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Respiratory infections caused by Bordetella pertussis are reemerging despite high pertussis vaccination coverage. Since the introduction of the acellular pertussis vaccine in the late twentieth century, circulating B. pertussis strains increasingly lack expression of the vaccine component pertactin (Prn). In some countries, up to 90% of the circulating B. pertussis strains are deficient in Prn. To better understand the resurgence of pertussis, we investigated the response of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) to naturally circulating Prn-expressing (Prn-Pos) and Prn-deficient (Prn-Neg) B. pertussis strains from 2016 in the Netherlands. Transcriptome analysis of moDC showed enriched IFNα response-associated gene expression after exposure to Prn-Pos B. pertussis strains, whereas the Prn-Neg strains induced enriched expression of interleukin- and TNF-signaling genes, as well as other genes involved in immune activation. Multiplex immune assays confirmed enhanced proinflammatory cytokine secretion by Prn-Neg stimulated moDC. Comparison of the proteomes from the Prn-Pos and Prn-Neg strains revealed, next to the difference in Prn, differential expression of a number of other proteins including several proteins involved in metabolic processes. Our findings indicate that Prn-deficient B. pertussis strains induce a distinct and stronger immune activation of moDCs than the Prn-Pos strains. These findings highlight the role of pathogen adaptation in the resurgence of pertussis as well as the effects that vaccine pressure can have on a bacterial population.

Canine Leptospira vaccines contain inactivated strains of pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis. For an effective response to vaccination, activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is crucial. However, it is not known which TLRs are activated by Leptospira in dogs. To investigate the involvement of canine TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in the recognition of Leptospira, we stimulated canine moDC and reporter cells expressing canine TLR2 with either whole-inactivated bacteria or purified LPS of Leptospira strains, representing the serogroups generally used in canine leptospirosis vaccines. Using the endotoxin neutralizing reagent polymyxin B and TLR4 antagonist RS-LPS, we demonstrate that Leptospira LPS and canine TLR4 are involved in IL-1β production as well as in the uptake of inactivated Leptospira in canine moDC. Furthermore, polymyxin B only partially inhibited IL-1β production induced by inactivated Leptospira, suggesting that next to TLR4, also other TLRs may be involved. The observed activation of canine TLR2-expressing reporter cells by inactivated Leptospira strains indicates that TLR2 could be one of these TLRs. Next, we analyzed TLR2 and TLR4 activating capabilities by the same Leptospira strains using human and mouse TLR-expressing reporter cells. Inactivated Leptospira and leptospiral LPS activated not only mouse, but also human TLR4 and this activation was shown to be LPS dependent in both cases. Additionally, inactivated Leptospira activated mouse and human TLR2-expressing reporter cell lines. In our study, we could not identify significant species differences in the recognition of Leptospira by TLR2 and TLR4 between dog, human and mouse. Lastly, we show that these inactivated Leptospira strains are recognized by both mouse and human TLR5 reporter cells only after exposure to additional heat-treatment. Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm this in the canine system. Our data show that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the recognition of Leptospira strains used in the production of canine Leptospira vaccines. This study contributes to the understanding of Leptospira-induced innate immune responses in dogs, humans, and mice. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of canine TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 in the induction of vaccine-mediated immunity against Leptospira.

Apresentação do dossiê "Tecnologia e políticas culturais: o acesso à cultura digital no Brasil", que contempla os seguintes artigos: “Iniciativas brasileiras em torno da construção de uma Política Nacional para Acervos Digitais de Instituições de Memória: o desafio da memória em tempos de cultura digital”; “As Transformações da Era Digital e o Impacto na Economia da Cultura do Livro”; “Dialogando com e sobre o rural através das novas mídias: estratégias e desafios da comunicação” e “Softwares livres e políticas culturais no Brasil: o caso do Mapa Cultural”. Os artigos tratam das aplicações das tecnologias digitais às políticas culturais, localizando-as num contexto mais geral das aplicações das TICs e analisando casos setoriais.

Este trabalho tem como objeto a expansão do consumo cultural-digital das famílias brasileiras nos últimos dez anos. Tal expansão implicou diretamente a elevação de seus gastos orçamentários com cultura. De acordo com o IBGE, em 2009, as famílias brasileiras dispenderam em média 5% do seu orçamento mensal com bens culturais. Caso os serviços de telefonia e comunicação fossem adicionados à rubrica cultura, essa mesma média de gastos saltaria para 8,6%. Em face do aumento da produção, distribuição e consumo dos serviços culturais-digitais (séries, filmes, músicas, games, etc.) por meio dos dispositivos digitais móveis, notadamente os smartphones, sustentamos que a metodologia de cálculo e aferição do IBGE exige uma revisão. Para sustentar tal necessidade, demonstramos que os mercados culturais passam por uma profunda mudança: a digitalização do simbólico.

Co-teaching allows educators to take on specific roles and responsibilities in the classroom leading to more effective instruction. With increased expectations to embrace technologies provided during virtual and hybrid instruction, co-teachers are taking on more technology-based responsibilities in face-to-face instruction. In this article, the authors pose a new co-teaching strategy, "One Teach-One Tech," which intentionally delegates technology tasks during co-planning, instruction, and assessment. This strategy can be used with existing co-teaching models to support the effective implementation and innovative use of technology to support students in inclusive, co-taught classrooms. After defining this proposed strategy, the authors present and explore strategies for implementation, benefits, and challenges of this co-teaching strategy.

In the last decades, the themes of creative economy, creative industries and creative cities served as a technical and operational fundament for the formulation and execution of a series of economic development public policies. The main actors of this profusion and legitimation of power were the economists, managers and business schools theorists in close relation to national governments and UN agencies. This process was possible due to the emergence of post-industrial societies, the expansion of the knowledge economy and the digitalization of cultural markets. The combination of these three aspects produced a structural approximation between the symbolic-aesthetic domain and the economic-technological domain, resulting in the formation of native categories, such as creative economy, creative industries and creative cities. These categories do not have the analytical and descriptive potential which able to comprehend and explain the new relations between those domains, tough they are themselves a result of these new relations.

Resumo O capitalismo cultural-digital tem como núcleo o processo de digitalização do simbólico. Esse processo abriga quatro fenômenos interdependentes: (1) a consolidação da tecnologia do streaming; (2) a expansão global do uso dos dispositivos digitais móveis, especialmente os smartphones; (3) a convergência digital; (4) o advento e a profusão da Web 2.0, etapa da Internet na qual a maioria dos conteúdos é criada, distribuída, compartilhada e consumida pelos próprios usuários. As interfaces entre esses quatro fenômenos permitiram que as maiores corporações de tecnologias digitais do planeta (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple e Microsoft) também tenham se tornado grandes corporações de arte, cultura e entretenimento, construindo novos modelos de negócios - os serviços culturais-digitais, especialmente a oferta dos serviços por assinatura via streaming. Tendo em vista o cruzamento de diferentes dados quantitativos acerca desses fenômenos, este trabalho objetiva compreender a expansão dos serviços culturais-digitais no Brasil nos últimos dez anos.

This work investigates the process of competition between some of the most important technology companies in the world, which created business models aimed at the culturaldigital services market - series, movies, games, music, books and animation. It is a process of global scope and great economic, technological and creative impact, which has been refashioning the cultural markets through the intense process of digitalization and corporate action. To analyze these aspects, two methodological and analytical strategies were adopted simultaneously along the text. The first one sought to use the concepts of digitalization of the symbolic and cultural-digital capitalism, both of which are woven into other works and research that combine a broader research agenda, whose efforts are engaged in the realization of an economic sociology of cultural markets. The second was to explore the latest economic decisions and commercial and creative strategies adopted by the Netflix, Disney and Apple companies, as well as to update data on the expansion of consumption of digital artistic-cultural content, especially in Brazil.

Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) is a coronal plane deformity often accompanied by sagittal plane malalignment. Surgical correction may involve the major and/or distally-located fractional curves (FCs). Correction of the FC has been increasingly recognized as key to ameliorating radicular pain localized to the FC levels. The present study aims to summarize the literature on the rationale for FC correction in ADS. Three databases were systematically reviewed to identify all primary studies reporting the rationale for correcting the FC in ADS. Articles were included if they were English full-text studies with primary data from ADS ( ≥ 18 years old) patients. Seventy-four articles were identified, of which 12 were included after full-text review. Findings suggest FC correction with long-segment fusion terminating at L5 increases the risk of distal junctional degeneration as compared to constructs instrumenting the sacrum. Additionally, circumferential fusion offers greater FC correction, lower reoperation risk, and shorter construct length. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques may offer effective radiographic correction and improve leg pain associated with foraminal stenosis on the FC concavity, though experiences are limited. Open surgery may be necessary to achieve adequate correction of severe, highly rigid deformities. Current data support major curve correction in ASD where the FC concavity and truncal shift are concordant, suggesting that the FC contributes to the patients overall deformity. Circumferential fusion and the use of kickstand rods can improve correction and enhance the stability and durability of long constructs. Last, MIS techniques show promise for milder deformities but require further investigation.

neste trabalho buscaremos reconstruir o início do mercado brasileiro da internet. Para isso partiremos de matérias publicadas em sites de naturezas distintas, no período dos 15 anos iniciais do mercado da internet no Brasil. Essas notícias são importantes porque trazem questões situadas no tempo sobre o uso da internet por parte dos brasileiros, bem como o esforço do Estado na criação e controle do mercado da internet. Ainda, traremos dilemas que preocuparam os sujeitos nesse período, seja do ponto de vista dos impactos da internet e da tecnologia na vida de seus usuários, ou dos dispositivos jurídicos necessários para a proteção dos sujeitos no cotidiano da relação com a internet. Esses dados serão mobilizados na operacionalização de diferentes teorias da rede que estão em disputa no campo de produção de conhecimento da sociologia, os representantes são Castells, Elias, Granovetter e Latour. Dessa forma, através dessas teorias, iremos desnaturalizar as preocupações relacionadas ao uso da internet no Brasil, bem como relembrar que as questões que nos afligem hoje, na verdade, são antigas.

This study examined Extension professionals’ perspectives on how to optimize the chances that farmers will adopt climate adaptation strategies designed to minimize risks associated with climate variability and climate change. In-depth interviews were conducted with Extension professionals in four southeastern states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina). Responses were coded and analyzed, resulting in three recommendations. First, focus on profitability and issues of immediate concern to farmers. Second, use engaging delivery methods, especially field trials conducted under realistic conditions. Third, build trust with farmers, primarily by focusing on research-based information. This study has practical implications for how Extension professionals should approach the work of addressing climate issues in agriculture.

BACKGROUND: There is conflicting data about sex-based differences in the treatment of acute pain in the ED. Little is known about sex-based disparities in analgesia in pediatric ED patients. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to determine whether analgesic administration rates differ between female and male pediatric patients presenting to the ED with abdominal pain. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ED patients 5-21 years old with abdominal pain between 6/1/19 and 6/30/21. The primary outcome was receipt of any analgesia, and secondary outcomes were receipt of opioid analgesia and time to receipt of analgesia. Multivariable regression models were fitted for each outcome. RESULTS: We studied 1,087 patients; 681 (63%) were female with a median age of 17 years (IQR 13, 19) and 406 (37%) were male with a median age of 14 years (IQR 9, 18). 371 female patients (55%) and 180 male patients (44%) received any analgesia. 132 female patients (19%) and 83 male patients (20%) received opioid analgesia. In multivariate analyses, female patients were equally likely to receive any analgesia (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.97 - 1.74, p = 0.07), but time to analgesia was 14% longer (GMR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.29, p = 0.04). Non-White patients were 32% less likely to receive opioids (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.47 - 0.97, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Female pediatric ED patients were equally likely to receive any analgesia as male patients, but their time to analgesia was longer. Non-White patients were less likely to receive opioid analgesia than White patients.

Caregivers of children with neurodiverse needs are known to experience challenges and hardship due to the increased needs of the child and the lack of support available. This study aimed to explore the support needs and well-being of caregivers of children with neurodiverse needs in Australia. Sixty-six caregivers participated in an online survey asking questions about support needs. The results highlighted five main themes that caregivers commonly experienced including: barriers to community engagement, impact on close relationships, negative impact on mental health and identity, financial hardship, and identified support needs. Findings identified multiple unmet needs existing amongst caregivers and further emphasises the importance of addressing these needs to improve the quality of life of caregivers of children with neurodiverse needs.

Over the past decade, the Brazilian Development Bank (Portuguese: Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, abbreviated: BNDES) has become the main financial agent of the Brazilian companies specialized in the cultural sector. Throughout the expansion of household expenditure on goods, services and cultural activities, especially between 2004 and 2014, the Brazilian Development Bank extended its actions, services, financial products for cultural undertakings, plotting this way to a branched financial and institutional network that directly involves those Brazilian companies in the cultural sector operating in certain chains of creation, production, distribution and commercialization of artistic and cultural, digital and entertainment activities, notably in the context of audiovisual, editorial and property segment. This aspect has produced a fairly significant injunction within Brazilian cultural fields, once, until 2006, the largest development bank in Latin America, BNDES, was related to cultural fields only through the regular use of federal laws for Cultural Incentives, as the Rouanet Law, and it did not provide its main financial products, at reduced long-term interest rates, straight away to specialized private cultural undertakings, which comprise long value chains and also harbor the vast majority of workers and professionals in the cultural sector. Such changes have led BNDES to a range of new financial and institutional activities, which, together, turned it into the most important state actor in the market of cultural capitalism in Brazil.

Este trabalho busca apresentar uma descrição precisa e rigorosa da economia do cinema no mundo. Para tanto, explora três aspectos que definem os contornos geais dessa economia hoje: i) os impactos do processo de digitalização do simbólico sobre a diferenciação interna da economia do audiovisual; ii) os mecanismos de apoio e financiamento das empresas produtoras, distribuidora e exibidora de conteúdos cinematográficos, fortalecendo os mercados nacionais em diversos lugares do globo e, por conseguinte, acentuando a competição; iii) a relevância econômica do Fundo Setorial do Audiovisual (FSA) para o fortalecimento do mercados de conteúdos cinematográficos brasileiros, estabelecendo um ecossistema inédito de financiamento das empresas brasileiras.

To understand the relevance of the new media in the formation of the indignation nets, this text, of exploratory stamp, debates the digital activism in contemporary Brazil . Methodologically, we will make a discussion on cyberactivism, digital media, and national pressure groups starting from two examples, Movimento Brasil Livre (The Free Brazil Movement) and Vem pra Rua (Come to The Street movement) – these are key movements in the organisation of the big anti-government mobilisation that took place in 2015–2016 in Brazil. The theme is important because it embraces current and future challenges of the digital activism, once that this field faced significant changes in the last decades, with the development of interactive media and the technological convergence.

Paraprofessionals serve a critically significant role on educational teams, yet often receive the least amount of training among educational professionals. This article details an online paraprofessional learning series created by a team of special education faculty. The professional development series draws on a disability studies in education (DSE) approach and high leverage practices to situate paraprofessionals as active contributors to inclusion as a social justice imperative. Aligned to the Council for Exceptional Children's (CEC) Core Competencies for special education paraeducators (2022), topics addressed in the series are: (a) foundations of inclusive education, (b) learner development and characteristics, (c) supporting UDL in the inclusive classroom, (d) supporting specialized instruction for the inclusive classroom, and (e) learning environments and behavior support. We offer research-based strategies to build paraprofessionals capacity for inclusion through a lens of social justice and equity. This article can serve as a resource for paraprofessionals, and a model of bridging research-to-practice for special education faculty and administrators seeking to increase continuity across pre-and in-service teacher preparation and paraprofessional professional development.

As preparation for the rhetoric and composition job market becomes more readily available through multiple sources, some cover letter writers may need clarification on the well-meaning but perhaps conflicting responses to writing given to them by mentors from differing backgrounds, statuses, and epistemes. This article seeks to illuminate the rhetorical situation behind the cover letter with simulated writing responses to a genuine cover letter by five reader archetypes: a supportive reader, a critical reader, an outside reader, a teaching-centric reader, and a research-centric reader. Through this exercise, cover letter writers are shown how to weigh writing advice through the juxtaposition of each reader's response. Cover letter readers as a secondary audience are also considered for preparing future job market participants.

In this practice-oriented article, the authors aim to provide teachers with tools to identify and respond to students' social-emotional learning (SEL) during COVID-19 and beyond. Related to the principles of whole schooling, this content connects with Principle 1: Creating Learning Spaces for All, Principle 4: Build a Caring Community, and Principle 6: Partner with Families and the Community. In this article, the authors provide an overview of SEL literature and research-based related strategies, then introduce two vignettes, one pre-COVID-19 and one peri-COVID-19 (i.e., during COVID-19), and conclude with a discussion connecting SEL literature and strategies to the data they received from surveying students' SEL needs at their school. The authors hope that by sharing how they surveyed students to identify their SEL needs because of the pandemic, that administrators and teachers can recreate a similar "SEL roadmap" that they used to navigate students' emotional support needs resulting from excessive stress, anxiety, and isolation connected to remote learning and the pandemic at large.

Self-regulated learning (SRL) and metacognitive processes are important in education because they contribute to effective learning and improved academic performance. Metacognitive SRL may be facilitated by the implementation of computer technology. This qualitative study examined the presence and use of metacognitive SLR processes among elementary school students as they completed computer- and paper-based reading assignments. Students in two after-school programs were recruited from a public school district in a southeastern region of the United States (U.S.). The participants consisted of 52 elementary students in Grades 2-5. Students participated in two, counterbalanced, conditions that involved computer- and a paper-based reading assignments. Observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results indicated that students were more likely to apply metacognitive SRL skills when reading on paper than reading on a computer. Overall, students showed signs of planning more in the paper than in the computer condition but student behaviors and responses differed between grades. Monitoring practices appeared in both the computer- and the paper-based reading assignment, with monitoring connected with background knowledge in Grades 2 and 3 but reading content in Grades 4 and 5. Control processes such as retrying and representing graphically were more common in the computer- than in the paper-based reading across all grades. Students used their score in a reading assignment as an evaluation tool to assess performance in the computer- and paper-based reading condition. These findings suggest that the utilization of prior information, integration of multimedia and verbal signals, and comfort level with the reading medium all influenced students' SRL decision-making.