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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are expected to play a pivotal role in decarbonizing the transportation sector, and particularly heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). However, improvements in durability are needed for PEMFCs to compete with state-of-the-art power sources for HDVs. Here, we examine how catalyst layer (CL) cracks that are engineered affect the CL durability by using patterned silicon templates to control the CL crack density at the micrometer scale. Electrochemical analyses show that the initial PEMFC performance is relatively unaffected by crack density, but the performance after durability testing was strongly affected. Specifically, CLs with high crack density showed higher performance relative to CLs without cracks after application of a carbon corrosion accelerated stress test. Electrochemical analyses coupled with X-ray computed tomography and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the cracks provide shorter oxygen diffusion pathways to reaction sites, leading to decreased oxygen transport resistance. Additionally, we observed that the catalyst durability is unaffected by cracks. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation of the role of cracks in CL durability.

The consumption of the Pt electrocatalyst, which occurs when aqueous solution with neutral pH is electrolyzed with a Pt electrode to produce hydrogen or oxygen, was measured from the change in resonance frequency using the QCM method. First, it was found that the Pt consumption from the electrode during water electrolysis while applying a steady positive potential was very small, but it was almost proportional to the time the current was applied. Second, when electrolysis was performed by polarity reversal electrolysis of the anode and cathode periodically during electrolysis, the amount of Pt consumed increased in proportion to the number of polarity reversal was exchanged. The Pt consumption obtained by the QCM method was in close agreement with the value obtained by EDX method, proving the validity of the measurement method. The QCM measurement method was also proven to be a reliable method of measurement. • Constant-current water electrolysis, Pt anode consumed slightly with time. • Polarity reversals water electrolysis, Pt consumed increases with number of times. • Chloride ion concentration affects Pt electrode consumption in a nonlinear manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an essential factor in many activities. The need to generate adequate energy from various sources is becoming increasingly crucial to meeting the rising needs of the world's population. Nevertheless, energy storage plays a vital role in meeting the energy demand, notably since affordable yet eco-friendly sources should meet it. Several recommendations were provided to overcome this limitation, with an increasing emphasis on energy sources. However, ecologically sustainable, and effective energy storage systems are the primary focus. Carbonaceous substances produced by pyrolyzing biomass, such as biochar, have recently gained attention as a sustainable material with the potential to be used in electrochemical energy storage technologies. It is an attractive option for electrode materials in supercapacitors, batteries, and hydrogen storage devices due to its abundant availability and distinct physicochemical characteristics, which include, excellent electric conductivity, tuneable surface functional groups, a densely porous structure, a high surface area, porosity, chemical stability, and pore volume. This review addresses the electrochemical performance, production, and characterization of materials based on biochar for energy storage developments. It investigates the choice of feedstock, various preparation routes, various controlling parameters for producing biochar, the biochar activation process, and post-treatment techniques that affect the electrochemical and structural characteristics of biochar for energy storage device fabrication in detail. Additionally, it reveals that recent developments in biochar modification methods like doping, activation, and hybridization have improved the material's capacity for energy storage. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion on the environmental impacts of biochar-based energy storage devices is elaborated, along with the opportunities and challenges presented in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes, which offer sites for mass transfer and redox reactions, play a crucial role in determining the energy efficiencies and power densities of redox flow batteries. This review focuses on various approaches to enhancing electrode performance, particularly the methods of surface etching and catalyst deposition, as well as some other advanced strategies for regulating electrode surface properties. These approaches aim to increase active sites and enhance kinetics for the redox reactions, which are crucial for elevating power density and electrolyte utilization, eventually determining the performance of the flow battery. Highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research, this mini‐review suggests that future advancements in electrode design will significantly impact the commercial viability and adoption of redox flow batteries in sustainable energy storage solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe two cases of secondary prevention subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) implantation and subsequent S‐ICD electrode displacement which initially went undetected. One presentation was a result of a coincidental chest x‐ray for respiratory exacerbation and another with an untreated episode highlighted via remote monitoring, both patients were booked to clinic for further investigation. Our findings highlighted had there been a comparison of the existing subcutaneous electrogram (S‐ECG) to captured S‐ECGs at time of implant the electrode displacement would have been detected beforehand. This underpins the importance of introducing the simple management strategy into routine follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For potential use as an electrode in SOFCs, the effects of lithium and magnesium doping for phase development and conductivity of LaTiO3 have been investigated. Using a 1000°C sintering temperature, dense ceramics are created via the traditional solid oxide reaction method. Phase study shows the presence of perovskite phase with monoclinic crystal assembly. Structural characteristics of doped and undoped perovskites were calculated using the VESTA tool. Through the computed XRD spectral analysis, unit cell dimensions are established. To quantify sub-atomic characteristics and examine lattice components, CrystalMaker software also calculates electron density and lattice range. CrystalMaker program is useful for simulating porosity distributions and analysing impure inclusions in crystallisation.The electrical conductivity of the perovskites was analysed using impedance spectrometry and Li-doped structures display a significant increase in conductivity in the phase borderline of disordered perovskite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current global warming, coupled with the growing demand for energy in our daily lives, necessitates the development of more efficient and reliable energy storage devices. Lithium batteries (LBs) are at the forefront of emerging power sources addressing these challenges. Recent studies have shown that integrating hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) nanomaterials into LBs enhances the safety, longevity, and electrochemical performance of all LB components, including electrodes, electrolytes, and separators, thereby suggesting their potential value in advancing eco‐friendly energy solutions. This review provides an overview of the most recent applications of h‐BN nanomaterials in LBs. It begins with an informative introduction to h‐BN nanomaterials and their relevant properties in the context of LB applications. Subsequently, it addresses the challenges posed by h‐BN and discusses existing strategies to overcome these limitations, offering valuable insights into the potential of BN nanomaterials. The review then proceeds to outline the functions of h‐BN in LB components, emphasizing the molecular‐level mechanisms responsible for performance improvements. Finally, the review concludes by presenting the current challenges and prospects of integrating h‐BN nanomaterials into battery research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐based rechargeable dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) based on graphite anode‐cathode combinations have received much attention due to their high resource abundance and low cost. Currently, the practical realization of the batteries is hindered by easy oxidation of the electrolyte at the cathode interface, and solvent co‐intercalation at the anode‐electrolyte interface. Configuration of a “solvent‐in‐salt” electrolyte with a high concentration of Li salt is expected to stabilize the electrolyte chemistry versus both electrodes, yet inevitably reduces the mobility of the solvated working ions and increases the cost of the electrolyte. Herein, we propose to build a localized high‐concentration electrolyte by adding hydrofluoroether as the diluent to reduce the salt content while improving the solvation structure, allowing more anions to enter the inner solvation sheath. The new electrolyte helps to form uniform and thin interfaces, with elevated contents of inorganic fluorides, on both electrodes, which effectively suppress electrolyte oxidation at the cathode and optimize electrolyte‐electrode compatibility at the anode while facilitating charge transfer across the interface. Consequently, the DIBs with graphite as anode and cathode operate for 3000 cycles and retain a high‐capacity retention of 95.7 %, highlighting the importance of stable interfacial chemistry in boosting the electrochemical performance of DIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen (H 2) and oxygen (O 2) generation from water has garnered great attention in the field of energy worldwide. Thus, the fabrication of durable, scalable, and efficient electrodes for electrocatalysis is a challenge perceived by most researchers around the globe. The current investigation presents the construction of a highly active, binder-free, and scalable nickel-iron cobalt oxide (NFCO) electrode on a Flexible Stainless Steel Mesh Substrate (FSSM) using the reflux condensation deposition method. Interestingly, the as-prepared electrode (NFCO@FSSM) exhibited a very low overpotential of 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2 which outperformed the previously reported nickel and cobalt-based electrodes. The practical applicability was investigated by characterizing the NFCO@FSSM electrode after a 200 h durability study. The NFCO@FSSM electrode (anode) with FSSM electrode (cathode) could generate 34.6 L O 2 over 200 h using a prototype electrolysis setup. This is ascribed to the high electrochemical active sites, multiple oxidation states, and rapid electron transfer. This work provides a new perspective on introducing iron in nickel and cobalt-based electrodes to produce economic and scalable electrodes for efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Development of sustainable, highly active, scalable, and binder-free NFCO@FSSM electrode for the bulk production of O 2. [Display omitted] • Scalable and binder-free synthesis of nickel-iron-cobalt-oxide electrode. • The electrode exhibits a low overpotential of 260 mV@10 mA cm−2. • The synergistic effect of Ni, Fe, and Co presented improved electrocatalytic activity. • XPS analysis revealed the transfer of electrons from Fe to Co to Ni. • The scale-up device shows 34.6 L of oxygen evolution in 200 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic organic electrochemistry is recognized as one of the most sustainable forms of redox chemistry that can enable a wide variety of useful transformations. In this study, readily prepared pyrolytic carbon electrodes are explored in several powerful rAP transformations as well as C−C and C−N bond forming reactions. Pyrolytic carbon provides an alternative to classic amorphous carbon‐based materials that are either expensive or ill‐suited to large‐scale flow reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric ceramics with high electro strain are widely used in actuators, sensors, and so on. Here, this work investigates the electro strain of representative piezoelectric materials, and analyzes the influence of electrode type on the electro strain of PZT41 with significant strain anomalies. It is found that the occurrence of abnormally significant strain is not affected by the electrode but caused by intrinsic defects. Therefore, the ceramic samples with and without defects tailoring in Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 (NBT) based and PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 (PZT) based systems were prepared by the solid-state reaction method, and the results show that abnormally ultrahigh electro strains occur in excessively thin samples with diploes due to defects tailoring. Through displacement configuration experiments and comprehensive analysis of polarization switching processes, it is found that the occurrence of asymmetric abnormal significant strains is caused by reversible bending deformation in excessively thin samples. This work provides new support for the emergence of ultrahigh electro strain in piezoelectric ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MS–SOFCs) have been in the spotlight again for their design, thanks to their inexpensive materials, robustness, resistance to thermal cycling, and benefits of manufacturability. Hydrogen energy electrochemical devices, like MS–SOFCs, have a lot of potential. They are very ideal substitutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that utilize electrolytes or ceramic electrodes as their carrier basis, because of their greater durability, mechanical stability, heat cycle resistance, and rapid startup time. Even though MS–SOFCs have several advantages over conventional ceramic-based SOFCs, researchers are still struggling to perfect them due to issues such as selecting the appropriate metal-based material for the electrodes (anode, electrode) and comprehending how they deteriorate. This limitation might be evaded by optimizing the pore former filling and the diameter of the metallic supports (130–250μm). Optimization methods, such as particle swarm optimization, as well as penetration cycle numbers (1–15), as well as the impacts of fire temperatures (400–900∘C), were investigated to aid in optimizing the catalyst infiltration procedure. The enhanced cell outperformed its original performance by a factor of three, reaching an ideal energy density of 0.9W cm−2 at 700∘C when powered by hydrogen. The improved cells had a 2% degradation rate per 100h at 550∘C, a 4.5% degradation rate at 600∘C, and a 5.5% degradation rate at 700∘C. We used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to look at the catalyst’s mass shipping, coarsening, and chromium poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water desalination technology has emerged as a critical area of research, particularly with the advent of more cost-effective alternatives to conventional methods, such as reverse osmosis and thermal evaporation. Given the vital importance of water for life and the scarcity of potable water for agriculture and livestock—especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—the capacitive deionization (CDI) method for removing salt from water has been highlighted as the most economical choice compared to other techniques. CDI applies a voltage difference across two porous electrodes to extract salt ions from saline water. This study will investigate water desalination using CDI, utilizing a compact DC power source under 5 volts and a standard current of 2 amperes. We will convert waste materials like sunflower seeds, peanut shells, and rice husks into activated carbon through carbonization and chemical activation to improve its pore structure. Critical parameters for desalination, including voltage, flow rate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, have been established. The initial TDS levels are set at 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 ppm, with flow rates of 38.2, 16.8, and 9.5 mL/min across the different voltage settings of 2.5, 2, and 1.5 volts, applicable to both direct and inverse desalination methods. The efficiency at TDS concentrations of 2000, 1500, and 1000 ppm remains between 18% and 20% for up to 8 min. Our results indicate that the desalination process operates effectively at a TDS level of 750 ppm, achieving a maximum efficiency of 45% at a flow rate of 9.5 mL/min. At voltages of 2.5 V, 2 V, and 1.5 V, efficiencies at 3 min are attained with a constant flow rate of 9.5 mL/min and a TDS of 500 ppm, with the maximum desalination efficiency reaching 56%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost all implantable electronic medical devices (IEMDs) are powered by bulky Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), limiting their miniaturization and lifespan advancements. In addition, LIBs contain toxic materials and flammable electrolytes that are dangerous if they leak into human organs. In this context, there is an urgent need to explore new approaches and concepts that can address the critical challenges of designing novel electrochemical energy storage systems and gain a mechanistic understanding of the phenomena taking place in diverse scenarios. This review summarizes recent advancements in biocompatible supercapacitors (B‐SCs) as a power source for various IEMDs, offering a potential solution to these challenges. Different types of IEMDs and their power requirements are briefly discussed, along with challenges arising from energy storage systems and their applications in IEMDs. Given the importance of electrode materials in determining the electrochemical performance of B‐SCs in terms of energy and power densities, different electrode materials and their developments are systematically reviewed. Finally, new insights are offered into potential opportunities and future prospects for the rational design of next‐generation B‐SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symmetric solid oxide fuel cells (SSOFCs) are attracting much attention due to their ability to improve chemical and thermal compatibility between electrolytes and electrodes and reduce manufacturing costs. The in-situ precipitating of electrode in reduction atmosphere has been proved to be an effective strategy to improve the maximum power density of SSOFCs. Herein, we use the Li(Ni x Co 2/3-x Mn 1/3)O 2 (LNCM) serial material as the symmetrical electrodes to fabricate SSOFCs, which are operated in normal and reverse mode. In reverse operation, the LNCM is firstly reduced by hydrogen and in-situ precipitates the Ni–Co alloy and Li 2 MnO 3. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) indicates that the reduced product delivers excellent oxygen reducing activity as well as promising catalytic activity toward hydrogen oxidation reaction. Thus, the SSOFCs based on LNCM symmetric electrodes present superior electrochemical performance in the reverse operation. Moreover, in the LNCM serial samples, the atomic ratio of Ni and Co at the B site is adjusted to control the contents of in-situ precipitation for further optimizing the cell performance. Using Li[Ni 1/2 Co 1/6 Mn 1/3 ]O 2 as symmetric electrodes shows outstanding performance of 923 mW cm−2 at 550 °C. This work provides a reference scheme for electrode design of SSOFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on desalting and regenerating wastewater using membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) systems with Prussian blue analog and activated carbon electrodes in batch experiments. The experimental results show that the optimized operational parameters for achieving superior deionization regeneration performance in membrane capacitors comprise a voltage magnitude of −1.6 V, a desorption flow rate of 30 mL min−1, and an electrode regeneration duration of 25 min. The MCDI system achieves a desorption amount of 45.87 mg g−1, a remarkable regeneration rate of 99.23 % under the optimized operating conditions. The MCDI system demonstrates a desorption amount and regeneration rate that are 22.56 mg g−1 and 17.47 % higher, respectively, compared to the traditional capacitive deionization system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell and lithium ion battery (LIB) technologies are increasingly recognized as cutting‐edge power sources that are gradually displacing various versions of older systems. High‐performance electrode materials must be developed for enhanced next‐generation LIBs. Because of their low cost, high theoretical specific capacity, and environmental friendliness, nanoparticles based on zinc oxide (ZnO) have been regarded as promising alternatives. However, significant problems including intrinsic poor conductivity and significant volume expansion have made ZnO‐based nanomaterials for less viable. In this review we discussed about the mechanism of lithium ion battery and how strategies to overcome intrinsic poor conductivity and significant volume expansion of ZnO‐based nanomaterials. Followed by the best methods for improving the lithium ion storage capacity of ZnO‐based materials as cathode and anode separately reviewed. And summarized the challenges and potential lines of inquiry for Zn‐based nanomaterials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM), continuous renewal of electrolyte between the tool electrode and the workpiece guarantees stable discharge machining. Proposed in this paper is Porous-electrode ECDM (p-ECDM) using a tool electrode made of porous material containing micrometer pores. The rough surface of the porous electrode promotes electrolyte regeneration between the electrodes to produce a stable and relatively thin gas film. At the same time, the internal connected micropores are used to provide controlled gas flow to the processing area, reduce the energy consumption of electrolytic bubbles, and improve the discharge energy to achieve efficient ECDM processing. Experimental results indicate that compared with a solid electrode, the porous electrode has faster electrolyte renewal, smaller bubble volume, more-stable voltage characteristics, 22.55% less overcut, a 4.7% smaller heat-affected zone, and better deep hole processing ability. Experimental results for p-ECDM assisted by controlled airflow demonstrate a 54.23% increase in the material removal rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors (SCs) are studied and used in various fields due to their high power density, fast charging/discharging rate, as well as long cycle life. Compared to other traditional electrode and electrolyte materials, supramolecular hydrogels have great advantages in the application of SCs due to their excellent properties. Unlike covalent bonds, supramolecular systems are assembled through dynamic reversible bonds, including host–guest interactions, ion interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination interactions, etc. The resulting supramolecular hydrogels show some special functions, such as stretching, compression, adhesion, self‐healing, stimulus responsiveness, etc., making them strong candidates for the next generation of energy storage devices. This paper reviews the representative progress of electrodes, electrolytes, and SCs based on supramolecular hydrogels. Besides, the properties of supramolecular hydrogels, such as conductivity, extensibility, compressibility and elasticity, self‐healing, frost resistance, adhesion, and flexibility, are also reviewed to highlight the key role of excellent properties of hydrogel materials in SCs. In addition, this article also discusses the challenges faced by current technologies, hoping to continue promoting future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been a continuous rise in the worldwide demand for electrochemical electrodes, driven by their established advantages such as rapidity, costeffectiveness, user-friendly nature, and practicality in comparison to alternative electrochemical methods. However, despite these advancements, there remains a pressing need to tailor electrode preparation methods to accommodate the diverse requirements of the pharmaceutical industry. A newly developed electrochemical method was described to produce three stable probes to measure tamoxifen citrate by a coated protective layer formed from ZnO nanocomposite polymer. This modified layer was prepared by drop-casting a solution of ethaline: oxaline: water on a polymer membrane. The modified membrane exhibited potential by less than 0.22 mV for 24 days. Different analytical measurements were examined to determine the optimization proposed electrode; it was found that the addition of polymer nanocomposite metals polymer mixed with deep eutectic solvents prompted high probe efficiency used for poor solubility drugs in water . The Nernstian slope was found to be good agreement measurements in Polyvinyl Pyrrolidine (PVP) electrode around 59.71±0.60 mV/decade while other electrodes slightly decreased at 58.88±0.23 mV/decade for Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) and 60.20±0.15 mV/decade recorded for polyvinylchloride (PVC) electrode. Tamoxifen samples in tablet form were found to be acceptable and accurate determinations in new electrochemical technique dependent on the preparation of different nanocomposite ZnO polymer molecules, with trace added of (1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%) weight percentage deep eutectic solvent water mixtures (DESs) as supporting permeation during hydrophobic membranes attributed to partition and pores mechanisms helped to ion pair diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber is known for being lightweight and adaptable, making it useful for various current and future applications. However, to broaden the use of carbon fibers beyond niche applications, production costs must be lowered. A potential approach to achieving this is by using more affordable raw materials, such as lignin, which is renewable, cost-effective, and widely available compared with the materials commonly used in industry today. This study explores the impact of metal ions on the quality of carbon fiber derived from lignin, focusing on its mechanical and electrochemical properties and morphology. The effect of a specific metal ion (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) was examined by incorporating it into the spinning solution. The carbonization stage of the fiber was conducted at temperatures of 800, 900, and 1000 °C in an inert atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed no defects or damage in any of the fibers. Therefore, it was concluded that moderate concentrations of Ni2+ ions in the fibers do not influence the stabilization or carbonization processes, thus leaving the mechanical properties of the final carbon fiber unchanged. These carbon nanofibers were also tested as a sustainable alternative to the non-renewable materials used in electrodes for energy storage and conversion devices, such as supercapacitors. Electrochemical performance was assessed in a 6 M KOH solution using a two-electrode cell configuration. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed at different current densities (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 A g−1). The specific capacitance of the carbon nanofibers was determined from CVA data at various scan rates: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mV s−1. The results indicated that at 0.1 A g−1, the capacitance reached 108 F g−1, and at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1, it was 91 F g−1. The innovation of this work lies in its use of lignin, a renewable and widely available material, to produce carbon fibers, reducing costs compared with traditional methods. Additionally, the incorporation of nickel ions enhances the electrochemical properties of the fibers for supercapacitor applications without compromising their mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Engineering (China) / Huaxue Gongcheng is the property of Hualu Engineering Science & Technology Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rare Metals is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) to high‐value chemicals by renewable energy is a promising route for achieving carbon cycling. Traditional two‐dimensional planar electrodes applied in CO2RR are faced with problems of high mass transfer resistance, carbonate precipitation, flooding, and complicated structures, seriously limiting their CO2RR efficiency and application. Three‐dimensional hollow fiber gas diffusion electrodes (HFGDEs) are promising candidates due to their rich specific surface area, low mass transfer resistance, simplified component, and no flooding trouble, which are beneficial for achieving high current density as well as high CO2RR efficiency. In this review, we provide inspirations and positive paradigms for the rational design of HFGDE toward CO2RR by following part: 1. The mechanism of CO2RR. 2. The classification of the typical metal‐based CO2RR catalysts. 3. The preparation process of HFGDEs. 4. Recent advanced HFGDE studies for CO2RR. 5. Challenges at this stage and future development of HFGDEs towards accelerating application of industrial CO2 reduction electrolyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevailing practice advocates pre–oxidation of electrospun Fe–salt/polymer nanofibers (Fe–salt/polymer Nf) before pyrolysis as advantageous in the production of high–performance FeOx@carbon nanofibers supercapacitors (FeOx@C). However, our study systematically challenges this notion by demonstrating that pre–oxidation facilitates the formation of polydispersed and large FeOx nanoparticles (FeOx@CI−DA) through "external" Fe3+ Kirkendall diffusion from carbon, resulting in subpar electrochemical properties. To address this, direct pyrolysis of Fe–salt/polymer Nf is proposed, promoting "internal" Fe3+ Kirkendall diffusion within carbon and providing substantial physical confinement, leading to the formation of monodispersed and small FeOx nanoparticles (FeOx@CDA). In 1 M H2SO4, FeOx@CDA demonstrates ~2.60× and 1.26× faster SO42− diffusivity, and electron transfer kinetics, respectively, compared to FeOx@CI−DA, with a correspondingly ~1.50× greater effective surface area. Consequently, FeOx@CDA exhibits a specific capacity of 161.92 mAhg−1, ~2× higher than FeOx@CI−DA, with a rate capability ~19 % greater. Moreover, FeOx@CDA retains 94 % of its capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles, delivering an energy density of 26.68 Whkg−1 in a FeOx@CDA//FeOx@CDA device, rivaling state–of–the–art FeOx/carbon electrodes in less Fe–corrosive electrolytes. However, it is worth noting that the effectiveness of direct pyrolysis is contingent upon hydrated Fe–salt. These findings reveal a straightforward approach to enhancing the supercapacitance of FeOx@C materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-cast coal mining operations can produce water with high amounts of total suspended solids (TSS). We tested the use of electrocoagulation for the removal of colloidal clay from mine water. Monopolar batch electrocoagulation was performed at the laboratory scale using Al and Fe electrodes and varying the DC current (0.5, 1, and 2 A) and contact time (15, 30, and 45 min). Aluminum electrode electrocoagulation with a current of 2 A and a contact time of 15 min had the greatest TSS removal efficiency (99%), with concentrations decreasing from 5,400 to 23 mg/L. The greatest removal (98 and 99%, respectively) was obtained using an Al electrode with an electric current of 0.5 and 1 A, with 30 min of contact time. With an Fe electrode, the greatest efficiency was achieved with a current of 2 A and a contact time of 30 min. The TSS removal efficiency reached 98% while the concentration dropped to 66 mg/L, followed by 89% and 95% for the 0.5 A-45 min and 1 A-15 min variations, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to develop a solar-powered device to control the bloodworm Chironomus spp. in rice fields instead of using harmful chemical pesticides. The developed control device uses clean solar energy and helps to protect the environment from pesticide pollution residuals. The developed control device generates a continuous high-voltage electrocution current under soil surface to exterminate adult bloodworms and larvae. The device is provided with a fully automated electronic control circuit, an electrocution generator, and a group of electrodes. Three factors were examined to assess the efficacy of the bloodworm control device. Four electrocution potential levels (8, 12, 16, and 20 kV) were tested. Additionally, three electrode depth levels (60, 120, and 180 mm) were examined with three operating periods (10, 20, and 30 minutes). The results show high significance bloodworm population reduction using the developed device, comparing with the chemical insecticide control treatment using Furadan (Carbofuran) 10% granular. The reduction percent in bloodworms reached 90.92% and 91.94% in adult bloodworms and larvae, respectively, at the highest levels of the tested variables. The operating costs of the device ranged from 25 to 40 USA $ ha-1, while the consumed energy ranged from 40 to 100 kW h ha-1 . The use of the solar-powered control device is effective in exterminating adult bloodworms and their larvae in a short time. So, it is recommended to use the solar-powered control device to exterminate the bloodworm in rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, xCaO‧5Fe2O3‧(95−x)Pb glasses and vitroceramics containing various concentrations of calcium ions (from 0 to 50 mol% CaO) were prepared using the spent anodic plate of a car battery. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed changes in the network structure as a function of CaO content. The intensities of the IR bands due to the sulfate and sulfite units were lowered, indicating a decrease in the sulfurization degree within the lead network. In the UV–vis spectra, the presence of electronic transitions of the Fe3+, Pb2+, and Fe2+ ions were identified. The EPR spectra were characterized by resonance signals centered at about g ~ 2 and 4.3, corresponding to the trivalent iron ions. For the samples with 5 ≤ x ≤ 12, the signals decreased abruptly, suggesting a Fe3+→Fe2+ interconversion and the formation of the Fe3O4 crystalline phase. A considerable increase in the intensity of the signal centered around g ~ 2 was observed as the CaO concentration increased to 30% in the host matrix. Our results confirm that the higher CaO levels of 3 mol% are responsible for the increase in the radius of curvature of the semicircle arcs in the EIS plots and the decrease in their conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of europium doped lanthanum oxychloride samples were prepared through solid state method which were utilized as an electrode material and also as photocatalyst. The compounds form tetragonal phase having P4/nmm space group (No. 129). The sample's energy band-gap vary in between 4.14 and 4.35 eV. With a carbon paste electrode in a 0.1 M KOH electrolyte, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical (AC) Impedance Spectroscopy are performed. Results reveal that the sample synthesized can be an electrode material for sensing tin in alkaline medium in the concentration range of 1 to 5 mM. Also, the samples are considered to be photocatalyst for the decolourization of Rhodamine.B (Rh.B) dye in aqueous medium concentration of 10 ppm using UV light irradiation. LaOCl:Eu3+ sample as catalyst be able to degrade the Rh.B dye to an extent of 90% in 60 mins. These results demonstrated the relevance of synthesized compound for sensor and photocatalytic applications. Novelty: In this article, the La1-xEuxOCl (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) synthesised compounds were characterized for morphological nature, structural feature, and functional group analysis with band gap energies. Very particularly for the first time the synthesized samples have undergone preliminary research into their possible usage as electrodes for sensor applicability involving the detection of Tin in alkaline media. Moreover, the samples offered improved photocatalytic effectiveness for the decolourization of Rhodamine.B dye under the UV light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the combination of flexible textiles and electrodes to develop electronic textiles (e-textiles). We present a facile fabrication process using printing and coating conductive electrodes. Innovative textiles, which have evolved primarily through the integration of textile and electronic elements, have developed into e-textiles capable of performing high-dimensional tasks. For practical use of e-textiles, however, they should be compatible with various textiles, economical production, and suitable for mass production. In this study, silver ink-carbon nanotubes are used to screen-print electrodes, a key element of e-textile. We verify four types of spandex textiles and analyze whether ink-based electrodes are stably printed on the textile surfaces. As a post-process, 3D printing mold coating is invited to invent durable and water-repellent electrodes. The fabricated e-textile proves its practicality using a washing test. Additionally, electrical measurements under mechanical bending reveal a variety of potential applications based on their properties. As a result, the electrodes of e-textile have an initial electrical resistance of approximately 10 Ω. Polymer coating enhances the reliability of e-textiles. Washing tests and repeated bending deformation demonstrate that they help the coating maintain its electrical conductivity. On the other hand, electrodes without coating lose their electrical capabilities. This study proposes functional materials and reliable manufacturing methods that are beneficial for e-textile production. Accordingly, we present the diversification and potential of the smart textile industry, such as IoT sportswear, medical healthcare clothing, hazardous work detection clothing, and space exploration clothing, which are examples of applications based on e-textile materials and manufacturing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among emerging rechargeable batteries, rechargeable aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) stand out for their high specific capacities and the abundance of aluminum, positioning them as an attractive electrochemical energy storage option. Despite the superior electrochemical performance of non‐aqueous AIBs, aqueous aluminum‐ion batteries (AAIBs) have garnered extensive research interest for their low cost and enhanced safety. Yet, realizing high energy density in AAIBs poses significant challenges. This article systematically reviews strategies and recent advancements in cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes aimed at achieving high energy density in AAIBs. It concludes with a forward‐looking perspective on the design of AAIBs with high energy density and prolonged cycle life, highlighting promising directions for future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity affects greatly cultivated land by reducing its fertility; also it can lead to potential damages to substructures or even conduct to a collapse in the long run by changing soil geotechnical properties. Electrokinetic technology (EKR) is a promising technique for removing salinity from low-permeability soils. For these, it is essential to study the parameters that govern electro osmotic permeability in order to predict effectiveness and optimize electrokinetic treatment. This work concerns the application of the (EKR) method on the saline-sodic soil of the Bordjias plain located in the south-western region of Mostaganem (Algeria). Due to the semi-arid climate prevailing in this region, vast tracts of land are currently being lost due to salinization. The efficiency of this method is studied by the variation of the electric voltage gradient (0.375, 0.50, and 0.625 V/cm) surface and the electrode materials (brass and copper) on electro-osmotic permeability and electrical energy consumption. The results showed that increasing the electric voltage gradient had no effect on the intensity of electrolysis reactions, which did not change beyond a specific limit, and did not increase the electroosmotic flow; but it generated more electric current than the admissible current for copper electrodes, causing corrosion, unlike brass electrodes, which resisted significantly. For the same electric voltage gradient, brass electrodes resisted longer and resulted in a higher flow rate than copper. Maximum electroosmotic flow was recorded at 0.5 (V/cm) voltage gradient for both material electrodes, but the highest volume of flow evacuated was recorded for EKB2 (brass) (GR2) tests. The coefficient of electroosmotic permeability is inversely proportional to the electrical gradient in contrast to the electrical energy consumption which is also influenced by the type of electrode material used. This implies that an increased voltage gradient results in higher current and energy consumption. The study revealed no significant difference in energy consumption between brass and copper materials in terms of value; however, the Brass exhibits greater durability compared to copper materials. The conducted tests lead to the conclusion that the efficiency of the process can be achieved at a lower applied voltage, using a brass electrode for soils with high salinity concentrations. Consequently, an appropriate electric voltage gradient needs to be determined to achieve efficient electroosmotic treatment while effectively reducing the corresponding energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective was to simulate the intravertebral placement of a novel multitined expandable electrode in bipolar configuration at the targeted ablation site and determine if the proper trajectories could be achieved in order for the device tips to be in the correct position for lesion formation at the BVN plexus. Successful device deployment required that the distance between tips was between 10 mm and 20 mm. Results: The mean distances between device tips ranged from 11.35 mm (L5) to 11.87 mm (L3), and there were no statistically significance differences across the six vertebral levels (F = 0.72, p = 0.61). The percentage of successful intraosseous device placements within the tip distance acceptable range (≥ 10 mm to ≤ 20 mm) was 90% (162 of 180), with no tip-to-tip distances > 20 mm. There was a notable association between decreasing vertebral level and mean degree of angulation between contralateral devices ranging from 50.90° at L1 to 91.51° at S1, and the difference between across the six vertebral levels was significant (F = 89.5, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Feasibility evidence is provided from real world CT imaging data that validates using the multitined electrode for proper intraosseous placement within the vertebral body to effectively ablate the BVN plexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titanium electrode was polarized under the influence of alternating current (AC) at 50 Hz. The current density was varied between 100 and 5,000 A m−2. Initially, the titanium electrode oxidized, and then, titanium oxides were reduced during the cathodic half-cycle of the AC. When the cathodic half-cycle changes to the anodic half-cycle, titanium is oxidized to the trivalent state: Ti−3ē→ Ti3+{{\rm{Ti}}-3{\rm{e}}{\rm{̄}}\to {\rm{Ti}}}^{3+}. The direction of the AC changes depending on its frequency, causing the processes occurring on the electrodes to be periodically repeated. The current efficiency of the titanium electrode dissolution depends on the sulfuric acid concentration and electrolyte concentration, reaching up to 63.4% under optimal conditions. Bipolar electrodes were used during AC electrolysis. It was found that the decrease in the mass of titanium electrodes increases almost linearly at first, from 400 to 1,600 A m−2, and then more intensively within the current densities from 1,800 to 2,500 A m−2. It was shown that when using a bipolar electrode, the total mass loss of the electrodes is 1.38 times greater than the total mass loss during polarization without a bipolar electrode. The composition of the titanium dioxide obtained as a result of electrolysis was identified using physico-chemical analysis methods.

Abstract Characteristics of electrograms depend on the electrode design and distance to the electric source. Our aim was to assess the impact of electrode design and distance from the myocardial electric source on the unipolar and bipolar electrograms to deduce a far-field cut-off. We retrospectively analyzed left atrial electroanatomical maps of 25 patients acquired using an ablation catheter with a 4.5 mm tip-, mini- and 2 mm ring electrodes. The unipolar and bipolar electrograms were characterized based on peak-to-peak amplitude, signal duration, maximal slope, and relative power of the high frequency spectrum above 50 Hz (HF_rel). The unipolar electrograms of ring electrodes showed an increased amplitude (140%), slope (150%) and HF_rel (16% vs. 11%) compared to the tip- and mini-electrodes. The median amplitude, slope, and HF_rel for the ring electrodes followed a power-law decay with distance with a steep decline up to 4 mm. This near-field cut-off can be identified based on a HF_rel above 10% in unipolar electrograms. In conclusion, we observed a higher unipolar amplitude for small ring-electrodes compared to larger tip-electrodes. The rapid decay of the amplitude, slope, and HF_rel up to a distance of 4 mm is suggestive for near-field cut-off identified based on HF_rel above 50 Hz. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04095559.

Goal: Transcutaneous coupling scheme for wireless powering and signal in active implants are known for more than a decade. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo behavior of this approach to drive multiple channels of an implanted peripheral nerve interfaces. Methods: The stimulation signals were transmitted through the skin over two contacts to an intracorporeal counterpart which was connected to a cuff electrode with two channels. EMG after stimulation was measured to establish recruitment curves. Results: Limitations of transcutaneous coupling were found in the feasible complexity of the system. High electrical crosstalk in a multi-channel system reduces this approach to low channel applications, such as pain treatment. No significant influence of the pulse width or extracorporeal stimulation amplitude on the electrical crosstalk was observed. Conclusions: The study's findings provide insight into the behavior of the transcutaneous coupling scheme in vivo and highlight the limitations and areas of application. Our results indicate that transcutaneous coupling schemes are a promising alternative approach for wireless powering of implants, as it does not require complex implanted electronics, expensive sophisticated electronics, and hermetic enclosures. Physical constraints, however, limit the use in highly selective nerve stimulation scenarios.

[Display omitted] Heteroatom-doped electrodes offer promising applications for enhancing the longevity and efficiency of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Herein, we controllably synthesized N, P co-doped graphite fiber electrodes with conductive network structure by introducing protonic acid and combining electrodeposition and high temperature carbonization. H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 act as auxiliary and dopant, respectively. The synergistic effect between N and P introduces additional defect structures and active sites on the electrodes, thereby enhancing the reaction rate, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, the conductive network structure of carbon fibers improves electrode-to-electrode connectivity and reduces internal battery resistance. The optimized integration of these strategies enhances VRFB performance significantly. Consequently, the N, P co-doped carbon fiber modified graphite felt electrodes demonstrate remarkably high energy efficiency at 200 mA cm−2, surpassing that of the blank battery by 7.9 %. This integrated approach to in-situ controllable synthesis provides innovative insights for developing high-performance, stable electrodes, thereby contributing to advancements in the field of energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage technologies play a crucial role in addressing the intermittent characteristics of renewable energy sources, improving the stability of electrical grids, and decreasing the release of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we presented nickel indium oxalate (Ni 1-x In x C 2 O 4) as a promising material with potential applications in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The as-prepared Ni-In- oxalate sample was subjected to different physical characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Regarding the electrochemical energy storage capability, the Ni 1-x In x C 2 O 4 electrode material exhibited a specific capacitance of 835 F g−1 (417.5 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. The incorporation of nickel (Ni) into the indium (In) oxalate nanoplates enhances their electrochemical performance. The presence of Ni in the nanoplates generated from substrate, improving the overall conductivity of the material and enhances its electrochemical reactions, thus leading to improved energy storage capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) exhibit excellent physical and chemical properties that cannot be achieved by the parent compounds. PNCs have fascinated important research interests due to their promising potential applications, such as environmental remediation, supercapacitor, sensor, catalysis, and safety and security systems. In this present work, hybrid composites based on PVA/PVP with various concentrations of NiO nanoflakes have been prepared by the solution casting method. The structural, dielectric, surface morphological, and electrochemical performances have been investigated. The crystalline nature of PNCs improves with increasing NiO concentration, and it is confirmed by powder XRD. The surface morphology of the PNCs has been revealed by the FESEM analysis. The performance of the dielectric nature of the material has been studied at various temperatures using an AC impedance analyzer. From the results, PVA/PVP/0.75 wt.% NiO has a high relative dielectric constant value of 411.85 and a higher relaxation time of 1.57 × 10−2 s. The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device has been fabricated with polymer nanocomposite as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode. The higher specific capacitance value of the asymmetric supercapacitor device is 46.28 F/g for PVA/PVP/0.75 wt.% NiO, with an areal capacitance of 277.70 mF/cm2. Moreover, a high energy density of 1.11 Wh/kg and a power density of 83.33 W/kg has been achieved. After 5000 cycles, the capacitance of the device retains about 96% of its initial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes experience of practical application of the differential thermoelectric tester "THERMO FITNESS TESTING". Description of the sensor design and results of differential thermoelectromotive force measurement for a large group of metals widely used in Russia are given. Usage of the "THERMO FITNESS TESTING" device to test the quality of R6M5 steel heat treatment is described. Dependence of thermoelectromotive force on the heating temperature which can be used for practical purposes was obtained. Usage the "THERMO FITNESS TESTING" to measure the thickness of a cemented (carburized) layer of 12KH2N4А steel is considered. Dependence of the thermoelectromotive force on the thickness of the cementation layer was also obtained.

There are various methods for cell growth monitoring. However, most of these methods have drawbacks, such as being invasive, not providing real-time results, or being costly. In this study, we present an alternate method of cell growth monitoring, which is low-cost, non-invasive, real-time, and uses Electrical Impedance Spectro-scopy (EIS). In this work, commercially available culture plates were fitted with custom tetrapolar electrodes, and mouse cells were cultured on them. The variation of culture media impedance, resulting from cell growth, proliferation and other metabolic activities, was recorded over a period of seven days. The results demonstrated an initial increase in impedance corresponding with the cell growth phase, followed by a decrease during the cell death (apoptosis) phase, as confirmed by microscope images. Overall, the results show that our method to monitor cell growth using tetrapolar electrodes is promising and can be further refined for related applications.

Abstract In this study, composite electrodes with metal–organic framework (MOF) for brackish water desalination via capacitive deionization (CDI) were developed. The electrodes contained activated carbon (AC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and zinc-benzene tricarboxylic acid (Zn-BTC) MOF in varying proportions, improving their electrochemical performance. Among them, the E4 electrode with 6% Zn-BTC MOF exhibited the best performance in terms of CV and EIS analyses, with a specific capacity of 88 F g−1 and low ion charge transfer resistance of 4.9 Ω. The E4 electrode showed a 46.7% increase in specific capacitance compared to the E1 electrode, which did not include the MOF. Physicochemical analyses, including XRD, FTIR, FESEM, BET, EDS, elemental mapping, and contact angle measurements, verified the superior properties of the E4 electrode compared to E1, showcasing successful MOF synthesis, desirable pore size, elemental and particle-size distribution of materials, and the superior hydrophilicity enhancement. By evaluating salt removal capacity (SRC) in various setups using an initially 100.0 mg L−1 NaCl feed solution, the asymmetric arrangement of E1 and E4 electrodes outperformed symmetric arrangements, achieving a 21.1% increase in SRC to 6.3 mg g−1. This study demonstrates the potential of MOF-incorporated electrodes for efficient CDI desalination processes.

Recently, the challenges pertaining to the recycling of metal-based electrode materials and the resulting environmental pollution have impeded the advancement of battery technology. Consequently, biomass-derived carbon materials, distinguished by their eco-friendliness and consistent performance, stand as a pivotal solution to this predicament. Researchers have made significant strides in the integration of porous carbon materials derived from biomass into battery systems. Nevertheless, these materials face issues such as limited efficiency, modest yields, and a complex fabrication process. This paper endeavors to summarize the recent advancements in the utilization of biomass-derived carbon materials within the realm of batteries, offering a comprehensive examination of their battery performance from three distinct perspectives: synthesis, structure, and application. We posit that composite materials composed of biomass-derived carbon align with the trajectory of future development and present extensive potential for application. Ultimately, we will expound upon our profound outlook regarding the furtherance of biomass-derived carbon materials.

MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (MoS2‐I, MoS2/rGO‐II and MoS2/rGO‐V) composites with the mass ratio of MoS2 to GO is 1:1, 2:1 and 5:1, which were used as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The electrochemical properties and structure were tested and characterized. In the first cycle charge and discharge, the initial discharge capacity of MoS2/rGO‐II electrode is 821.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and the first coulomb efficiency is 92.09 %. The capacity attenuation of the second and third cycles is 65 mAh g−1 and 10.1 mAh g−1, respectively. Compared to MoS2 electrode, the attenuation of MoS2/rGO‐II electrode is obviously improved at different rates of 0.1 C, 0.2 C and 0.5 C, so MoS2/rGO‐II electrode shows excellent rate performance. Through the reaction mechanism analysis, it is concluded that most of the oxygen‐containing functional groups on the surface of GO are removed, but the conjugated network of graphene is not fully restored, resulting in the loss of electrical conductivity. However, the results of EIS directly show that rGO can still provide good conductivity for MoS2. Therefore, MoS2/rGO composites have great potential as electrodes for LIBs and broad research and application prospects in the field of energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased health awareness has called for better health monitoring devices, resulting in continuous research and advancement in glucose sensors. Innovations in both enzymatic and enzyme-free sensors (or non-enzymatic) are revolutionising diabetes control. While enzymatic sensors offer superior sensitivity and selectivity, enzyme-free sensors are preferred for stability and affordability, advancing the quest for rapid and accurate glucose tests. Progress in the development of enzyme-free glucose sensors is being achieved by improvements in electrode materials as well as sensor design. The selection of electrode materials is crucial in these sensors for attaining optimum values of sensing time as well as accuracy. Numerous electrode materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides (such as platinum and gold), and conductive polymers, have been developed and studied by researchers to be employed in glucose sensors. Among the most critical factors being considered for developing glucose sensor materials is the selectivity for glucose molecules without interference due to the presence of another molecule. This article focuses on tracing recent developments in enzyme-free glucose sensor research, highlighting efforts to overcome limitations and drive innovation in glucose monitoring technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable bacteria are filamentous bacteria that couple the oxidation of sulfide in sediments to the reduction of oxygen via long-distance electron transport over centimeter distances through periplasmic wires. However, the capability of cable bacteria to perform extracellular electron transfer to acceptors, such as electrodes, has remained elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that living cable bacteria actively move toward electrodes in different bioelectrochemical systems. Carbon felt and carbon fiber electrodes poised at +200 mV attracted live cable bacteria from the sediment. When the applied potential was switched off, cable bacteria retracted from the electrode. qPCR and scanning electron microscopy corroborated this finding and revealed cable bacteria in higher abundance present on the electrode surface compared with unpoised controls. These experiments raise new possibilities to study metabolism of cable bacteria and cultivate them in bioelectrochemical devices for bioelectronic applications, such as biosensing and bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering electrodes' formulations is a complex and tedious task, because for each composition of electroactive material(s) it is necessary to adjust the inactive additives nature and content to optimize battery performance. In this direction, the amount of binder is proposed to be adjusted to the surface developed by all of the powders involved in the composition of the electrode, i.e., the electroactive materials and electronic conductive additives. This concept, introduces here as binder‐to‐powders coverage ratio, relies upon the micromechanical models developed in the field of polymer‐based composite materials. The validity of this new electrode formulation parameter is shown here for two different SiOx/Graphite blends, which differ in the type of graphite, and for blends of two different binders, polyacrylic acid and styrene−butadiene rubber. At the optimal coverage ratio, a satisfactory capacity retention is obtained in full cell with an ethylene carbonate free and fluoroethylene carbonate rich electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain–computer interface (BCI) is one of the most powerful tools in neuroscience and generally includes a recording system, a processor system, and a stimulation system. Optogenetics has the advantages of bidirectional regulation, high spatiotemporal resolution, and cell-specific regulation, which expands the application scenarios of BCIs. In recent years, optogenetic BCIs have become widely used in the lab with the development of materials and software. The systems were designed to be more integrated, lightweight, biocompatible, and power efficient, as were the wireless transmission and chip-level embedded BCIs. The software is also constantly improving, with better real-time performance and accuracy and lower power consumption. On the other hand, as a cutting-edge technology spanning multidisciplinary fields including molecular biology, neuroscience, material engineering, and information processing, optogenetic BCIs have great application potential in neural decoding, enhancing brain function, and treating neural diseases. Here, we review the development and application of optogenetic BCIs. In the future, combined with other functional imaging techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), optogenetic BCIs can modulate the function of specific circuits, facilitate neurological rehabilitation, assist perception, establish a brain-to-brain interface, and be applied in wider application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire electrochemical micromachining has good technical advantages in the processing of metal material microdevices. However, because it is a special material containing insoluble solid particles, 40CrNiMoA exhibits poor processing stability, frequent ignition, and serious electrode wear. In this study, an attempt was made to promote mass transfer, reduce or even avoid abnormal discharge, and reduce electrode loss using solution ultrasonic assistance. The experimental results show the following. First, the thickness of the workpiece has a great influence on the process stability, and it is difficult to stably process 2-mm workpieces without ultrasonic assistance. Second, increasing the voltage to 32 V to increase the slit width causes stronger discharge to occur because of the increase of products and particles. Third, ultrasound assistance can improve the interelectrode flow field, promoting the smooth progress of the reaction and protecting the electrode. Fourth, the electrode rotation speed can be increased to enhance the medium exchange, but the electrode loss increases because of the decrease in electrolysis ability. Finally, a square spiral structure (with an overall length of 31 mm) was processed stably by optimizing the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitinol alloys are widely utilized across various fields owing to their exceptional elasticity and shape memory characteristics. Their low thermal conductivity, high strength, and high toughness pose significant challenges to conventional machining technologies. To address these challenges, several non-conventional machining processes such as electrical discharge machining have been developed. This study introduces an innovative approach that combines the use of insulated coated electrodes with multi-energy field-assisted electrical discharge machining to improve the application of electrical discharge machining in machining deep microporous. We investigated the effects of the insulated electrode and multi-energy field on surface morphology, taper accuracy, diameter cutting, and the thickness of the recast layer in detail. The findings suggest that the insulated coated electrode combined with multi-energy field-assisted electrical discharge machining achieves better taper accuracy and lower diameter cutting, resulting in a smoother surface and a more uniform, thinner recast layer compared to traditional electrical discharge machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]