keywords: static mass spectrometers, static mass spectrographs, double focusing with respect to angle and energy, Euler's homogeneous potentials, principle of similarity of trajectories of charged particles, STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Despite a slowdown in the development of magnetic sector instruments, a new wave of interest in this branch of instrumentation may be associated with the emergence [...]

Considering the complex vector electromagnetic field, the energy of the photon is expressed as an even multivector consisting of a scalar kinetic energy part and a bivector rotational energy part. Since any even multivector can be expressed as a rotor representing internal rotations, the electromagnetic energy even multivector represents internal complex rotations. It has been shown that the spin angular momentum is the generator of rotations in the plane normal to the propagation direction and the orbital angular momentum is the generator of rotations in a plane normal to the spin plane. The internal structure of the photon may be visualized as a superposition of electromagnetic field flow or rotation in two normal orientations in complex vector space. The cause of such complex rotations is attributed to the presence of electromagnetic zeropoint field., 1 Introduction Even after the photon inception into the field of physics over a century ago, the obscurity in understanding the photon structure persists. The concept of the photon, the [...]

A desired solution of the four-potential is presented for free-space photons, obtained with wave equations derived from the Maxwell equations and the Lorenz condition. The solution shows that an electromagnetic field in wave form propagating at the speed of light with a fixed internal phase may exist as a particle taking a limited space at a specific point of time. It reveals the existence of electric charge distributed as an electric capacitor on the parallel cylindrical surface of constant radius to the central axis of the solution. And the charge distribution has a phase change both in the azimuthal angle and along the direction of the wave propagation. The solution is applied to the case of a model photon to determine several parameter values of the solution, which in turn provides a view on the model photon., 1 Introduction The year of 2015 has been the International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies, designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This designation further emphasizes [...]

In this paper, we study the effects of electromagnetic field on conformally flat spherically symmetric anisotropic matter distribution satisfying two polytropic equations of state. We consider conformally flat condition and evaluate corresponding anisotropy, which is used to study polytropes for the charged compact object. Finally, we study stability of the resulting models using the Tolman mass. It is concluded that only one of the resulting models is physically viable. PACS Nos.: 04.40.Nr, 04.20.Cv. Nous etudions ici les effets du champ electromagnetique sur une distribution de matiere anisotrope spheriquement symetrique qui satisfait deux equations d'etat polytropiques. Nous considerons des conditions conformement plates et evaluons l'anisotropie correspondante qui est utilisee pour etudier les polytropes du systeme compact charge. Finalement, nous etudions la stabilite du modele resultant en utilisant la masse de Tolman. Nous concluons qu'un seul des modele est physiquement viable. [Traduit par la Redaction], 1. Introduction Polytropes have important significance in the study of relativistic astrophysics as they provide simplified models for internal structures of stars. The theory of polytropes is based on the [...]

The electrical Hall effect is the production, upon the application of an electric field, of a transverse voltage under an out-of-plane magnetic field. Studies of the Hall effect have led to important breakthroughs, including the discoveries of Berry curvature and topological Chern invariants.sup.1,2. The internal magnetization of magnets means that the electrical Hall effect can occur in the absence of an external magnetic field.sup.2; this 'anomalous' Hall effect is important for the study of quantum magnets.sup.2-7. The electrical Hall effect has rarely been studied in non-magnetic materials without external magnetic fields, owing to the constraint of time-reversal symmetry. However, only in the linear response regime--when the Hall voltage is linearly proportional to the external electric field--does the Hall effect identically vanish as a result of time-reversal symmetry; the Hall effect in the nonlinear response regime is not subject to such symmetry constraints.sup.8-10. Here we report observations of the nonlinear Hall effect.sup.10 in electrical transport in bilayers of the non-magnetic quantum material WTe.sub.2 under time-reversal-symmetric conditions. We show that an electric current in bilayer WTe.sub.2 leads to a nonlinear Hall voltage in the absence of a magnetic field. The properties of this nonlinear Hall effect are distinct from those of the anomalous Hall effect in metals: the nonlinear Hall effect results in a quadratic, rather than linear, current-voltage characteristic and, in contrast to the anomalous Hall effect, the nonlinear Hall effect results in a much larger transverse than longitudinal voltage response, leading to a nonlinear Hall angle (the angle between the total voltage response and the applied electric field) of nearly 90 degrees. We further show that the nonlinear Hall effect provides a direct measure of the dipole moment.sup.10 of the Berry curvature, which arises from layer-polarized Dirac fermions in bilayer WTe.sub.2. Our results demonstrate a new type of Hall effect and provide a way of detecting Berry curvature in non-magnetic quantum materials.The nonlinear Hall effect is observed in bilayer WTe.sub.2 in the absence of a magnetic field, providing a direct measure of the dipole moment of the Berry curvature., Author(s): Qiong Ma [sup.1] , Su-Yang Xu [sup.1] , Huitao Shen [sup.1] , David MacNeill [sup.1] , Valla Fatemi [sup.1] , Tay-Rong Chang [sup.2] , Andrés M. Mier Valdivia [sup.1] [...]

Mixing the squeezed vacuum and coherent state in a beam splitter generates NOON states of the electromagnetic field, but with fidelity less than unity. In this article it is shown that the output of the beam splitter generates the NOON states with unit fidelity if superposed coherent states are used instead of the squeezed vacuum. Also, the post-selection probability of NOON states is shown to be higher. PACS Nos.: 42.50.Dv, 42.50.St, 03.65.Ca. Le melange d'un vide comprime avec un etat coherent dans un miroir semi-reflechissant genere des etats NOON du champ electromagnetique, avec une fidelite inferieure a un. Nous montrons ici que la sortie du miroir semi-reflechissant genere des etats NOON avec fidelite unitaire si des etats coherents superposes sont utilises au lieu du vide comprime. Nous montrons aussi que la probabilite post-selection des etats NOON est alors plus haute. [Traduit par le Redaction], 1. Introduction Interferometers are useful in measuring the phase changes introduced by a nonopaque object. Usually, the object that changes the phase of the wave is introduced in one of [...]

The problem of aluminum electrolysis is discussed. The mathematical model of an industrial electrolyzer presented in the paper is written under the assumption that the electrolyte and metal media are immiscible. At the basis of the mathematical statement is a three-dimensional, nonstationary, and nonlinear system of magnetic hydrodynamics equations which is written separately in the aluminum medium and in the electrolyte medium with a geometric account for wall accretion, skull, and arrangement of anodes. The proposed system allows one to model various forms of anodes, the number of anodes in a bath, and their sizes. Interfaces of media are connected by a viscous friction. Initial values of speeds and electromagnetic fields in the media and the medium interface are considered as set. On the skull, bottom, and anodes the attachment conditions are set. The speed of change of a magnetic field in the metal and electrolyte on the interface is considered zero. On the basis of a numerical method of solution of the system of equations, there is a well-proved method of division over physical processes. The analysis of results of the numerical experiment has shown that it is actually possible to allocate a 'middle' layer for modeling of the electrolysis process. The proposed model allows one to investigate media behavior upon the occurrence of a long anode effect due to sharp reduction of the electric conductivity of the electrolyte and subsequent sharp growth of the electric-field strength., UDC 537.84 The problem of increasing the efficiency of obtaining aluminum in industrial production and perfecting the design of electrolysis baths has been under solution for more than a century [...]