Search

Objective: Creation of a novel 3D-printed physical cochlear model that demonstrated the feasibility of creating the model, and impact of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) system on training insertion metrics. Study Design: Feasibility study with a pilot prospective data collection. Setting: Tertiary academic center. Methods: The study was IRB exempt. Five resident trainees (PGY1-PGY5) practiced electrode insertions in cadaveric temporal bones before using the simulator. Nine students were educated on how to hold the electrodes and position them, and then allowed to use the simulator. All trainees were instructed that slower insertions were favorable. One cochlear implant (CI) surgeon used the simulator. The GUI captured the real video feed, but also provided distance, trajectory, and velocity measurements. The program is designed to plot the real-time depth of insertion and speed of insertion of the electrode; the user is also provided real-time occurrence of any kinks and back-outs. Results: A total of 14 trainees and 1 CI surgeon inserted the electrode at least 5 times without the use of the GUI (before) and then at least 5 times with the use of the GUI (after). Average Speed before and after (100.84 and 53.23 mm/s); Average minimum speed before and after (59.34 and 9.65 mm/s); and Average maximum speed before and after (416 and 285.81 mm/s). Statistically significant improvements were noted in all the measured speeds of insertion (P <.001). The other variables improved but not to a statistical significance. Conclusions: Real-time training using the 3D-printed model and GUI for cochlear implantation can help improve surgical resident training and comfort levels with electrode insertion for surgical trainees. The advantage of this model is that surgeons/trainees can use it as many times as they like, as the whole set-up is easy, economical, and reusable. The real time graphical user interface enhances training and retention of the practiced skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electrically conductive polymer-based filament is the challenging process in energy storage applications. Moreover, the development of electrodes using polymer-based conductive material is fascinating researchers mainly for lithium-ion battery. In this work, electrical film casting was prepared using CMC/SBR and PLA pellets with Graphite elements. The anode was developed with active, conductive, and binder materials of PLA, Graphite, and SBR/CMC materials respectively. The fixed active and conductive elements were taken with different range (0-50%) of binder for preparing anode using the slurry film process. Totally six specimens were made with different binder compositions in the dimensions of ~50 mm diameter and ~5 mm thickness. The mechanical and electrochemical characteristics were analyzed to investigate cell voltage, microstructure, composition analysis, electrical and thermal conductivity with the influence of binder composition. A binder composition of 20-30% was completely formed in the good conductive path. Moreover, the electrical conduction path formed by the binder elements in PLA matrix reached the percolation threshold at this range. Binder with 30% was determined as the best ratio of plasticizer to be added with PLA/Graphite matrix to minimize porous structure and to make well defined bonding of active, conductive and binder elements. Therefore, a maximum Shore D value of 25.4 and tensile strength of ~27 MPa were noted on the specimen casted with 30% of binder elements. The results of Half-cells galvanostatically characteristics revealed that 30% of CMC/SBR can be obtained a high specific discharge capacity of 238 (mAh/g). The FEA analysis exhibited that the maximum cell voltage of 3 V-4.6 V during charging and 4.3 V-3 V during discharging at 0.5C rate for the specimen prepared with 30 wt% binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, the mainstream adoption of renewable energy has brought about substantial transformations in the electricity and energy sector. This shift has garnered considerable attention within the scientific community. Supercapacitors, known for their exceptional performance metrics like good charge/discharge capability, strong power density, as well as extended cycle longevity, have gained widespread traction across various sectors, including transportation and aviation. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with unique traits including adaptable structure, highly customizable synthetic methods, and high specific surface area, have emerged as strong candidates for electrode materials. For enhancing the performance, MOFs are commonly compounded with other conducting materials to increase capacitance. This paper provides a detailed analysis of various common preparation strategies and characteristics of MOFs. It summarizes the recent application of MOFs and their derivatives as supercapacitor electrodes alongside other carbon materials, metal compounds, and conductive polymers. Additionally, the challenges encountered by MOFs in the realm of supercapacitor applications are thoroughly discussed. Compared to previous reviews, the content of this paper is more comprehensive, offering readers a deeper understanding of the diverse applications of MOFs. Furthermore, it provides valuable suggestions and guidance for future progress and development in the field of MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For potential use as an electrode in SOFCs, the effects of lithium and magnesium doping for phase development and conductivity of LaTiO3 have been investigated. Using a 1000°C sintering temperature, dense ceramics are created via the traditional solid oxide reaction method. Phase study shows the presence of perovskite phase with monoclinic crystal assembly. Structural characteristics of doped and undoped perovskites were calculated using the VESTA tool. Through the computed XRD spectral analysis, unit cell dimensions are established. To quantify sub-atomic characteristics and examine lattice components, CrystalMaker software also calculates electron density and lattice range. CrystalMaker program is useful for simulating porosity distributions and analysing impure inclusions in crystallisation.The electrical conductivity of the perovskites was analysed using impedance spectrometry and Li-doped structures display a significant increase in conductivity in the phase borderline of disordered perovskite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for regulating the properties of lignin‐based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which was UV‐induced Tetrahydrofuran (THF) to form peroxide for the etching of these nanoparticles. The lignin coating was first degraded by oxidation, and the properties of the exposed AgNPs changed under etching. Notably, water can greatly regulate the oxidation capacity of the THF medium, thereby controlling the degradation degree of lignin coating and obtaining dissolution, aggregation, precipitation, and color‐variable phenomena of AgNPs under the synergistic effect of UV irradiation and peroxide etching. By adjusting UV irradiation time, various functional products of silver nanowires (AgNWs), color‐variable AgNPs, lignin‐based AgNPs aggregates, and composite solution of Ag particles and Ag+ were obtained. The transformation of these product properties is closely related to the oxidation capacity of H2O/THF medium. In addition, Multi‐functional Lignin‐based AgNPs show excellent application potential in conductive coating, antibacterial enhancement, and product separation, providing a promising avenue for the targeted utilization of lignin‐based AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Realizing an electrode that can stably monitor biosignals after multiple exposures to sweat is challenging. Utilizing a Janus electrode, which is composed of a stack of ultrathin hydrophobic microporous Au membrane and water-durable hydrophilic nanofiber layers, asymmetric wettability can be realized and maintained for 7 days. Thus, it can create spontaneous unidirectional sweat transport from the skin surface, ensuring that the skin-electrode interface remains dry, especially during sweating. The ultrathin hydrophobic membrane facilitates self-adhesion with an adhesion energy of 59.2 µJ cm−2, which creates a high conformal contact to the skin and self-adhering to the hydrophilic nanofibers. The hydrophilic nanofibers exhibit excellent durability even after continuous immersion in water for up to 1 month. Additionally, a thin translucent polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers frame assists the Janus electrode in achieving highly conformable attachment to both dry and sweaty skin. The Janus electrode also exhibits excellent breathability and high mechanical stability owing to its porous structure and fine thickness. With these properties, the Janus electrode can monitor an electrocardiogram signal after dynamic activities, including physical exercise, waking up, desk work, meals, and going out for 6 days, while maintaining a stable signal-to-noise ratio of ∼ 18.8 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an ideal candidate for the next generation of large‐scale energy storage devices, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have received great attention due to their low cost. However, the practical utility of SIBs faces constraints imposed by geographical and environmental factors, particularly in high‐altitude and cold regions. In these areas, the low‐temperature (LT) performance of SIBs presents a pressing technological challenge that requires significant breakthroughs. In LT environments, the electrochemical reaction kinetics of SIBs are sluggish, the electrode/electrolyte interface is unstable, and the diffusion of sodium ions in electrode materials is slow, leading to a decrease in battery performance. Therefore, the reasonable design of electrolyte and electrode materials is of great significance for optimizing the LT performance of SIBs. In this review, the research progress of LT SIBs electrolytes, cathode, and anode materials, as well as sodium metal batteries and solid‐state electrolytes is systematically summarized in recent years, aiming to understand the design principles of LT SIBs, clarify the basic research and development of high‐performance SIBs in practical applications, and promote the development of SIBs technology in the full temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an original method for synthesizing high-density composite ceramics with a Mo 2 C/Mo 3 Co 3 C composition using the technology of high-speed Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of a mechanically activated powder mixture of Mo 2 C-10 wt%Co. The activated homogeneous starting mixture was obtained by wet milling/activation of the initial powders of Mo 2 C and Co in an anhydrous isopropanol medium. The ceramic samples were consolidated by SPS under vacuum (10−5 atm.) at 1000, 1100, 1150, and 1200 °C with a heating rate of 87.3 °C·min−1 under constant external uniaxial pressing pressure of 50 MPa. The sintering kinetics were studied, the twofold nature of sintering was established, and the temperature range of active densification was determined. The ceramic synthesis is accompanied by a reactive interaction of the components, resulting in the formation of the Mo 3 Co 3 C phase and a change in the crystal lattice of the non-stoichiometric Mo 2 C x compound. The ceramic obtained in the temperature interval of the isothermal sintering stage of 1150–1200 °C is homogeneous in the distribution of Mo and Co, consists of a Mo 2 C/Mo 3 Co 3 C phase mixture, has a density value of 98.13 ± 0.5 % theoretical density, and has an average Vickers hardness value of ∼1526 HV. Increasing the sintering temperature to 1200 °C results in the formation of almost monolithic structures in the samples, but also induces the formation of large defects due to the collective consolidation of pores within the bulk material and increases the susceptibility of the ceramic to cracking. The paper presents preliminary results from electrochemical testing. The proposed method for synthesizing Mo 2 C/Mo 3 Co 3 C ceramics has potential for use in optimizing the composition and production methods of electrode materials for the realization of active components in heterostructured electrodes used for hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) to high‐value chemicals by renewable energy is a promising route for achieving carbon cycling. Traditional two‐dimensional planar electrodes applied in CO2RR are faced with problems of high mass transfer resistance, carbonate precipitation, flooding, and complicated structures, seriously limiting their CO2RR efficiency and application. Three‐dimensional hollow fiber gas diffusion electrodes (HFGDEs) are promising candidates due to their rich specific surface area, low mass transfer resistance, simplified component, and no flooding trouble, which are beneficial for achieving high current density as well as high CO2RR efficiency. In this review, we provide inspirations and positive paradigms for the rational design of HFGDE toward CO2RR by following part: 1. The mechanism of CO2RR. 2. The classification of the typical metal‐based CO2RR catalysts. 3. The preparation process of HFGDEs. 4. Recent advanced HFGDE studies for CO2RR. 5. Challenges at this stage and future development of HFGDEs towards accelerating application of industrial CO2 reduction electrolyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of plant electrophysiology offers promising techniques to track plant health and stress in vivo for both agricultural and environmental monitoring applications. Use of superficial electrodes on the plant body to record surface potentials may provide new phenotyping insights. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a flexible, optically translucent, and water-vapor-permeable material with low manufacturing costs, making it an ideal substrate for non-invasive and non-destructive plant electrodes. This work presents BNC electrodes with screen-printed carbon (graphite) ink-based conductive traces and pads. It investigates the potential of these electrodes for plant surface electrophysiology measurements in comparison to commercially available standard wet gel and needle electrodes. The electrochemically active surface area and impedance of the BNC electrodes varied based on the annealing temperature and time over the ranges of 50 °C to 90 °C and 5 to 60 min, respectively. The water vapor transfer rate and optical transmittance of the BNC substrate were measured to estimate the level of occlusion caused by these surface electrodes on the plant tissue. The total reduction in chlorophyll content under the electrodes was measured after the electrodes were placed on maize leaves for up to 300 h, showing that the BNC caused only a 16% reduction. Maize leaf transpiration was reduced by only 20% under the BNC electrodes after 72 h compared to a 60% reduction under wet gel electrodes in 48 h. On three different model plants, BNC–carbon ink surface electrodes and standard invasive needle electrodes were shown to have a comparable signal quality, with a correlation coefficient of >0.9, when measuring surface biopotentials induced by acute environmental stressors. These are strong indications of the superior performance of the BNC substrate with screen-printed graphite ink as an electrode material for plant surface biopotential recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of an electrochemical energy storage device highly depends on the electrode material. Currently, metal oxalates are evolving as low-cost and stable electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors. Herein, mixed metal oxalate (Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF) based binder-free electrode was fabricated. The nickel foam contributed not only as a substrate but also as a nickel source. The Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF confirmed the crystalline phase through X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) confirmed the integrated 1D/2D-like morphology of Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF. The electrochemical results reveled the Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF electrode exhibit battery behavior with capacity retention of 86.58 % and possessed the highest specific capacity of 470.012 C g−1 at 1 A g-1. Hence, the nickel inclusion during the synthesis has further enhanced the overall properties and performance of the Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been extensively used as non-metallic electrodes. However, the relatively low electrical conductivity of pristine PEDOT:PSS film restricts its further application. Although doping high content conductive filler or increasing the film thickness are effective for enhancing the electrical property, the transparency is sacrificed, which limits the application of PEDOT:PSS films. In this study, preparing PEDOT:PSS composite film with highly conductive and transparent property was the primary purpose. To achieve this goal, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was chosen to composite with PEDOT:PSS. The spin-coated SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and transparency. The electrical conductivity of composite film with desired transmittance property (78%) reached the highest value (1060.96 S cm−1) at the SWCNTs content was 6 wt%. Under the modification process applied in this work, the non-conductive PSS was partially removed by incorporated DMSO and SWCNTs. Then, the molecular chains of PEDOT stretched and adsorbed onto the surface of SWCNTs, forming a highly efficient three-dimensional conductive structure, which contributed to the enhancement of electrical conductivity and transparency. Additionally, the spin-coating process allowed for the reduction of film thickness, ensuring better transparency. This research contributed to expanding the further applications of PEDOT:PSS films in high-performance transparent film electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symmetric solid oxide cells (SSOCs) have attracted much attention due to their high energy conversion efficiency and simple manufacturing. The present study involves the synthesis of a class of double perovskite oxides, which serve as electrodes for SSOCs. These oxides exhibit exceptional stability in an oxidizing atmosphere, maintaining their single-phase double perovskite structure. Moreover, they facilitate the co-exsolution of metal nanoparticles from both A and B-sites under reducing conditions. By optimizing the doping amount of Bi in Sr 2- x Bi x FeTiO 6− δ (SB x FT), co-exsolved Bi and Fe nanoparticles decorated double perovskite oxides were obtained in reducing atmosphere and employed as high-performance electrodes for SSOCs. With Sr 1.2 Bi 0.8 FeTiO 6-δ as the electrode, the maximum power density achieves 537 mW cm−2 at 850 °C. In electrolysis mode, the current density for pure CO 2 electrolysis reaches 1.43 A cm−2 at an applied voltage of 1.5 V and 850 °C. All of these results indicate that co-exsolution of components on perovskite is an effective design technique for creating materials with desirable features. [Display omitted] • The novel co-exsolved metal nanoparticles decorated double perovskite oxides were obtained by Bi doping. • The Sr 2- x Bi x FeTiO 6 - δ were as the electrodes for symmetric solid oxide cells. • In SOFC mode, SB 0.8 FT exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. • In SOEC mode, SB 0.8 FT shows excellent CO 2 reduction properties and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries have become one of the best choices for energy storage due to their long lifespan, high operating voltage‐platform and energy density without any memory effect. However, the ever‐increased demands of high‐performance lithium batteries indeed place a stricter request to the electrodes and electrolytes materials, and electrode‐electrolyte interface. Various strategies are developed to enhance the overall performances of current lithium batteries, and among them, artificial modification of battery components is regarded as one of the most effective. However, systematic summery surrounding surface modifications is rare. In this review, the structural instability of the bare electrodes and the main defects of unmodified separator/solid electrolytes are briefly presented. Then diverse and advanced surface‐engineering strategies for both the cathode and anode materials, as well as the separator/solid electrolytes are carefully summarized. More importantly, the prospects of surface modification and challenges of current methods for constructing high‐performance lithium batteries are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been several misinterpretations even in the course of the establishment of the fundamental laws and ideas of electrochemistry. Despite the contemporary and further critics, these poor ideas (loose building blocks) have survived for more than a century, and unfortunately, those still appear in books and papers. The origin and the aftermath of several important problems will be analyzed in this paper. At the same time, the present thinking and recommendations will also be summarized. Moreover, some terms, which usually cause problems in teaching, will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, we have investigated the performance of two kinds of electrolyzers: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) and Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE), which are powered by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The results showed that PEM needs less voltage than Alkaline to produce the same amount of hydrogen. For the Alkaline electrolyzer, two types of solutions have been used as an electrolyte: Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and saline water. Experimental tests revealed that the optimal concentration ratio to achieve the best flow rate of hydrogen corresponds to 100 % seawater. The best production of hydrogen, using the Alkaline electrolyzer, has been found with KOH as the electrolyte. In fact, the accumulated quantities of hydrogen produced, during the same experiment time of 10 h, are 10300 ml/day if using PEM electrolyzer, 3600 ml/day and 450 ml/day if using alkaline with the KOH solution and sea water, respectively. So, it requires to use almost 8 units of sea water as an electrolyte to get the same daily hydrogen production if using KOH solution as electrolyte. It is observed that the hydrogen production increases with the increase of the incident solar irradiation. Also, the system (PV-PEM) has higher efficiency than the system (PV-Alkaline) and the total system efficiency decreases from 15 % to 8 % with the increase of incident solar irradiation. The results indicated that the higher production of hydrogen is obtained by using aluminum electrodes than copper or stainless-steel electrodes. • Experimental water electrolyzer polarization curves are conducted for AWE and PEM. • Effect of seawater, as electrolyte, on the daily hydrogen flow rate production. • Effect of a PV system with MPPT on the daily hydrogen flow rate production. • Effect of electrodes types on the daily hydrogen flow rate production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesCaseConclusionMisplacement of the CI electrode array is one of the rarest complications of cochlear implant surgery. This condition can be noticed intraoperatively and diagnosed radiologically in the early postoperative period. To present a novel and minimally invasive revision approach for a misplaced cochlear implant (CI) electrode array.In this case report, the authors present a previously undescribed alternative minimally invasive revision cochlear implantation approach for a patient with a misplaced CI electrode array in the right ear who underwent bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation one and a half years ago at another center.To correct CI electrode array misplacement, the endoscopic transcanal approach is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionTo investigate migration and other electrode-related complications in cochlear implant surgery.Retrospective review of all patients (adult and paediatric) undergoing cochlear implantation at a tertiary referral centre in England, between April 2019 and December 2021. Split arrays and patients who did not have post-op imaging were excluded.Two hundred and ninety-nine cochlear implants were performed including 90% primary and 10% revision surgeries. Two hundred and forty-eight (86%) of electrodes implanted were straight arrays.Twenty-seven (9%) demonstrated suboptimal position on post-operative imaging. Three (11%) were true migration, 4 (15%) possible migration, 15 (56%) had two or less extra-cochlear electrodes, 3 (11%) expected partial insertion and 2 (7%) demonstrated tip fold-overs. Twenty (74%) of arrays within the suboptimal insertion group were in primary surgeries. Six patients required re-implantation. The most common reason for re-implantation was migration.Electrode migration after cochlear implantation may be more common than previously thought. We demonstrate rates of migration congruous with current literature; this is despite robust and varied fixation techniques. Notable in our series is that all true captured migrations were seen exclusively in straight arrays. The majority of patients in the possible and confirmed migration group had normal inner ear anatomy.Suboptimal electrode position following cochlear implant surgery is a recognized complication and can affect implant performance. Reporting may increase with more widespread use of sophisticated post-operative imaging. Use of a pre-curved electrode and routine use of appropriate fixation techniques may reduce migration rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Li-ion batteries, ion diffusion kinetics represent a limitation to combine high capacity and a fast charging rate. To bypass this, textured electrodes have been demonstrated to increase the active surface, decrease the material tortuosity and accelerate the electrolyte wetting. Amongst the structuring technologies, ultrashort pulse laser processing may represent the key option enabling, at the same time, high precision, negligible material deterioration and high throughput. Here, we report a study on the structuring of electrodes with both holes and grooves reaching the metallic collector. Electrochemical models emphasize the importance of hole and line dimensions for the performances of the cell. We demonstrate that we can control the hole and line width by adjusting the applied fluence and the repetition rate. In addition, results show that it is possible to drill 65 µm-deep and ~15 µm-wide holes in nearly 100 µs resulting in up to 10,000 holes/s. To further reduce the takt time, bursts of 40 MHz pulses were also investigated. We show that bursts can reduce the takt time by a factor that increases with the average power and the burst length. Moreover, at comparable fluence, we show that bursts can shorten the process more than theoretically expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel layered double perovskite-based electrode of composition Ba 2 NiMoO 6-δ (BNMO) is proposed for application in Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells (PCECs). Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed good chemical compatibility with a BaCe 0.7 Zr 0.1 Y 0.2 O 3- δ (BCZY712) electrolyte and phase stability in oxidizing atmospheres. In this study, symmetrical cells of both the pure BNMO electrode and a composite electrode with 50 vol% of BCZY712 material were prepared by screen printing and sintering in air at 950 °C. Microstructural characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed good adhesion of the electrode films with the substrate, while Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) revealed good percolation of both phases in the case of the composite electrode. Electrochemical studies made by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on the pure BNMO electrode demonstrated that the total polarization resistance was lower in wet conditions in the case of N 2 atmospheres, corroborating a potential protonic contribution, while in O 2 atmospheres this term was similar between wet and dry conditions, due to dominant p-type electronic conductivity. Conversely, performance was aggravated by the addition of the BCZY712 composite phase; a result clarified to be due to an insufficient level of electronic conductivity in the composite electrode. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of BNMO for proton conducting applications, providing important information on preparation, compatibility and electrochemical performance, as required for its further optimization. • Pure Ba 2 NiMoO 6-δ (BNMO) and composite BNMO + BaCe 0.7 Zr 0.1 Y 0.2 O 3- δ (BCZY712) electrodes are fabricated. • BCZY712 and BNMO mixtures shown to be chemically stable up to 1100 °C in air and with suitable thermal expansion match. • R p of pure BNMO electrode shows water vapor pressure dependence in N 2 , corroborating a potential protonic contribution. • Comparison between BNMO and composite electrodes revealed electronic transport as the key property for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes are used to measure a potential difference between two points. In geophysical and geotechnical applications they are often in the form of non‐polarizable porous‐pot electrodes. Here we describe the design, construction, and testing of modular and refillable electrodes, which facilitates repair as the electrodes degrade over time. We use a chemical composition based on a metal in contact with an over‐saturated electrolyte that consists of a salt of that metal and an auxiliary salt. We compare characteristics when the electrolyte is stabilized in a clay or not, and with various states of ceramic porous plugs and two types of wood plugs. Next, we assess the long‐term stability (more than 1 month), noise (periods of 1 s to 1 hr), and temperature sensitivity of different types of electrodes. Electrodes with an electrolyte and clay formula showed lower noise (0.2–0.4 μV at periods of 1–120 s), greater long‐term stability (0.05–0.5 mV/month of smooth drift), and greater consistency between samples measured than those with no clay (noise and drift values up to four times larger). The effects from different porous plugs were negligible, with similar results for ceramic and wood types. The temperature sensitivity of the electric potential was assessed, from −3 to 35°C. All electrodes showed a temperature sensitivity of about −30 μV/°C. This is considered very low compared to some commercially available electrodes. Finally, continuous long‐term laboratory and field measurements of the potential highlight the application of the new electrodes. Key Points: Development of a modular, repairable, refillable porous‐pot electrode with an over‐saturated electrolyte, preferably stabilized in clayLong‐term measurements reveal (a) high stability, (b) smooth drift, <0.5 mV/month, and (c) low noise, 0.2–0.4 μV at a period of 1–120 sExperiments from −3 to 35°C determine a temperature sensitivity of the electric potential of about −30 μV/°C, which is considered low [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, batteries are the most widely used energy storage devices, fulfilling the requirements of different industrial and consumer applications. However, the efficient use of renewable energy sources and the emergence of wearable electronics has created the need for new requirements such as high-speed energy delivery, faster charge–discharge speeds, longer lifetimes, and reusability. This leads to the need for supercapacitors, which can be a good complement to batteries. However, one of their drawbacks is their lower energy storage capability, which has triggered worldwide research efforts to increase their energy density. With the introduction of novel nanostructured materials, hierarchical pore structures, hybrid devices combining these materials, and unconventional electrolytes, significant developments have been reported in the literature. This paper reviews the short history of the evolution of supercapacitors and the fundamental aspects of supercapacitors, positioning them among other energy-storage systems. The main electrochemical measurement methods used to characterize their energy storage features are discussed with a focus on their specific characteristics and limitations. High importance is given to the integral components of the supercapacitor cell, particularly to the electrode materials and the different types of electrolytes that determine the performance of the supercapacitor device (e.g., storage capability, power output, cycling stability). Current directions in the development of electrode materials, including carbonaceous forms, transition metal-based compounds, conducting polymers, and novel materials are discussed. The synergy between the electrode material and the current collector is a key factor, as well as the fine-tuning of the electrode material and electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-consumable tungsten electrode plays a key-role in the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process, governing the behavior of the electrical arc that is essential for generating the necessary heat in welding. This study is focused on varying of electric parameters in the purpose to identify the appropriate conditions that promote electrode integrity. The post weld cathode analysis revealed that both the input current intensity and its frequency affect the overall morphology and microstructural and mechanical performance of the refractory electrode. Noticeable physical alterations occur with increased current, leading to larger grains and a reduction in microhardness values. In addition, it causes apparent defects such as perforation and superficial deformation. However, applying higher frequencies mitigates these defects significantly. Based on these findings, it seems crucial to take into consideration the interactive effect of current applied and its frequency to ensure better electrode conservation, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the welding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing need for soft robots and wearable electronics, batteries play a crucial role, but finding high-performance electrode materials is still difficult. Recently, heterostructures (HS) have been effectively developed, and it has been discovered that they perform superbly as electrodes/anodes and for metal ion batteries (MIBs). However, the mechanism behind the promising experimental outcomes is not fully understood. This study shows that MoS 2 /Ti 3 CO 2 HS is an attractive and competitive anode/electrode material for Li+/Na+/K+-ions batteries. The HS system shows enhanced electrical conductivities compared to MoS 2 and Ti 3 CO 2 single-layers. The calculated adsorption energies (E ads) prove the admirable higher negative values for Li+ compared to the Na+/K+-ions. Due to the lower diffusion energy barrier of Li+-ion than the Na+/K+-ions, it can be concluded that MoS 2 /Ti 3 CO 2 HS is a promising anode/electrode material for Li+-ion batteries. The results discussed above shed light on the experimental configuration of the HS-based electrode/anode material for MIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the cardinal part of capacitive deionization apparatus, the performance of electrode directly determines the capacitive deionization's adsorption rate, adsorption capacity and selectivity. However, the adsorptivity and reusability of electrode material for special adsorbate need to be developed urgently for the application of capacitive deionization in wastewater purification. In this research, we successfully enhanced the Cu(II) adsorptivity of activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF) to 23 mg/g (4.47 times of ACFF0) by the sonication‐assisted chemical reactivation process with the solution of 20 wt % NaOH used as activator (ACFF‐N20). As ACFF‐N20 used as cathode, the Cu(II) electro‐adsorptivity of ACFF‐N20 under a current of 0.15 A is 84 mg/g for 130 mg/L Cu(II) standard working fluid. For the Cu(II) wastewater with a concentration of 50 mg/L, it can be purified to 0.14 mg/L by one step of capacitive deionization, which below the drinking standard of World Health Organization. By the technology of low‐temperature pickling regeneration, the regeneration rates of ACFF‐N20 are 102 %–106 % for five recycling times of Cu(II) electrosorption process. Based on fitting analysis of adsorption processes using different kinetic models, it was found that Langmuir model is more convergent than Freundlich model to the adsorption isotherms. Additionally, Bangham adsorption kinetic model and pseudo‐first order adsorption kinetic model have the best fitting correlation for the Cu(II) static adsorption and electrosorption of ACFFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ammonia electrooxidation (AEO) is studied to probe the electrochemical behavior of aqueous NH 3 as direct fuel by implication of gamma alumina supported copper oxide catalysts (CuO/Al 2 O 3). Precipitation and impregnation techniques are adapted to synthesize the substrate Al 2 O 3 , and loading of different ratios (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) of active precursor i.e., CuO, respectively. Small average crystallite sizes (D Avg) in range of 1.46–6.76 nm and smaller particle sizes from micrographs proposed a superb activity of the catalysts. Modified GCE exhibited the excellent conductive properties towards standard redox probe K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] and KCl, displaying a high active electrochemical surface area of up to 0.0021 cm2. Current profiles in response to increase in scan rates, concentrations of ammonia and temperature have been observed in 0.1 M KOH, thereby estimating the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints of the AEO process. Attributed to the electroactive properties towards AEO, CuO/Al 2 O 3 is found to exhibit the desirable physiochemical properties owing to large oxidation current, large diffusion coefficient "D°" (3.6 × 10-9 cm2 s-1), large rate constant "ko" (1.2 × 10-5 cm s-1), large system entropy "ΔS" (-108 J K-1 mol-1), high change in enthalpy "ΔH" (72.3 J mol-1) and low activation energy "ΔG" (32.8 kJ mol-1). Resultingly, the oxidation of ammonia is found to be facile and robust by incorporation of CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts owing to large ko, ΔH and ΔH. This study opened a gateway towards eco-benign and economical efficient energy generation and viable market entry of direct ammonia fuel cells. • CuO/Al 2 O 3 microstructures are developed by typical precipitation and impregnation techniques. • Electrochemical understanding is built after fabricating the GCE with CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. • Modified electrodes are tested for electrooxidation of ammonia in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. • Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are estimated varying the analyte concentration and temperature, respectively. • AEO is diffusion-controlled at low temperatures while activation-controlled at higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an excellent source of sustainable green energy, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) become a compelling energy conversion and storage device which has been attractive to stakeholders worldwide for their high fuel efficiency, lower air pollution, reduced cost, and admirable steadiness. The electrodes, anode, and cathode, are the significant components of SOFC, facilitate byproducts transportation via electrochemical reaction, and fuel oxidation with electron and ion transportation. SOFCs with a lower operating temperature will reduce system and operating costs while increasing long-term durability. The performance of electrodes in SOFCs has been developed and investigated using a variety of material compositions, as the key determinant of efficiency is dependent on lower operating temperatures. Nanostructured materials, in particular, have demonstrated the greatest potential for improving electrodes at low operating temperatures by enhancing the surface area and improving electrocatalytic activity. Artificial intelligence (AI) is used to create the theoretical SOFC model to minimize the time necessary to identify the operational optimum over a wide range of parameters as well as the total cost of the system. In this review, we have highlighted the development of nanostructured electrodes, their preparation techniques, and the function of AI in the creation of a range of nanoelectrodes and SOFC modeling as well as their significant roles in improving SOFC performance. • The focus on nanomaterial research is significant for developing solid oxide fuel cells. • Low-temperature functioning of SOFCs is aided extra benefits in nanomaterials. • Economical solutions of fabrication and performance of nanomaterials for SOFCs. • The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising wing in nanomaterials fabrications. • One of the most promising simulation models for SOFCs is artificial neural networks (ANN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nNoveltyA series of europium doped lanthanum oxychloride samples were prepared through solid state method which were utilized as an electrode material and also as photocatalyst. The compounds form tetragonal phase having P4/nmm space group (No. 129). The sample’s energy band-gap vary in between 4.14 and 4.35 eV. With a carbon paste electrode in a 0.1 M KOH electrolyte, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical (AC) Impedance Spectroscopy are performed. Results reveal that the sample synthesized can be an electrode material for sensing tin in alkaline medium in the concentration range of 1 to 5 mM. Also, the samples are considered to be photocatalyst for the decolourization of Rhodamine.B (Rh.B) dye in aqueous medium concentration of 10 ppm using UV light irradiation. LaOCl:Eu3+ sample as catalyst be able to degrade the Rh.B dye to an extent of 90% in 60 mins. These results demonstrated the relevance of synthesized compound for sensor and photocatalytic applications. In this article, the La1-xEuxOCl (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) synthesised compounds were characterized for morphological nature, structural feature, and functional group analysis with band gap energies.Very particularly for the first time the synthesized samples have undergone preliminary research into their possible usage as electrodes for sensor applicability involving the detection of Tin in alkaline media.Moreover, the samples offered improved photocatalytic effectiveness for the decolourization of Rhodamine.B dye under the UV light irradiation.In this article, the La1-xEuxOCl (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) synthesised compounds were characterized for morphological nature, structural feature, and functional group analysis with band gap energies.Very particularly for the first time the synthesized samples have undergone preliminary research into their possible usage as electrodes for sensor applicability involving the detection of Tin in alkaline media.Moreover, the samples offered improved photocatalytic effectiveness for the decolourization of Rhodamine.B dye under the UV light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage sludge as a byproduct of industrial and municipal wastewaters treatment is produced worldwide at large quantities. This organic waste contains nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, organic pollutants and other toxic substances. In recent years, the significant increase in the amount of sludge as an important environmental issue, which is considered both a threat and an opportunity, has highlighted the issue of its proper management. In recent decades, various methods have been used to manage and energy recovery from sewage sludge, including pyrolysis, incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, landfill, composting, lime and microbial fuel cell. Nowadays bioenergy production from sewage sludge attracted the attention of environmentalists due to environmental and economic considerations. In this regard, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have gained a great importance as an alternative energy conversion method for bioenergy production. This system converts the chemical energy in the organic substance directly into valuable electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganisms. The effectiveness of the system depends on the reactor configuration, operational and environmental parameters. Identifying and optimizing these parameters are important to increase the system efficiency. In this paper, we reviewed and discussed the effects of different parameters on the treatment and electricity generation from waste activated sludge (WAS) using MFC system such as nature of electrode materials, oxygen flow rate, reactor design, substrates and pH. Furthermore, a better understanding of the MFCs performance for bio-fuel generation from WAS, as well as solving concerns associated to the abilities of this technology in real application is aims of this review. [Display omitted] • To power generation and sewage sludge stabilization, simultaneously. • Impact of configurations and operation of MFC on sewage sludge stabilization. • To study the factors influencing the sewage sludge treatment and power generation by MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials engineering is an important trajectory for the design of new complex oxide compounds for their high-temperature application in solid oxide electrochemical cells. Usually, tailoring the functional properties of such compounds is realized through a cationic-type doping strategy, when a partial substitution of basic cations with impurity ions is performed. Typically, such a doping improves some properties, but deteriorates others due to significant changes in the cationic framework of a crystal. Anionic-type doping is an alternative way to leave the cationic sites unchanged, which may be suitable for achieving a compromise between a variety of properties. In this brief review, we summarize the existing data devoted to the F-doping (or F-insertion) of solid oxide electrolyte and electrode materials. In most cases, the F-doping improves the chemical stability of compounds and their ionic transport properties. Possible reasons responsible for this improvement are briefly discussed. In addition to highlighting these advantages, possible drawbacks are also listed to stimulate further research activities on this problem. [Display omitted] • This work overviews a strategy of F-doping of solid oxide materials (SOMs). • The insertion of small amounts of fluorine improves the ionic conductivity of SOMs. • The chemical stability against CO 2 is also often higher for F-containing SOMs. • The F-doped SOMs can be used as SOFC/SOEC electrolytes and electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific features of the structure, as well as the main mechanical and thermophysical properties of a high-density carbon–carbon composite material based on nonwoven frame are considered. The promise of using this material in the manufacture of accelerating and emissive electrodes of an ion-optical ion source system is shown. The results of the operation of an ion-optical system with two sets of electrodes with a diameter of 180 mm with a slot and a circular apertures as part of an experimental ion source HFIS-16IP are presented. Operating modes of the ion source have been achieved that ensure a minimum half-angle of divergence of the ion beam when operating on xenon and krypton with different electrode configurations. The microstructure and elemental composition of the surfaces of the electrodes of an ion-optical system were studied after testing the ion source. Comparative studies of electrode surfaces after their high-temperature annealing in vacuum were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure Lanthanum Ferrite (LaFeO3) nanoparticles and Lanthanum Magnesium Ferrite (LaMgxFe1-xO3) nanocomposites have been prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method. The structural and morphological properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy. Powder XRD studies revealed that the samples are pure orthorhombic perovskite crystals with a size of around 20-50 nm. The FT-IR spectra of pure and composites was confirmed the formation perovskite structure. It has been discovered that composites material functions as an electrode in supercapacitors after its electrical characteristics have been examined by galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a 2 M KOH electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a highly regarded technology for large‐scale energy storage due to its outstanding features, such as scalability, efficiency, long lifespan, and site independence. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of its performance in carbon‐based electrodes, along with a comprehensive review of the system's principles and mechanisms. It discusses potential applications, recent industrial involvement, and economic factors associated with VRFB technology. The study also covers the latest advancements in VRFB electrodes, including electrode surface modification and electrocatalyst materials, and highlights their effects on the VRFB system's performance. Additionally, the potential of two‐dimensional material MXene to enhance electrode performance is evaluated, and the author concludes that MXenes offer significant advantages for use in high‐power VRFB at a low cost. Finally, the paper reviews the challenges and future development of VRFB technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering electrodes’ formulations is a complex and tedious task, because for each composition of electroactive material(s) it is necessary to adjust the inactive additives nature and content to optimize battery performance. In this direction, the amount of binder is proposed to be adjusted to the surface developed by all of the powders involved in the composition of the electrode, i.e., the electroactive materials and electronic conductive additives. This concept, introduces here as binder‐to‐powders coverage ratio, relies upon the micromechanical models developed in the field of polymer‐based composite materials. The validity of this new electrode formulation parameter is shown here for two different SiOx/Graphite blends, which differ in the type of graphite, and for blends of two different binders, polyacrylic acid and styrene−butadiene rubber. At the optimal coverage ratio, a satisfactory capacity retention is obtained in full cell with an ethylene carbonate free and fluoroethylene carbonate rich electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Carbon materials bearing advantages such as chemical and thermal stability, electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and high porosity are widely used in electrode materials. While wood-based carbon materials exhibit good capacitive behavior and offer increased charge storage capacity, their electrical conductivity is often insufficient for optimal performance as carbon electrodes. To enhance their conductivity, composite materials combining wood-based carbon with other conductive materials have been synthesized. In this study, we assessed the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of nanocomposite electrodes based on carbonized wood/Mn-MOF, which were prepared using the in-situ synthesis method. Additionally, we investigated the performance of these electrodes as cathodes in sediment microbial fuel cells. Furthermore, we compared their performance with that of control wood-based electrodes and commercially available carbon felt electrodes. Materials and Methods: The sapwood blocks of Platanus orientalis were used as a lignocellulosic precursor and subjected to pyrolysis at a temperature of 700 °C. The heating rate was set at 5 °C min-1, and the pyrolysis process took place in an argon atmosphere with a constant flow of 100 mL/min and a retention time of 1 hour. Following pyrolysis, the carbonized wood samples were washed with distilled water and subsequently dried in an oven. To synthesize composite electrodes of CW/Mn-MOF, we employed manganese (II) acetate tetrahydrate and a 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid ligand. The resulting samples were washed with ethanol and dried once more in the oven. For secondary pyrolysis, the samples were subjected to a temperature of 900 °C for a duration of 2 h in an argon atmosphere, with a heating rate of 5 °C min-1 . Results: The findings revealed that the porous structure and its interconnected and direct channels were successfully maintained after wood pyrolysis. Moreover, the in-situ synthesis of Mn-MOF on carbonized wood was achieved. Raman spectra analysis indicated an increase in the degree of disorder in the structure of the prepared nanocomposite electrodes compared to the control carbonized woods. Additionally, XRD patterns demonstrated the presence of both amorphous and graphitic carbon within the graphitic crystals of carbon. Furthermore, the carbon electrodes doped with Mn-MOF exhibited the lowest impedance and the highest maximum power density when compared to the control and carbon felt electrodes. Conclusion: It was found that high-temperature carbonization leads to the graphitization of wood material, resulting in increased electrical conductivity. The doping of carbon electrodes and the fabrication of carbon-nanocomposite electrodes using carbonized wood/Mn-MOF significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance of the cathode in sediment microbial fuel cells. The combination of the pseudocapacitive behavior of Mn-MOF and the electrical double-layer capacitance behavior of the carbon material exhibited a synergistic effect, which ultimately improved the overall performance of the SMFC setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been tremendous research progress among scientists in the development of hybrid solar cells (HSC) as green solar energy. The research aims to investigate the influence of several types of transparent conductive electrodes on the performance of fabricated HSC. Single-layer graphene (SG)-based film has been identified as a potential replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO)-based film as anode transparent conductive layer (ATCL) in HSC. In this work, we have fabricated ITO-based HSC (ISc), SG-based HSC (GSc), and heat-treated SG-based HSC (HGSc). It was observed that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was significantly dependent on the types of ATCL. These significant findings are measured by Raman spectroscopy, a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and a solar simulator. The HGSc possesses the best PCE of 1.960%, compared to 1.225% in the ISc, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.5 V, a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 11.2 mAcm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.35. The properties of heat-treated SG-based film were significantly attributed to PCE enhancement in HSC. As a conclusion, the use of graphene-based film has opened up a new research interest in the solar cell fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste wood, which has a large amount of cellulose fibers, should be transformed into useful materials for addressing environmental and resource problems. Thus, this study analyzed the application of waste wood as supercapacitor electrode material. First, cellulose fibers were extracted from waste wood and mixed with different contents of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in water. Using a facile filtration method, cellulose papers with GnPs were prepared and converted into carbon papers through carbonization and then to porous activated carbon papers containing GnPs (ACP−GnP) through chemical activation processes. For the morphology of ACP−GnP, activated carbon fibers with abundant pores were formed. The increase in the amount of GnPs attached to the fiber surfaces decreased the number of pores. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas and specific capacitance of the ACP−GnP electrodes decreased with an increase in the GnP content. However, the galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of ACPs with higher GnP contents gradually changed into triangular and linear shapes, which are associated with the capacitive performance. For example, ACP with 15 wt% GnP had a low mass transfer resistance and high charge delivery of ions, resulting in the specific capacitance value of 267 Fg−1 owing to micropore and mesopore formation during the activation of carbon paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative battery system to the lithium-ion battery has become paramount due to its high cost and limited distribution across the earth's surface. One of the significant challenges encountered by Na+ batteries is the development of efficient anode material. ZIFs have been considered as one of the potential electrode materials for Na+ batteries. ZIF is a sub-family of the metal–organic framework. Aside from the fact that they are utilised for sodium-ion batteries, their exceptional thermal stabilitiy, porous structure, and robust functionalities make them suitable for various applications. In this review, the working principles of Na+ battery, the synthesis procedure of ZIF carbon materials, electrochemical performances of each material or composite, performance enhancement strategy and morphology were explored and summarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fig. 3 Overview of the application of BDC materials in VRFB. [Display omitted] Biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials are suitable as electrode or catalyst materials for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), owing to the characteristics of vast material sources, environmental friendliness, and multifarious structures. A timely and comprehensive review of the structure and property significantly facilitates the development of BDC materials. Here, the paper starts with the preparation of biomass materials, including carbonization and activation. It is designed to summarize the lastest developments in BDC materials of VRFB in four different structural dimensions from zero dimension (0D) to three dimension (3D). Every dimension begins with meticulously selected examples to introduce the structural characteristics of materials and then illustrates the improved performance of the VRFB due to the structure. Simultaneously, challenges, solutions, and prospects are indicated for the further development of BDC materials. Overall, this review will help researchers select excellent strategies for the fabrication of BDC materials, thereby facilitating the use of BDC materials in VRFB design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag and AgNO film were fabricated through sputter deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass. Electrochemical detection using cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out for low albumin levels in blood as a parameter of cancer patients. This study aims to determinate low albumin level as a biomarker cancer. Albumin adsorption on the Agfilm/ITO and AgNOfilm/ITO was also investigated to determine the level of sensitivity of both electrodes. Analysis of the CV measurements indicated that the Agfilm/ITO electrode was more sensitive compared to the AgNOfilm/ITO electrode, with a sensitivity value of 4.564 µA M-1cm-2 for the Agfilm/ITO electrode and 2.123 µA M-1cm-2 for the AgNOfilm/ITO electrode. The testing of albumin levels in blood within a range of low concentration levels between 10-1 and 10-8 g/dL indicated a detection limit of 10-9 g/mL. The selectivity of Ag electrodes was found to be very good for other interfering molecules such as urine, glucose, and lysozyme. The results of the modeling of electric field and magnetic field distribution showed that the Agfilm/ITO electrode possessed larger values than the AgNOfilm/ITO electrode. From this analysis, it can be concluded that the electrode modified with micro-sized Ag achieved more effective results than the electrode modified with AgNO. This sensor can determine low albumin level as a blood cancer biomarker. This sensor holds great promise for use in real samples in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by co-precipitation method using ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid as a stabilizer and capping agent. The structural, morphological and optical properties of as-synthesized NPs are investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction pattern exhibits a zinc-blended crystal structure at room temperature. The particle size was found to be in the range of 22.22 nm. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum shows the blue shift in the bandgap due to the quantum confinement effect. The photoluminescence spectrum of ZnS NPs shows a blue visible spectrum. The template of the cyclic voltammetry contour demonstrated a strong rate suggesting that the ZnS nanostructure electrode has a reduced polarization effect. The above studies have provided resplendent efficiency and proven that ZnS NPs can be used as a prominent material for supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistive switching (RS) behavior of multilayered ReRAM devices is typically influenced by two aspects: the intrinsic properties of the dielectric multilayer, and other extrinsic contributions. In this study, we deposited and investigated bi-layered memories incorporating ZnO and HfO 2 dielectrics. Different stacking sequences of the two oxides (ZnO/HfO 2 and HfO 2 /ZnO) were employed to explore the intrinsic contribution of the bilayer microstructure, while different top electrode configurations (Pt and Ti) were utilized to demonstrate the extrinsic impact. All devices exhibit characteristic bipolar RS behavior, showcasing their functionality. But interestingly, the device with a Pt top electrode displays digital RS behavior, while the one with a Ti top electrode exhibits analog RS behavior. The completely different switching types observed during the reset process of the ZnO-HfO 2 hybrid resistive memories are attributed to different interface charge migration process and structural characteristic. And as compared to the tailoring effect of stacking sequences (bilayer microstructure and oxide/oxide interface), the tailoring effect of top electrode configuration (electrode materials and oxide/electrode interface) is much stronger. Based on the latter, the switching ratio can be remarkably improved by at least two orders of magnitude, the reset voltage (energy consumption) can also be significantly reduced, and other discussed switching parameters can also show greater improvement. The comprehensive comparative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions provides valuable insights for exploring the RS mechanism and optimizing the design of bi-layered memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical methods can be used not only for the sensitive analysis of proteins but also for deeper research into their structure, transport functions (transfer of electrons and protons), and sensing their interactions with soft and solid surfaces. Last but not least, electrochemical tools are useful for investigating the effect of an electric field on protein structure, the direct application of electrochemical methods for controlling protein function, or the micromanipulation of supramolecular protein structures. There are many experimental arrangements (modalities), from the classic configuration that works with an electrochemical cell to miniaturized electrochemical sensors and microchip platforms. The support of computational chemistry methods which appropriately complement the interpretation framework of experimental results is also important. This text describes recent directions in electrochemical methods for the determination of proteins and briefly summarizes available methodologies for the selective labeling of proteins using redox-active probes. Attention is also paid to the theoretical aspects of electron transport and the effect of an external electric field on the structure of selected proteins. Instead of providing a comprehensive overview, we aim to highlight areas of interest that have not been summarized recently, but, at the same time, represent current trends in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is of great significance for the application of high-efficiency alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production technology. In this work, a highly efficient and stable OER catalyst with a layered structure, in which layered hydroxides of FeCoNi(OH)x are prepared on a Ni mesh substrate by electrodeposition. In three-electrode tests, the FeCoNi(OH)x/Ni mesh has an overpotential of 138 mV at 10 mA cm−2, much lower than that of Ni mesh (341 mV) and Raney Ni/Ni mesh (277 mV). Under the condition of 50 mA cm−2, FeCoNi(OH)x/Ni mesh exhibits excellent stability for 80 h. Moreover, when installed in a single cell of an alkaline electrolysis cell, the FeCoNi(OH)x/Ni mesh electrode cell voltage is 2.003 V at 8000 A m−2, much lower than the Ni mesh (2.224 V) and Raney Ni/Ni mesh (2.086 V), demonstrating excellent OER performance. Tafel slope, contact angles, and EIS tests reveal that the synthesized FeCoNi(OH)x/Ni mesh shows favorable kinetics, super hydrophilic surface, and fast bubble detachment, ultimately reducing the OER overpotential and promoting electrocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the electrochemical performance of Li‐S batteries, sulfur composites are prepared through sulfur's melt‐diffusion into porous materials such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are porous nanocrystalline materials consisting of metal ions and organic ligands. Due to their high porosity, specific surface area, and easily controllable porous structure, MOFs and their derivatives are considered useful materials for holding sulfur. Herein, the effect of the concentration of the reactants on the particle diameter distribution of ZIF‐67 is studied, and the performance of the product as a sulfur host for Li‐S battery cathode is evaluated. ZIF‐67 was prepared by regulating the Co2+ concentration in solution from 10 to 250 mM, with a constant mole ratio between Co2+ and the organic ligand. Cyclovoltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and rate capability tests were performed to electrochemically characterize each sample as a sulfur host for Li‐S battery cathodes. MeZ‐50 mM, prepared with 50 mM Co2+ ion solution, had the smallest particle diameter (591 nm). The sulfur cathode utilizing MeZ‐50 mM afforded the best electrochemical performance (883.7 mAh gS−1). This study demonstrates that the particle size of ZIF‐67 can be controlled by adjusting the reactant concentration, enabling manipulation of the electrochemical properties as a sulfur host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using novel numerical techniques, this paper estimates the effect of EHD force on ferrofluid treatment. Iron oxide additives of various nanoscale forms and dimensions are added to the operating fluid. Because the percentage of nanoparticles exceeds 0.06 and the slip velocity is disregarded, the features of the carrier fluid were modified using an empirical model. The left and bottom surfaces of the moving walls had the highest temperatures and voltages. A non-Darcy presumption was that the region was permeable. A combined FVM and FEM method was utilized to solve this issue. Due to the application of an electric force, the nanofluid is able to move more quickly, and two primary vortices combine to form a single, stronger vortex. As voltage increases, Nu increases by approximately 125.52%. Utilizing greater permeable medium results in a stronger wall collision and a 113.29% increase in Nu. Nu increases by approximately 3.69% when a nanoparticle with a greater shape factor than the sphere is utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In energy application technology, the anode part of the electrode is typically composed of carbon-coated materials that exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. The carbon-coated electrodes facilitate electrochemical reactions involving the fuel and the oxidant. Energy electrodes are used in stationary power plants to generate electricity for the grid. These large-scale installations are known as distributed generation systems and contribute to grid stability and reliability. Understanding the practical applications of energy materials remains a significant hurdle in the way of commercialization. An anode electrode has one key limitation, specifically with alloy-type candidates, as they tend to exhibit rapid capacity degradation during cycling due to volume expansion. Herein, biomass-derived carbon from sunflowers (seeds husks) via pyrolysis and then bismuth nanoparticles are treated with carbon via a simple wet-chemical method. The electrode Bi@C offers several structural advantages, such as high capacity, good cycling stability, and exceptional capability at the current rate of 500 mA g−1, delivering a capacity of 731.8 mAh g−1 for 200 cycles. The biomass-derived carbon coating protects the bismuth nanoparticles and contributes to enhanced electronic conductivity. Additionally, we anticipate the use of low-cost biomass with hybrid composition has the potential to foster environment-friendly practices in the development of next-generation advanced fuel cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: White castings with a high Cr content of the hypoeutectic type are one of the most used in hardfacing to reduce wear by abrasion, in parts used in mineral processing, and in the sugar industry. Objective: To know the effect of a peripheral coating with a high C content, applied to a commercial AWS E FeCr-A8 electrode, on the microstructure of the deposited metal, as well as the behavior of resistance to abrasive wear. Materials and methods: Specimens were prepared for the characterization of the metal deposited with the original electrode (EO) and the modified one (EM) by means of hardness, optical metallography (OM), and analysis of the chemical composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using the test proposed by the ASTM G65, (2017) standard the resistance to abrasive wear was determined. Results and Discussion: The hardness of the metal deposited with the original electrode is 560 HV, while the hardness reached with the modified electrode reaches 750 HV, which is due to the fact that the morphology of the austenite and the eutectic zone is different for both deposits. The test of resistance to abrasive wear for the deposit obtained with the modified electrode showed a volume loss of 0.0531 mm3, lower than that manifested by the deposit made with the original electrode (0.0669 mm3). Conclusions: By applying a peripheral coating to the AWS FeCr-A8 electrode, the volumetric fraction of carbides in the eutectic zone of the deposit microstructure increases, improving the resistance to abrasive wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are a potential alternative to conventional transparent conductive materials for various applications, such as flexible and transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices, including touch screens, solar cells, and flexible displays. However, AgNW electrodes face degradation due to environmental factors, electrical instability, and mechanical stress. To overcome these challenges, strategies to protect AgNW-based electrodes via the incorporation of polymeric materials were widely investigated to improve the durability and stability of AgNW-based electrodes. This review paper gives a comprehensive overview of the incorporation of polymeric materials with AgNW electrodes, emphasizing their performance, and applications. We compare the different polymeric materials and their effect on the electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of AgNW electrodes. Furthermore, we evaluate the key factors affecting the choice of protective layers, such as their compatibility with AgNWs, and also we present current challenges and future opportunities for the development of polymeric materials for AgNW electrodes in emerging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]