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Araceae comprises a diverse group of plants that grow in various habitats, ranging from submerged aquatics to lithophytes. Thus, aroids are likely to show diverse glands acting in several plant–environment interactions, including colleters that protect young shoots. Based on this premise and the lack of studies regarding secretory structures in Araceae, we employed standard light and electron microscopy methods to test the hypothesis that colleters are present in Anthurium. Our main goals were to identify mucilage glands in A. andraeanum by conducting a detailed anatomical study of their structure, ultrastructure, and secretory activity. We found finger-like colleters in the apex of young leaves, spathes, and unexpanded cataphylls as well as secreting zones at the apex of expanded cataphylls, at the margins of non-fused cataphylls, and throughout the keels in two-keeled cataphylls. The colleters develop precociously and senesce shortly afterwards. Ultrastructural data and histochemistry confirmed the production of a polysaccharide-rich secretion that fills the spaces within the developing shoot. As far we know, this is the first time that colleters have been reported for Araceae. The functional roles of the secretion and the position of finger-like colleters concerning the ‘precursor tip’ of monocotyledons are discussed. Future research correlating secretory activity in colleters of species from different habitats might reveal a great diversity of mucilage glands with ecological and evolutionary significance to the family.

Anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that members of the First Nations Deaf community experience more barriers when engaging with the criminal justice system than those who are not deaf. Therefore, our purpose for writing this article is to highlight legal and policy issues related to First Nations Deaf people, including perspectives of professionals working with these communities, living in Australia who have difficulty in accessing supports within the criminal justice system. In this article, we present data from semi-structured qualitative interviews focused on four key themes: (a) indefinite detention and unfit to plead, (b) a need for an intersectional approach to justice, (c) applying the maximum extent of the law while minimizing social services--related resources, and (d) the need for language access and qualified sign language interpreters. Through this article and the related larger sustaining project, we seek to center the experiences and needs of First Nations Deaf communities to render supports for fair, just, and equitable access in the Australian criminal justice system to this historically marginalized group.

Abstract The relationship between deforestation and malaria is a spatiotemporal process of variation in Plasmodium incidence in human-dominated Amazonian rural environments. The present study aimed to assess the underlying mechanisms of malarial exposure risk at a fine scale in 5-km2 sites across the Brazilian Amazon, using field-collected data with a longitudinal spatiotemporally structured approach. Anopheline mosquitoes were sampled from 80 sites to investigate the Plasmodium infection rate in mosquito communities and to estimate the malaria exposure risk in rural landscapes. The remaining amount of forest cover (accumulated deforestation) and the deforestation timeline were estimated in each site to represent the main parameters of both the frontier malaria hypothesis and an alternate scenario, the deforestation-malaria hypothesis, proposed herein. The maximum frequency of pathogenic sites occurred at the intermediate forest cover level (50% of accumulated deforestation) at two temporal deforestation peaks, e.g., 10 and 35 years after the beginning of the organization of a settlement. The incidence density of infected anophelines in sites where the original forest cover decreased by more than 50% in the first 25 years of settlement development was at least twice as high as the incidence density calculated for the other sites studied (adjusted incidence density ratio = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.38–3.68; p = 0.001). The results of this study support the frontier malaria as a unifying hypothesis for explaining malaria emergence and for designing specific control interventions in the Brazilian Amazon.

Introdução: Fototerapia é a utilização da luz com finalidade terapêutica. Entre os recursos fototerapêuticos destaca-se o LED terapêutico utilizado na prática clínica fisioterapêutica, apresentando potencial efeito sobre o tratamento de afecções diversas. Estudos mostram que a terapia com LED é capaz de produzir efeitos anti-inflamatório, analgésico, estimulador e regenerador celular. No entanto são encontradas poucas evidências sobre os efeitos hipoalgésicos locais e a temperatura cutânea imediatamente após a aplicação do LED. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos do LED terapêutico sobre a temperatura e o limiar de tolerância de dor à pressão (LTDP) em indivíduos saudáveis mediante termografia e algometria. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa. Foram recrutadas 54 mulheres de 18 a 25 anos, randomizadas em três grupos: 1) Controle; 2) LED infravermelho 850nm e 3) LED vermelho 630nm. Os LEDs foram aplicados com fluência de 10J/cm2 durante 3 minutos no ventre do grupo muscular quadríceps direito. Para análise da temperatura cutânea, foi utilizada uma câmera de termografia, e o LTDP foi avaliado pelo algômetro. As avaliações ocorreram antes, imediatamente após e 5 minutos após à intervenção com o LED. Resultados: Os valores obtidos na termografia e algometria não evidenciaram alterações estatisticamente significativas sobre a temperatura e o LTDP, respectivamente, em nenhum dos três momentos avaliados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o LEDs vermelho e infravermelho, aplicados com fluência de 10J/cm2 durante 3 minutos, não alteram a temperatura e o LTDP em indivíduos saudáveis.

Este artigo é um estudo de caso constituído a partir de documentos oficiais e notícias de jornais que resgata a trajetória do Instituto Paulista de Pesquisas sobre Câncer (IPPC), uma das primeiras iniciativas da sociedade civil a integrar estudos experimentais sobre o câncer e atendimento médico gratuito em São Paulo na década de 1950. Chefiado por Jorge Erdelyi, um eletrotécnico distante dos consensos e das autoridades da cancerologia, o Instituto gerou resistência de oncologistas, em especial os da Associação Paulista de Combate ao Câncer (APCC), que disputavam os recursos econômicos e o capital simbólico da luta contra o câncer em São Paulo. O insucesso da empreitada institucional do IPPC não está associado com o número de atendimentos ou com as pesquisas desenvolvidas em seus laboratórios, mas à incapacidade de seu dirigente para ascender por dentro, como especialista, ou por fora, como outsider, na própria cancerologia.

Abstract Background Brazilian malaria control programmes successfully reduced the incidence and mortality rates from 2005 to 2016. Since 2017, increased malaria has been reported across the Amazon. Few field studies focus on the primary malaria vector in high to moderate endemic areas, Nyssorhynchus darlingi, as the key entomological component of malaria risk, and on the metrics of Plasmodium vivax propagation in Amazonian rural communities. Methods Human landing catch collections were carried out in 36 houses of 26 communities in five municipalities in the Brazilian states of Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia states, with API (> 30). In addition, data on the number of locally acquired symptomatic infections were employed in mathematical modelling analyses carried out to determine Ny. darlingi vector competence and vectorial capacity to P. vivax; and to calculate the basic reproduction number for P. vivax. Results Entomological indices and malaria metrics ranged among localities: prevalence of P. vivax infection in Ny. darlingi, from 0.243% in Mâncio Lima, Acre to 3.96% in Machadinho D’Oeste, Rondônia; daily human-biting rate per person from 23 ± 1.18 in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, to 66 ± 2.41 in Lábrea, Amazonas; vector competence from 0.00456 in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas to 0.04764 in Mâncio Lima, Acre; vectorial capacity from 0.0836 in Mâncio Lima, to 1.5 in Machadinho D’Oeste. The estimated R 0 for P. vivax (PvR 0) was 3.3 in Mâncio Lima, 7.0 in Lábrea, 16.8 in Cruzeiro do Sul, 55.5 in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, and 58.7 in Machadinho D’Oeste. Correlation between P. vivax prevalence in Ny. darlingi and vector competence was non-linear whereas association between prevalence of P. vivax in mosquitoes, vectorial capacity and R 0 was linear and positive. Conclusions In spite of low vector competence of Ny. darlingi to P. vivax, parasite propagation in the human population is enhanced by the high human-biting rate, and relatively high vectorial capacity. The high PvR 0 values suggest hyperendemicity in Machadinho D’Oeste and São Gabriel da Cachoeira at levels similar to those found for P. falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa regions. Mass screening for parasite reservoirs, effective anti-malarial drugs and vector control interventions will be necessary to shrinking transmission in Amazonian rural communities, Brazil.

Etuaptmumk or Two-Eyed Seeing (E/TES) is foundational in ensuring that Indigenous ways of knowing are respected, honoured, and acknowledged in health research practices with Indigenous Peoples of Canada. This paper will outline new knowledge gleaned from the Canadian Institute of Health Research and Chronic Pain Network funded Aboriginal Children’s Hurt & Healing (ACHH) Initiative that embraces E/TES for respectful research. We share the ACHH exemplar to show how Indigenous community partners take the lead to address their health priorities by integrating cultural values of kinship and interconnectedness as essential components to enhance the process of community-led research. E/TES is conceptualised into eight essential considerations to know in conducting Indigenous health research shared from a L’nuwey (Mi’kmaw) perspective. L’nu knowledge underscores the importance of working from an Indigenous perspective or specifically from a L’nuwey perspective. L’nuwey perspectives are a strength of E/TES. The ACHH Initiative grew from one community and evolved into collective community knowledge about pain perspectives and the process of understanding community-led practices, health perspectives, and research protocols that can only be understood through the Two-Eyed Seeing approach.

The specialised mutualism between Tococa guianensis and ants housed in its leaf domatia is a well-known example of myrmecophily. A pollination study on this species revealed that flowers in the bud stage exude a sugary solution that is collected by ants. Given the presence of this unexpected nectar secretion, we investigated how, where, and when floral buds of T. guianensis secret nectar and what function it serves. We studied a population of T. guianensis occurring in a swampy area in the Cerrado of Brazil by analyzing the chemical composition and secretion dynamics of the floral-bud nectar and the distribution and ultrastructure of secretory tissues. We also measured flower damage using ant-exclusion experiments. Floral bud nectar was secreted at the tip of the petals, which lack a typical glandular structure but possess distinctive mesophyll due to the presence of numerous calcium oxalate crystals. The nectar, the production of which ceased after flower opening, was composed mainly of sucrose and low amounts of glucose and fructose. Nectar was consumed by generalist ants and sporadically by stingless bees. Ant exclusion experiments resulted in significantly increased flower damage. The floral nectar of T. guianensis is produced during the bud stage. This bud-nectar has the extranuptial function of attracting generalist ants that reduce florivory. Pollen is the unique floral resource attracting pollinators during anthesis. Tococa guianensis, thus, establishes relationships with two functional groups of ant species: specialist ants acting against herbivory and generalist ants acting against florivory.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo la matriz de la percepción de inseguridad se ha desplazado de la criminalidad efectiva a la migración venezolana. Para ello, a través del empleo de técnicas cualitativas, exploramos y comparamos las actuales percepciones de inseguridad de los vecinos de dos barrios de Lima Metropolitana (Perú): el Barrio Chamo (San Juan de Lurigancho) y el sector 1 (San Isidro). Realizamos un bosquejo sobre las construcciones imaginarias de los espacios seguros, de los atacantes y de la construcción del “nosotros” como comunidad frente a la migración como el supuesto problema que encabezaría la inseguridad ciudadana. Los resultados de la comparación muestran que la migración ha devenido sinécdoque de una ciudad que, en pleno proceso de reensamblaje social, ha encontrado en el migrante venezolano al chivo expiatorio de su crisis social. Abstract The aim of this article is to investigate how the matrix of the perception of insecurity has changed from effective criminality to immigration of Venezuelans. Thus, we explore and compare, with qualitative techniques, the actual perception of insecurity among the inhabitants of two neighborhoods in Lima (Peru): Barrio Chamo (San Juan de Luringancho) and sector 1 (San Isidro). The article proposes an outline on the imaginary construction of the safe spaces, the attackers and the construction of the 'we' as a community facing migration as the implied problem leading insecurity. The results of the comparison between the two areas show that migration has become synecdoche of a city that, amidst a process of social reassembly, has found in the Venezuelan migrant the scape goat of its social crisis.

Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) is a coronal plane deformity often accompanied by sagittal plane malalignment. Surgical correction may involve the major and/or distally-located fractional curves (FCs). Correction of the FC has been increasingly recognized as key to ameliorating radicular pain localized to the FC levels. The present study aims to summarize the literature on the rationale for FC correction in ADS. Three databases were systematically reviewed to identify all primary studies reporting the rationale for correcting the FC in ADS. Articles were included if they were English full-text studies with primary data from ADS ( ≥ 18 years old) patients. Seventy-four articles were identified, of which 12 were included after full-text review. Findings suggest FC correction with long-segment fusion terminating at L5 increases the risk of distal junctional degeneration as compared to constructs instrumenting the sacrum. Additionally, circumferential fusion offers greater FC correction, lower reoperation risk, and shorter construct length. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques may offer effective radiographic correction and improve leg pain associated with foraminal stenosis on the FC concavity, though experiences are limited. Open surgery may be necessary to achieve adequate correction of severe, highly rigid deformities. Current data support major curve correction in ASD where the FC concavity and truncal shift are concordant, suggesting that the FC contributes to the patients overall deformity. Circumferential fusion and the use of kickstand rods can improve correction and enhance the stability and durability of long constructs. Last, MIS techniques show promise for milder deformities but require further investigation.

Co-teaching allows educators to take on specific roles and responsibilities in the classroom leading to more effective instruction. With increased expectations to embrace technologies provided during virtual and hybrid instruction, co-teachers are taking on more technology-based responsibilities in face-to-face instruction. In this article, the authors pose a new co-teaching strategy, "One Teach-One Tech," which intentionally delegates technology tasks during co-planning, instruction, and assessment. This strategy can be used with existing co-teaching models to support the effective implementation and innovative use of technology to support students in inclusive, co-taught classrooms. After defining this proposed strategy, the authors present and explore strategies for implementation, benefits, and challenges of this co-teaching strategy.

Caregivers of children with neurodiverse needs are known to experience challenges and hardship due to the increased needs of the child and the lack of support available. This study aimed to explore the support needs and well-being of caregivers of children with neurodiverse needs in Australia. Sixty-six caregivers participated in an online survey asking questions about support needs. The results highlighted five main themes that caregivers commonly experienced including: barriers to community engagement, impact on close relationships, negative impact on mental health and identity, financial hardship, and identified support needs. Findings identified multiple unmet needs existing amongst caregivers and further emphasises the importance of addressing these needs to improve the quality of life of caregivers of children with neurodiverse needs.

Buds usually possess mechanical or chemical protection and may also have secretory structures. We discovered an intricate secretory system in Ouratea castaneifolia (Ochnaceae) related to the protection of buds and young leaves. We studied this system, focusing on the distribution, morphology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of glands during sprouting. Samples of buds and leaves were processed following the usual procedures for light and electron microscopy. Overlapping bud scales protect dormant buds, and each young leaf is covered with a pair of stipules. Stipules and scales possess a resin gland, while the former also possess an extrafloral nectary. Despite their distinct secretions, these glands are similar and comprise secreting palisade epidermis. Young leaves also possess marginal colleters. All the studied glands shared some structural traits, including palisade secretory epidermis and the absence of stomata. Secretory activity is carried out by epidermal cells. Functionally, the activity of these glands is synchronous with the young and vulnerable stage of vegetative organs. This is the first report of colleters and resin glands for O. castaneifolia. We found evidence that these glands are correlated with protection against herbivores and/or abiotic agents during a developmental stage that precedes the establishment of mechanical defenses.

World health statistics about overweight and obesity show that overweight, obesity and diet-related diseases still remain major health risks. According to the World Health Organization, most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kill more people than underweight. Recently, many studies have been driven by the motivation of elaborating the “ideal” solutions to prevent and/or monitor overweight, obesity and diet-related diseases, and to encourage healthy diet and lifestyle. In this work, we present our idea to automatically measure food weight and calories, from food photo using ordinary chopsticks as a measurement reference. The analysis of the obtained results show that the use of near-by eating utensils combined with computer vision techniques is a great and exploitable approach to ubiquitously help in diet assessment and obesity treatment.

Paraprofessionals serve a critically significant role on educational teams, yet often receive the least amount of training among educational professionals. This article details an online paraprofessional learning series created by a team of special education faculty. The professional development series draws on a disability studies in education (DSE) approach and high leverage practices to situate paraprofessionals as active contributors to inclusion as a social justice imperative. Aligned to the Council for Exceptional Children's (CEC) Core Competencies for special education paraeducators (2022), topics addressed in the series are: (a) foundations of inclusive education, (b) learner development and characteristics, (c) supporting UDL in the inclusive classroom, (d) supporting specialized instruction for the inclusive classroom, and (e) learning environments and behavior support. We offer research-based strategies to build paraprofessionals capacity for inclusion through a lens of social justice and equity. This article can serve as a resource for paraprofessionals, and a model of bridging research-to-practice for special education faculty and administrators seeking to increase continuity across pre-and in-service teacher preparation and paraprofessional professional development.

As preparation for the rhetoric and composition job market becomes more readily available through multiple sources, some cover letter writers may need clarification on the well-meaning but perhaps conflicting responses to writing given to them by mentors from differing backgrounds, statuses, and epistemes. This article seeks to illuminate the rhetorical situation behind the cover letter with simulated writing responses to a genuine cover letter by five reader archetypes: a supportive reader, a critical reader, an outside reader, a teaching-centric reader, and a research-centric reader. Through this exercise, cover letter writers are shown how to weigh writing advice through the juxtaposition of each reader's response. Cover letter readers as a secondary audience are also considered for preparing future job market participants.

In this practice-oriented article, the authors aim to provide teachers with tools to identify and respond to students' social-emotional learning (SEL) during COVID-19 and beyond. Related to the principles of whole schooling, this content connects with Principle 1: Creating Learning Spaces for All, Principle 4: Build a Caring Community, and Principle 6: Partner with Families and the Community. In this article, the authors provide an overview of SEL literature and research-based related strategies, then introduce two vignettes, one pre-COVID-19 and one peri-COVID-19 (i.e., during COVID-19), and conclude with a discussion connecting SEL literature and strategies to the data they received from surveying students' SEL needs at their school. The authors hope that by sharing how they surveyed students to identify their SEL needs because of the pandemic, that administrators and teachers can recreate a similar "SEL roadmap" that they used to navigate students' emotional support needs resulting from excessive stress, anxiety, and isolation connected to remote learning and the pandemic at large.

Self-regulated learning (SRL) and metacognitive processes are important in education because they contribute to effective learning and improved academic performance. Metacognitive SRL may be facilitated by the implementation of computer technology. This qualitative study examined the presence and use of metacognitive SLR processes among elementary school students as they completed computer- and paper-based reading assignments. Students in two after-school programs were recruited from a public school district in a southeastern region of the United States (U.S.). The participants consisted of 52 elementary students in Grades 2-5. Students participated in two, counterbalanced, conditions that involved computer- and a paper-based reading assignments. Observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results indicated that students were more likely to apply metacognitive SRL skills when reading on paper than reading on a computer. Overall, students showed signs of planning more in the paper than in the computer condition but student behaviors and responses differed between grades. Monitoring practices appeared in both the computer- and the paper-based reading assignment, with monitoring connected with background knowledge in Grades 2 and 3 but reading content in Grades 4 and 5. Control processes such as retrying and representing graphically were more common in the computer- than in the paper-based reading across all grades. Students used their score in a reading assignment as an evaluation tool to assess performance in the computer- and paper-based reading condition. These findings suggest that the utilization of prior information, integration of multimedia and verbal signals, and comfort level with the reading medium all influenced students' SRL decision-making.