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We propose a Neurosimilator, novel analog neuron circuit and mathematical model of its dynamics that both simulate with high precision the spiking behavior of known types of excitable cells. The analog circuit is compact and can be built using off-the-shelf components. This could facilitate its use in teaching neuroscience and biophysics. The circuit is scalable down to the pF-valued capacitors, presenting an advantage in research on the analog nerve fiber networks. The equations of circuit dynamics contain exponential non-linearities and Heaviside functions, so that the model combines features from the generalized adapting exponential integrate-and-fire neuron model and from the intermittent feedback Hindmarsh-Rose model, but it is not directly related to them. Our four-dimensional system (4D-Neurosimilator) simulates most of excitable cells' spiking, bursting and chaotic behavior depending on only fewer predefined parameters. In bursting and chaotic oscillatory patterns, the model demonstrates self-adaptive energy flow redistribution. The energy expenditure amounts to ≈36 µJ per one spiking event in original model and to ≈0.63 pJ in its down-scaled version. The model has computational cost comparable to that of the Hodgkin–Huxley model, but it tends to handle noisy input stimulations more efficiently. Our work provides novel insights to the simulation of neuron's non-linear dynamics and may constitute another choice of available model in computational neuroscience research that expands the limits of a tradeoff between accuracy, biological explainability, noise-resistance and computing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the study is the processes in distribution electric networks and their influence on technical and economic characteristics aimed at achieving the main indicators of reliability, which is characterized by the continuity of electricity supply, namely, indicators of the quality of services: the index of the average duration of long interruptions and the index of the average frequency of long interruptions ( SAIDI, SAIFI), as well as compliance with the guaranteed quality standards of electric energy supply services, which are established by the Resolution of the NCRECP. The problem to be solved is a set of factors aimed at reducing the index of the average duration of long interruptions and the index of the average frequency of long interruptions (SAIDI, SAIFI), taking into account and applying effective measures of stimulating tariff formation (Rab - tariff) aimed at providing quality services to consumers of electric energy in accordance with the guaranteed standards established by the Resolution of the NCRECP. The analysis of the main indicators of the quality of SAIDI and SAIFI services for the period from 01.01.2022 to 03.31.2022 was carried out on the example of the operator of the distribution system JSC "Kharkivoblenergo". The impact of natural and unnatural factors on the formation of these indicators is analyzed, taking into account force majeure circumstances and military aggression on the territory of the Kharkiv region. The changes in the quality indicators of SAIDI and SAIFI services and their compliance with the normative values established by the NCRECP were analyzed. The conducted analysis of SAIDI and SAIFI service quality indicators allows us to state that achieving the target values of electricity supply continuity indicators is a fundamental factor for improving the quality of electricity supply services to consumers. The provision of the necessary guaranteed quality standards for the supply of electric energy to consumers is substantiated taking into account the stimulating tariff formation (Rab - tariff). It is shown that the introduction and development of stimulating tariff formation lays a reliable foundation for a strong and competitive Ukraine on the territory of the European Union and introduces dynamic development for a strong and independent Ukrainian economy. Ref. 19, figure, table.

Energy is an important pillar for the economic development of a country. The demand for electricity is something that continues to grow, one of the contributing factors is the emergence of various technological equipment and the consequent use by the population. There are several resources that can be exploited to generate electricity, with hydroelectric power stations being one of the most used resources. As electrical energy cannot be stored, there is a need to estimate its consumption, looking for a way to meet this energy demand. In this context, this study seeks to apply machine learning techniques, using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) meta-heuristic to optimize regression models, to predict the demand for electricity in Brazil, and it aims to estimate how much energy should be produced. For the predictions, the period between the years 2017 to 2022 was used, totaling around 2,190 samples. The methodology involves pre-processing, crossvalidation, parameters optimization and regression. The results show that Random Forest performed well in the experiments carried out, presenting a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.8751, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.0554 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0348 in the best model.

Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) have recently shown promise as a cancer therapy. Although nsPEF‐induced apoptotic responses have been observed, the stress on individual cell components has not been quantified. Therefore, the authors built a cell equivalent circuit, including mitochondria, to quantitatively calculate the voltage, electric field, and electrical energy applied to the cell components in the frequency domain. Additionally, pulse width and electrical energy changed in mitochondrial membrane potential over time. The results indicated that the change of pulsed voltage switched the cell stimulation pathway, resulting in different mitochondrial membrane potentials over time. The frequency response analysis confirmed that the potential on mitochondrial membranes increased under shorter pulse width conditions. This suggested that the frequency analysis provided in this paper is useful for relating the site of cellular stimulation to induce physiological effects. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques applied to electric power prediction. The specialized databases employed in this review are Scopus, IEEE, ACM, and Google Scholar. This analysis provided a perspective on the artificial intelligence techniques utilized in this field, facilitating the identification of current and emerging trends. This offers a clear understanding of upcoming opportunities to enhance accuracy in electric power prediction and decision-making. A notable finding of this review was the predominant usage of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as the most prevalent technique in Machine Learning applied to electric power prediction. This preference is justified by the inherent ability of ANN to identify complex patterns and relationships in data, making them a valuable tool for electric power prediction. Additionally, the importance of essential factors in electric power prediction is highlighted, such as the significance of collecting relevant and representative data, encompassing historical and contextual information. Data preprocessing, which involves cleaning and transforming collected data to adequately prepare them for analysis and modeling, and data splitting, crucial for avoiding biases and accurately evaluating the predictive capability of the model, are also emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the energy characteristics and efficiency of photovoltaic thermal solar collectors. The possibility of combining photovoltaic thermal collectors in series and in parallel is considered. Calculations have been made. The connection of the thermal and photovoltaic parts of the collectors using a switching device is shown, and the possibility of dynamic connection of both the thermal and electric parts in one energy-generating system is shown. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of integrating a photovoltaic thermal collector with an automatic control system, for effective operation and joint thermal and electrical regulation in autonomous and grid modes. Conclusions are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several cities worldwide are studying the replacement of their trolleybus systems with diesel buses or battery electric buses, due to their flexibility and lower operational costs. Diesel buses are considered a major cause of gas emissions in cities, while battery electric buses employ cutting-edge technology, but there is still discussion around the topic due to their technology costs, autonomy, and the sustainability of battery packs. In this study, we evaluated the trolleybus system's potential for reducing emissions, noise pollution, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) when compared to diesel buses. Furthermore, we compared the trolleybus system with battery electric buses in terms of cost and environmental benefits. To do so, a case study was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, the largest city in Latin America, which operates the second-highest trolleybus system on the American continent. Our results show that the trolleybus system is a feasible alternative to diesel buses when considering environmental aspects. It can be seen as a complementary service for urban transport systems in the city's transition to clean energy. Finally, the study implications indicate the need for further investigation of the benefits of in-motion-charge technology to generate flexibility in trolleybus systems, and the involvement of stakeholders in the transition matrix energy process in urban bus systems beyond the direct costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective utilization of solar energy is of great significance for a sustainable future. Herein, we report a cascade system for hydrogen-electricity co-production (PH-PV) utilizing solar full spectrum. The output performance of the system can be precisely adjusted by controlling certain parameters of liquid spectral beam splitter (LSBS) which contains TiO 2 nanoparticle suspension simultaneously generating hydrogen via a photocatalytic reaction process. Typically, the thickness of LSBS, the loading amount of TiO 2 , the flowrate of suspension and the light intensity have been investigated in detail. It is found that LSBS is necessary in our system as it could ensure the safe operation of PV while the light intensities larger than 8 suns. With the decrease of the thickness or loading amount of photocatalyst, more electricity could be produced by PV module but less hydrogen from PH module. Further increase of above two parameters simultaneously could lead to aggregation and settlement of particle suspension in LSBS, which is detrimental to the optical absorbance of the system. Besides, changing the flowrate will diversify the surface features of particles by shear-induced effect. At optimal flowrate, the particles in LSBS could exhibit oscillation characteristics under synergistic effect of shear force and gravity, which would lead to excellent light absorption and transmittance. Furthermore, an obvious gain for both hydrogen and electricity output and system efficiency could be obtained through increasing light intensity appropriately. Finally, the improved merit function (MF) was employed to evaluate the performance of hybrid system and more obvious effect of flowrate on MF value than other parameters was found. The optimal MF value of 3.07 was reached when flowrate was 60 mL/min. Our work is expected to provide important guidance for the optimization of PH-PV cascade system driven by outdoor direct solar energy. • A novel PH-PV system was designed, the photon efficiency of PV in UV part was 14.8 %, less than PH of 39 %. • The optimum efficiency of 3.28 % was obtained when the loading was 0.2 mg/mL and the thickness was 4 mm. • The MF of 3.07 was reached when flowrate was 60 mL/min, it fluctuated less as light intensity changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there are problems with supply of foreign raw materials and goods to the Russian market for the uninterrupted operation of the energy system as a whole caused by modern complicated economic conditions and current international situation. Besides, there is need to develop and form new conceptual approaches to the strategy of energy systems development amid forced modernisation of the industry. The conducted research is aimed at identifying and analysing existing and new directions in the formation of these original conceptual approaches in conditions of efficient functioning of the Russian industry. Based on the conducted work, the materials of scientists who have studied this problem were examined, and according to the results of the assessment, the following conclusions were formulated. To begin with, non-standard approaches to the management component of the energy systems development within the frame-work of forced modernisation were named. Finally, the potential possibility of rational use of all factors through the synchronisation of processes in diversification production played the role of socio-economic orientation.

The article presents the results of toxic emissions in road tests of an urban bus. The object of the study was the Mercedes Connecto city bus. The results of toxic emissions were recorded in real time while bus drives with the use of the Semtech Ecostar exhaust gas analysis system. The study involved a planned bus SORT 2 test cycle. During the tests, the fuel consumption and exhaust gases such as CO2, CO, NOx, HC, NMHC, and O2 were recorded. The driving conditions in the study were constant (test cycles took place at the airport), exhaust gas temperature (hot engine) was also constant, etc. The results were based on average values from 5 test cycles for each test. The influence of electric load in the bus grid on the level of toxic emissions was measured. It has been proven that fuel consumption and CO2 emissions increased, which means a change in the value of components of toxic emissions. This fact evident from the increased CO emissions and decreased O2 emissions. Logically, the air-fuel mixture may have been enriched due to the increased demand for effective power generated by the engine crankshaft.

Research on micro/meso combustor-based small-scale power plants is developing rapidly. This rapid development is motivated by a higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries. In addition, energy needs for portable and mobile devices also drive this development. Based on the opportunities and needs of these small-scale power plants, this study focuses on developing a double-chamber mesoscale vortex combustor. This research aims to compare the temperature profile and the electrical energy generated by single and multiple combustion chambers on the meso vortex combustor. The single chamber combustor has 56 × 28 × 10 mm, and the double combustor is 56 × 56 × 10 mm. Both meso vortex combustor has dimension with a 4 mm inlet diameter. In the meso scale vortex combustor, we also installed stainless steel wire mesh to compare the temperature with and without wire mesh. Based on the numerical study results, the flame can be stabilized in the double chamber combustor configuration. The wire mesh installation can enhance the flame stabilization process. Nevertheless, the wire mesh installation reduces the wall temperature because the mixture’s exit velocity is more stable than the combustor without the wire mesh. The result shows that a double chamber meso scale vortex combustor has a higher temperature and electric energy output than a single chamber combustor. The double chamber combustor can generate 9.5 Watt electric power with 12.6% energy conversion efficiency.

The article presents research, aimed at finding the optimal power of transformers through the analysis of technical and economic indicators that reflect the cost of electrical energy transformation. During the research, the characteristics corresponding to the existing parametric intervals of power transformers of 110 kV electric grid were used. The decision regarding the need to find the optimal power of transformers is made by evaluating the ratios of the components in the technoeconomic model of costs for the transformation of electrical energy, the change of which is due to the deviation of the operational characteristics of the power transformer from economically feasible values. When determining the economically feasible rated power, the indicators of the improved technical and economic model of the 110 kV transformers used in the electric network are taken as the basic ones. In the paper, the economically feasible values are the ratios in the techno-economic model of costs for the transformation of electrical energy determined using the criterion method and reflected by the criteria of the similarity of the objective function. In order to find the economically feasible power of the transformer, the technoeconomic model is improved and formed in a simplified form. Similarity criteria, which were found using the developed techno- economic model, reflect the ratio of component costs according to the criterion of minimum discounted costs. In the process of finding the optimal power of transformers, expressions were developed for calculating the economically feasible power and the corresponding amount of costs for the transformation of electrical energy. According to the developed expressions, the dependence of economically reasonable power on the load of the transformer in conventional units is obtained and given. The resulting dependence makes it possible to determine the optimal amount of power, taking into account the change in the load factor of the transformer, which is shown in the example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to studies performed on the basis of the T-16 tractor self-propelled chassis according to a new kinematic diagram not applied previously in the Russian tractor industry. The proposed new kinematic diagram is comprised of an 11 kW electric drive with the frequency control powered by a battery with a rated voltage of 480 V, standard six-speed manual transmission, a parallel energy supply source comprised of a gas turbine electric generator used for battery charging in the field, tractor movement, and feeding of the external load by the standard voltage. The proposed kinematic diagram is more reliable in terms of technical operation. It provides more comfortable labor conditions of operators, improves the local environment, and provides economic efficiency of the technological cycles. This article presents a description of the proposed tractor kinematic diagram and specifications of assemblies, units, and their operation plots. The torque specifications of the electric motor are given, which substitutes for the diesel engine. Positive aspects of the electric driven tractor are described, and its design is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of toxic emissions in road tests of an urban bus. The object of the study was the Mercedes Connecto city bus. The results of toxic emissions were recorded in real time while bus drives with the use of the Semtech Ecostar exhaust gas analysis system. The study involved a planned bus SORT 2 test cycle. During the tests, the fuel consumption and exhaust gases such as CO2, CO, NOx, HC, NMHC, and O2 were recorded. The driving conditions in the study were constant (test cycles took place at the airport), exhaust gas temperature (hot engine) was also constant, etc. The results were based on average values from 5 test cycles for each test. The influence of electric load in the bus grid on the level of toxic emissions was measured. It has been proven that fuel consumption and CO2 emissions increased, which means a change in the value of components of toxic emissions. This fact evident from the increased CO emissions and decreased O2 emissions. Logically, the air-fuel mixture may have been enriched due to the increased demand for effective power generated by the engine crankshaft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our natural resources have played an important role in building our economy. In addition to the number one energy resource, oil, electric energy is also the best quality and much in demand by society in the history of human civilization. It is because electrical energy can be fully developed and applied by society that the construction of human spiritual civilization has entered industrialization and high-tech information technology. The transmission and application of electric energy has been recognized by society, but how can we make it more reasonable and efficient for easy utilization. In order to solve the problem of how complex power electronic circuit devices can be more widely used with improved technology. This paper establishes the error estimation model of intelligent circuit from data collection and data prediction preprocessing, then proposes to optimize the number of nodes in the hidden layer by using particle swarm optimization algorithm to address the limitations of the traditional BP neural network, and uses the optimized number of nodes in the hidden layer to build a BP neural network structure to train the training sample data, and calculates the error data of the intelligent circuit based on the trained BP neural network to test the sample data. The method established in this paper is used to perform the evaluation of intelligent circuit operation errors. The simulation example shows that the established model can effectively evaluate the smart circuit operation error, and the evaluation accuracy is significantly improved compared with the traditional evaluation method.

The main results of reports at the "Solar Energy" section were considered and summarized, in particular, one of the areas of solar energy - photoenergy. Specialists from Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the work of the section in this area. A total of 22 reports were presented, which related to the issues of increasing the energy efficiency and reliability of the operation of solar power plants, the peculiarities of the operation of solar autonomous power plants and installations, new technologies for the production of photo modules, etc. For the most part, the reports focused on the creation and operation of energy-efficient and reliable solar power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main results of reports at the "Solar Energy" section were considered and summarized, in particular, one of the areas of solar energy - photoenergy. Specialists from Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the work of the section in this area. A total of 22 reports were presented, which related to the issues of increasing the energy efficiency and reliability of the operation of solar power plants, the peculiarities of the operation of solar autonomous power plants and installations, new technologies for the production of photo modules, etc. For the most part, the reports focused on the creation and operation of energy-efficient and reliable solar power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the construction and operation of the object of cultural heritage - the Kyiv Central Power Station (ЦЕС1), the second alternating current station in pre-revolutionary Russia, is considered. The development and improvement of electrical and thermal equipment, changes in the fuel base during the difficult times of the First World War, the revolution and the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. The transfer of the station to the control of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the beginning of research on MHD energy generation, the construction of the second largest research facility in the USSR for this technology began a new - scientific stage in the life of CES-1 as a scientific and experimental base of the Institute of Electrodynamics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. For now, the work of the team of scientists and engineering personnel is focused on thermal engineering problems of energy already within the framework of a separate Institute - thermal energy technologies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. This living monument of the era of industrialization (end of the 19th - 20th centuries) has complex significance for Kyiv and Ukraine: as a legacy of the history of energy and as an active experimental and technological complex. The history of the construction and operation of the object of cultural heritage - the Kyiv Central Power Station (ЦЕС1), the second alternating current station in pre-revolutionary Russia, is considered. The development and improvement of electrical and thermal equipment, changes in the fuel base during the difficult times of the First World War, the revolution and the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. The transfer of the station to the control of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the beginning of research on MHD energy generation, the construction of the second largest research facility in the USSR for this technology began a new - scientific stage in the life of CES-1 as a scientific and experimental base of the Institute of Electrodynamics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. For now, the work of the team of scientists and engineering personnel is focused on thermal engineering problems of energy already within the framework of a separate Institute - thermal energy technologies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. This living monument of the era of industrialization (end of the 19th - 20th centuries) has complex significance for Kyiv and Ukraine: as a legacy of the history of energy and as an active experimental and technological complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of electromagnetic energy into magnetohydrodynamic energy occurs when the electric conductivity changes from negligible to finite values. This process is relevant during the epoch of reheating in the early universe at the end of inflation and before the emergence of the radiation-dominated era. We find that the conversion into kinetic and thermal energies is primarily the result of electric energy dissipation, while magnetic energy only plays a secondary role in this process. This means that since electric energy dominates over magnetic energy during inflation and reheating, significant amounts of electric energy can be converted into magnetohydrodynamic energy when conductivity emerges before the relevant length scales become stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several cities worldwide are studying the replacement of their trolleybus systems with diesel buses or battery electric buses, due to their flexibility and lower operational costs. Diesel buses are considered a major cause of gas emissions in cities, while battery electric buses employ cutting-edge technology, but there is still discussion around the topic due to their technology costs, autonomy, and the sustainability of battery packs. In this study, we evaluated the trolleybus system’s potential for reducing emissions, noise pollution, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) when compared to diesel buses. Furthermore, we compared the trolleybus system with battery electric buses in terms of cost and environmental benefits. To do so, a case study was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, the largest city in Latin America, which operates the second-highest trolleybus system on the American continent. Our results show that the trolleybus system is a feasible alternative to diesel buses when considering environmental aspects. It can be seen as a complementary service for urban transport systems in the city’s transition to clean energy. Finally, the study implications indicate the need for further investigation of the benefits of in-motion-charge technology to generate flexibility in trolleybus systems, and the involvement of stakeholders in the transition matrix energy process in urban bus systems beyond the direct costs.

The article presents an idea of the project that defines the development of a geothermal power plant methodology based on a single isolated well. It is planned to develop a technical and economic rationale and geological and geophysical aspects of the development of geothermal energy and to obtain data on deposits of geothermal water in the deep. Extraction of heat from hot rocks at the pits is to be carried out using a special energy carrier, construction of the operating column, and circulation mode. To create a model in the project, a well is needed with a depth of 4,702 m, temperature at the bottom of 130 °С, an unperforated casing string with a diameter of 245 mm to a depth of 4,500 m, and no formation fluids. The transfer and transformation of the energy carrier by the working body into electric and hydrogen energy is maintained by ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle). The development of the methodology includes two stages: The first stage of the project involves legal preparation at the local and state levels for the use of the land plot and technical means of the drilled well and obtaining licenses and permits for the implementation of the project. It is planned to develop a technical and economic feasibility study for the construction of a geothermal electric station that will generate electricity and hydrogen energy for consumers. The second stage of the project involves the technical preparation of the well for its use as part of a geothermal power station. Remediation of the well to a depth of 4,500 m is foreseen, as well as the implementation of industrial geophysical studies of the technical condition of the unperforated casing string; conducting preliminary geothermal studies on the stability and thermal productivity of hot rocks. The authors intend to use results in the oil-and-gas industry, which has deep wells that have completed their purpose for hydrocarbon extraction, as well as in the nuclear, metallurgical, chemical, and many other fields.

Renewable energy projects are at the crux of all Chinese-funded investment in sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for some 56% of all Chinese-led investments globally. However, the prevailing problem is that about 568 million people were still without electricity access in 2019 across urban and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa, which does not commensurate with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG7) of ensuring affordable and clean energy for all. Previous studies have assessed and improved the efficiency of integrated power generation systems often combined on three levels, power plant, solar panel, and fuel cells, and integrated into national grids or off-grid systems for a sustainable supply of power. This study has included a lithium-ion storage system as a key component in a hybridized renewable energy generation system for the first time that has proven to be efficient and investment worthy. The study also examines the operational parameters of Chinese-funded power plant projects in sub-Saharan Africa and their effectiveness in achieving SDG-7. The novelty of this study is evident in the proposed integrated multi-level hybrid technology model of solid oxide fuel cells, temperature point sensors, and lithium batteries powered by a solar system and embedded in thermal power plants as an alternative electrical energy system for domestic and industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa. Performance analysis of the proposed power generation model indicates its complementary capacity of generating additional energy output with thermodynamics energy and exergy efficiencies of 88.2% and 67.0% respectively. The outcome of this study draws the attention of Chinese investors, governments in sub-Saharan African countries, and top industry players to the following: to consider refocusing their energy sector policy initiatives and strategies towards exploring the lithium resource base in Africa, optimizing energy generation cost, recouping optimal profit from their renewable energy technology investments, and making electricity supply clean, sustainable, and affordable for use in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power has been a major and vital instrument of development for any nation. It is an ingredient for economic, social, education, technological, industrial and commercial growth of any society. Electric energy is a form of energy that can be generated in large quantity but cannot be stored except in a minute quantity. This storage deficiency necessitates the need to ensure that the level of generation is almost equivalent to the distributed or consumed power in order to have maximum efficiency of the system. Over the years, electricity supply in Akure has been unsatisfactory and epileptic which has in turn affected the growth and development of the area particularly commercial and business activities that requires electric power for their operation, hence the need to identify the major causes of the problems bedeviling electricity supply in the city. This research was carried out to evaluate the efficiency in allocated power to the district by making a comparison between the available capacity of the power network to the actual power being distributed to the final consumer to actually ascertain where the major problem lies. The available capacity at the supply end was evaluated and at the same time data were collected from the feeders feeding the district to evaluate the consumed power and make necessary comparison with the available power. The result shows average efficiencies of 56.44%, 45.601%, 47.913%, 38.118% for the selected readings in May, June, July and August respectively. These efficiencies are assumed unsatisfactory. Although the supplied power is not enough to cater for the demand of the city but yet the available power is still not effectively and efficiently utilized thereby causing a great loss in the gas to power value chain. Necessary recommendations were made to solve this protracting challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injustice in energy transitions is a problem perceived in the inequity of participation in decision-making among the actors that shape socio-technical energy systems, where society usually plays the role of end user within the system network. The importance of taking it into consideration lies in the fact that this inequity can contribute to low social acceptance and lack of public confidence in the energy transition process, which is essential to define the course of the process. Through a qualitative study with an exploratory scope, the objective of this article is to study the perception of citizens as actors in the energy transition process from a procedural justice approach, and to contribute to the research of social study of energy through the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the technology proposal for a process of generating electrical energy from the residues of the forest exploitation of the Macurijes Agroforestry Company. For which a proposal for steam boiler technology is analyzed based on the potential of standing forest biomass and forest residues, as well as an analysis of the feasibility of the technology investment project. As a result, 6 MWh of generation is obtained from the turbine coupled to the electric generator based on 62,000 tons per year, 1,666 t/day, which represents around 7/t/hours with a boiler that produces steam at 25 atm or bar at 460 degrees Celsius in 7,000 hours per year as a result of periodic maintenance stops. The boiler to be used must have water tubes since they work at high pressure, are easier to clean, evacuate ashes, combustion products and are safer in their operation and that average PCS of 2,7 Kcal/kg with a humidity of 40 % as a result of the combination of a heterogeneous biomass composed of several forest species and the previous treatment given to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IPCC's predictions of climate deterioration include increases in temperature and in ocean level, as well as local climate events, all attributed to a surplus of carbon dioxide source of radiative forcing that has been building up in the oceans since carbon-based fossil compounds are exploited to generate energy. This mechanism is only consensual and is therefore subject to more and more criticisms without echo because of absence of an alternative mechanism. Selected unusual reasons are first presented to convince non-specialists that greenhouse effect and radiative forcing lack solid scientific basis. As according to physics and thermodynamics, the management of heat inputs in the atmosphere and in the environment must be independent of the source, a recently proposed mechanism based on ice melting and water evaporation is recalled and justified by its extension to distant pass climate fluctuations. Given the major roles attributed to anthropogenic heat releases, in particular waste heat, on the climate, the future depends on the evolution of the anthropogenic/solar heat input ratio. Three scenarios are discussed with respect to reported climate fluctuations for the last 8,000 years of the current interglacial plateau. To position the current times with respect to these scenarios, heat and waste heat generated by the different energy sources and their uses must be assessed from cradle-to-grave to complete the life cycle assessment. With regard to electricity, such assessment must include, for each source, the production mode, in particular for renewable resources, as well as the transport and uses with the aim of increasing efficiency to produce work and minimize waste heat emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas, are the primary energy sources from which electricity is obtained. As they are exhaustible and their exploitation has a negative impact on the natural environment, they should be, at least partially, replaced by renewable energy sources. The implementation of this goal depends on a number of factors, including social and political, the existence of investment support programmes, and the need to lower electricity prices and ensuring energy security. One of these sources is solar energy. Each year, the Earth receives around 1 · 1018 kWh of solar energy, which is more than 1000 times the current global energy demand. This is therefore a vast source of energy that can be tapped to satisfy human energy requirements. The use of solar energy releases no CO2, SO2, or NO2 gases, and does not contribute to global warming. Photovoltaics is one of the technologies that makes it possible to generate electricity in an environmentally friendly manner. By using the energy of solar radiation, a photovoltaic cell converts energy without emitting harmful substances to the atmosphere, noise, and waste. Photovoltaics is the cleanest technology among all the technologies that use renewable energy. Considering the shorter and shorter times needed to generate energy equal to that required by the module production process, during its lifetime it will produce much more electricity than was used to produce it. This results in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. For example, during its lifetime, a 200 Wp module prevents the emission of over four tonnes (Mg = 106 g) of carbon dioxide. Although the technologies for the production of photovoltaic cells and modules entail a lower environmental burden compared to other sources of electricity, it is necessary to remember about the risks associated with the use of chemicals at the stage of module production, which threatens their release to groundwater or air, and the need to recycle modules after their disassembly. Also, the energy consumption in the production phase of PV systems significantly worsens the ecological balance. This article presents an analysis of the impact of the materials and technologies used on the result of the environmental analysis of PV installations. In the article a detailed energy balance analysis of the EPBT value has been carried out. The values of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life cycle of the solar module were determined. Methods of limiting the impact of photovoltaic technologies on the natural environment were indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major province for hydroelectric power in China, Sichuan Province has witnessed a great amount of seasonal characteristics in its hydroelectric power, endowing the clean energy industry in Sichuan with the characteristics of unstable supply in different seasons, strong power transmission capacity, and low production capacity of other non-fossil energy sources (except hydroelectric power). In this study, the mathematical model method was used to construct a structural optimization model of the clean energy industry in Sichuan Province, and to enable a quantitative analysis of the rationalization of the clean energy industrial structure in Sichuan Province. The results are proved from the cost-effectiveness of low carbon emission that hydroelectric power > wind power > photovoltaic power > natural gas > coal > oil. This study shall find the theoretical structure of the clean energy industry in Sichuan Province in 2030 with a prediction of Sichuan Province's total future energy output and a constraint of its industrial structure model of clean energy. This paper suggests that Sichuan Province should give priority to the development of non-fossil energy sources, increase the development and utilization of power transmission channels in wet seasons, and develop clean energy and high energy consumption industries and the construction of pumped storage power stations, so as to reduce and avoid the waste of energy resources. It is also suggested that Sichuan Province should focus on developing clean energy with the capability of peak shaving, such as hydrogen energy and natural gas, while developing smart grid and long-distance transmission technology to strengthen energy conservation and emissions-reduced power generation. On this basis, Sichuan will focus on the development and utilization of natural gas as an alternative to high-carbon energy, with a view to optimizing its industrial structure of clean energy and helping China achieve the dual-carbon goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A worldwide evaluation of the present status of renewable-energy generation, with a focus on photo-voltaic (PV) solar energy for the production of electricity. The most pertinent elements of the development and experiences of nations working to build and use these technologies are covered in this article. It also cites studies that highlight the efforts made by nations to reduce their emissions of green-house gas or to enhance the quality and accessibility of electric energy generation in light of their unique geographic and environmental circumstances. These studies focus in particular on remote communities that have limited access to the national power grid due to technological or financial constraints. This paper focusses on renewable-energy might serve as a starting point for assessing how clean energy affects the world's energy supply and demand, they are becoming an increasingly popular option in terms of cost and efficiency, which can attract new investors. By analysing recent data, case studies, and literature, this review aims to provide stakeholders with insights into the achievements and hurdles of solar energy, fostering informed decisions towards a sustainable and resilient energy future.

One of the important problems of the economic development of Ukraine today is the low energy efficiency of social production with a high level of external energy dependence. The purpose of the study is to define modern global challenges, and, with account of them, to outline the prospects for the structural development of the electric energy industry in Ukraine. The current vision of the prospects for the energy development of the world economy is analyzed on the basis of the results of foresight forecasts, accomplished by the leading international institutions and energy companies. The content of the global energy transition and its main directions in the electric energy sector is analyzed. It is determined that along with the paradigm of the global energy transition, considerable attention is paid to the development of environmentally friendly generation methods, which primarily include electric energy generation based on renewable energy sources (RES). The aggregate of power generation technologies is divided into two types according to two common features of resources: 1 – power generation technologies, which are based on the process of converting organic and nuclear fuel into electric energy; 2 – power generation technologies, which are based on the processes of converting energy of inexhaustible and renewable energy sources (except biological) into electric energy. A methodology for calculating and comparing the resource characteristics of power generation technologies is developed; resource intensity is computed; the costs of electric energy production using power generation technologies are provided; a comparative comprehensive (technical-economic) assessment of the efficiency of technologies based on the use of the matrix method is presented. Based on the carried out analysis, an overall rating of the efficiency of power generation technologies is compiled. Technologies expedient for use in Ukraine have been identified. It is proved that the priority measures for the structural-technological modernization of the energy complex of Ukraine should be the implementation of development directions consistent with the provisions of the paradigm of the global energy transition, namely: the creation of a new generation power grid management system (smart grids); development of distributed energy.

In this work, a study was performed on the influence of the ratio of height to the diameter of the reduction zone of a small-size downdraft gasifier as well as of the fuel fraction sizes on the gas quality (the quality was evaluated for CO content). The ratio of a full side area to the volume of a fuel fraction (SVR) was used as a fuel parameter. The maximum CO concentration was observed when using a small fuel fraction with SVR—0.7–0.72 mm−1 and when adhering to the ratio of height to the diameter of the reduction zone H/D—0.5–0.6. The maximum electric power for gasoline generators (nominal power equaled 4 kW) when using the gas received from the fast-growing hybrid willow biomass equaled 2.4 kW. This power is 37.5% lower than when using gasoline and 7.0% lower than when using the gas received from the hardwood biomass. The emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere by the gasoline generator engine equaled 0.12–0.14% CO and 24–27 mln−1 CxHy. The emissions were 64.8 times less for CO and 8.5 times less for CxHy when compared with using gasoline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of portable electronic devices has increased; this development needs to be accompanied by the development of reliable power sources. In this study, two different vortex combustor sets were used in conjunction with a thermoelectric generator to determine their energy output. This study focuses on the development of a meso-scale vortex combustor to obtain the electric energy for a micro power generator; different materials and different vortex designs are analyzed. Numerical and experimental methods have been used to analyze the development of the vortex combustor. A horizontal vortex combustor made from stainless steel had higher wall temperature and voltage output measurements. To analyze the energy output for the micro power generator, a single TEG and double TEG are analyzed; according to the results, a double TEG with a water-cooled system has the highest electric power compared with the other results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developed an extracellular electron transfer system EET. • Designed a light-driven intracellular electron regeneration system ERS. • Shortening electron transfer distance increased the efficiency of EET and ERS. • EET and ERS were used for chemicals and electric energy production. Intracellular electron abundance affects the efficiency of biosynthetic pathways in microbial cell factories. However, regulating electron transfer efficiency to change intracellular electron abundance is challenging. Herein, we aimed to improve the electron transfer efficiency by shortening electron transfer distance using two systems: an extracellular electron transfer system (EET) and a light-driven intracellular electron regeneration system (ERS). The EET involved reconstructing an efficient electron transfer pathway (AEC4) and using periplasmic and biofilm engineering to improve its efficiency, whereas the ERS involved developing a biologically self-synthetic photosynthetic biohybrid system and using protein cage engineering to enhance its efficiency. As a proof of concept, the EET was implemented using a dynamic AND logic gate to increase the α-ketoglutarate titer to 30.4 g/L and the power density to 561.5 mW/m2 in microbial fuel cells. In a 5 L fermenter, the titer and productivity of α-ketoglutarate reached 67.7 g/L and 1.88 g/L/h, respectively. The ERS was manipulated using a chemo-optogenetic AND logic gate to increase the adipate titer to 43.1 g/L in a 5 L fermenter. Overall, our results provide a potential way to shorten electron transfer distance for the efficient production of valuable chemicals and electric energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal design of renewable energy systems for buildings requires accurately estimating building electric energy loads. While this energy demand highly depends on how occupants and facility managers use building systems, operation-related uncertainty is rarely accounted for in the renewable energy design workflow. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to quantify the impact of uncertainty in building operation patterns and electric demand on the techno-economic performance of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems (with and without battery storage). A hybrid methodology is proposed, combining and comparing two approaches to studying building performance under uncertainty: (i) physics-based building performance simulations coupled with parametric variations of occupant behavioral profiles (e.g., austere vs. wasteful), and (ii) data-driven modeling using a large national building dataset. The approach is illustrated and validated on small, medium, and large-sized office buildings in different climate zones (hot dry, mixed marine, and cold humid). Results show that different building operational patterns could lead up to 60% increase in building electric demand, which translated to similar increases in PV energy capacity and the corresponding capital costs of the systems. The findings emphasize the urgent need to better account for uncertainty in building operational patterns in the design workflows of buildings with PV generation and energy storage capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of electromagnetic energy into magnetohydrodynamic energy occurs when the electric conductivity changes from negligible to finite values. This process is relevant during the epoch of reheating in the early universe at the end of inflation and before the emergence of the radiation-dominated era. We find that the conversion into kinetic and thermal energies is primarily the result of electric energy dissipation, while magnetic energy only plays a secondary role in this process. This means that since electric energy dominates over magnetic energy during inflation and reheating, significant amounts of electric energy can be converted into magnetohydrodynamic energy when conductivity emerges before the relevant length scales become stable.

Energy is the bridge connecting the economy and the environment and electric energy is an important guarantee for social production. In order to respond to the national dual-carbon goals, a new power system is being constructed. Effective carbon emission forecasts of power energy are essential to achieve a significant guarantee for low carbon and clean production of electric power energy. We analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions, such as population, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), urbanization rate, industrial structure, energy consumption, energy structure, regional electrification rate, and degree of opening to the outside world. The original Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model was improved, and the above influencing factors were incorporated into the model for modeling analysis. The ridge regression algorithm was adopted to analyze the biased estimation of historical data. The carbon emission prediction model of Shanghai electric power and energy based on elastic relationship was established. According to the "14th Five-Year" development plan for the Shanghai area, we set up the impact factor forecast under different scenarios to substitute into the forecast models. The new model can effectively assess the carbon emissions of the power sector in Shanghai in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes and substantiates an original approach to the design of a monitoring information system of the state and dynamics of development of generating facilities of regional energy systems, which include an ever-growing number of power plants based on renewable energy sources. The development of a new system for describing these power plants by expanding the list of indicators of their functioning is a distinctive feature of the proposed approach. In contrast to the description of the indicators of the facilities of electricity producers of the centralized power system, their detailing at the level of regional power systems regarding the types of energy resources used for power generation, as well as the characteristics of their connection to (high-voltage or distribution) power transmission networks, was added. The main purpose of the information system proposed for development has been defined - it is the formation of an information resource that is updated for solving the assignments of modeling pricing processes in the electric energy market and developing regulatory mechanisms for stimulating the development of renewable energy at the level of regional energy systems of the United Energy System of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]