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Chest trauma incidence is increasing worldwide, and it requires attention as it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, chest trauma is the second most common cause of mortality and a major cause of disability and hospitalization. Our main aim is to systematically review the prevalence, pattern, causes, manner, morbidity, and mortality of chest trauma in the Middle East among adults. This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Screening of the relevant articles was done by using databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 128 articles were found as a result of searching the databases and reviewing the reference lists. Finally, nine articles met the inclusion criteria. Most of the victims were males, as reported by all studies in this systemic review. The most common cause of chest trauma was road traffic accident (RTA), as described in seven out of the nine included studies. The pattern of chest trauma included pneumothorax, hemothorax, hemopneumothorax, lung contusion, flail chest, rib fracture, and diaphragmatic injury. The rate of mortality and morbidity following chest trauma varied among the studies. However, most of the studies revealed higher rates of morbidity than mortality. Chest trauma carries economic and social burdens, and it is a serious issue, especially in males in the second to third decades. Preventive measures should be considered to decrease the prevalence of chest trauma and its related complications., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, AlSulaiman et al.)

BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that is strongly associated with thymoma. Although the presence of myasthenia gravis with other tumors is uncommon, approximately 50% of patients with thymoma have myasthenia gravis. Thymic Hodgkin lymphoma should be considered due to the multiple reported cases of patients with myasthenia gravis and Hodgkin lymphoma. In this report, we present the case of 24-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis who was incidentally found to have coexisting thymoma with thymic Hodgkin lymphoma. CASE REPORT A 24-year-old woman with a known case of vitiligo presented with a 2-year history of diplopia and incidental anterior mediastinal mass. Following investigations, myasthenia gravis was diagnosed and managed by pyridostigmine, prednisolone, and azathioprine. Regarding the anterior mediastinal mass, thymoma was suspected based on the presence of myasthenia gravis and radiological findings. She underwent extended transsternal thymectomy. The final histopathological report of the dissected thymus disclosed Hodgkin lymphoma pathology coexisting with thymoma. After the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma nodular sclerosis type IIA was confirmed, 6 cycles of chemotherapy were administered. Four years of follow-up revealed no evidence of Hodgkin lymphoma. However, her symptoms of myasthenia gravis persisted despite Hodgkin lymphoma remission. CONCLUSIONS There is an unclear association between myasthenia gravies and Hodgkin lymphoma. Prior reports revealed regression of myasthenia gravies following Hodgkin lymphoma management, which suggests that myasthenia could be a complication of Hodgkin lymphoma. However, in our case, myasthenia gravis persisted after Hodgkin lymphoma management; therefore, further studies are needed to explore this association.

BACKGROUND Mechanical and functional intestinal obstruction are serious postoperative complications. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) is an acute functional obstruction of the large intestine with various causes, including electrolyte disturbances, certain drugs, trauma, hypothyroidism, and, less often, certain procedures, such as abdominal, pelvic, orthopedic, cardiac, and, rarely, thoracic surgeries. It presents with abdominal distension without evidence of mechanical obstruction. This report is of a 66-year-old man with postoperative Ogilvie's syndrome 1 day after diaphragmatic plication surgery CASE REPORT We present a case of a 66-year-old man with no pre-existing chronic diseases who underwent diaphragmatic plication surgery performed to treat symptomatic diaphragmatic eventration, which was associated with chronic colonic dilation. One day after the procedure, the patient experienced hemodynamic instability, abdominal tenderness and distention, leukocytosis, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). An abdominal CT scan revealed massive colonic dilation with interposition of the splenic flexure into the diaphragm. Consequently, the patient underwent emergency exploratory laparoscopy, which was later converted to upper laparotomy, during which colonic decompression was performed without identifying any evidence of incarceration. Subsequently, colonic decompression was repeated via sigmoidoscopy, and no mechanical obstruction was found. Lastly, medical treatment was effective in improving the patient's condition CONCLUSIONS In this complicated case, identifying the definite diagnosis was challenging due to the unusual presentation. This rare case might contribute to recognizing a new risk factor for postoperative colonic obstruction, which is preoperative colonic dilation. Also, this case has highlighted the importance of promptly diagnosing postoperative Ogilvie's syndrome to prevent large-bowel perforation.

Objectives: Our goal was to evaluate the effect of thymectomy on the progression of thymolipomatous myasthenia gravis., Methods: An electronic search performed across PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases included all article types. We included 15 series comprising 36 cases that met specific criteria, including case reports or case series related to thymolipoma with a myasthenia gravis association, where thymectomy was cited as the primary intervention with postoperative reporting of the prognosis and articles written in the English language., Results: Our study included 17 men (47.2%) and 19 women (52.8%). Tumour sizes varied between 34 × 18 × 7 cm and 2.8 × 2.3 × 1.9 cm; the weight of the tumours ranged between 38 and 1780 g (mean 190, standard deviation 341). The surgical approaches were a median sternotomy in 29 patients (80.6%), a thoracotomy in 1 patient (2.8%), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in 2 patients (5.6%) and unreported approaches in 4 (11.1%) patients. The disease was entirely resolved with complete, stable remission in 5 patients (13.9%); symptoms were improved in 19 (52.8%) and stable in 10 patients (27.7%). We identified 2 groups of patients according to their improvement post-thymectomy (improved group and group with no change)., Conclusions: Although the cases were uncontrolled and did not demonstrate strong associations, they do support some hypotheses. We found a significant statistical difference between the 2 groups in terms of age, because younger patients tended to improve to a greater degree post-thymectomy. Also, we found that female patients with thymoma visible on the imaging scans were significantly associated with post-thymectomy myasthenia gravis improvement., Registration Number in Prospero: CRD42020173229., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.)

Introduction: Iatrogenic pneumothoracis, barotraumas, and tracheoesophageal fistulae, especially after prolonged intubation, and tracheal stenosis are all entities involving thoracic surgeons' consultation and management. With the surge of COVID-19 cases particularly in the critical care settings, various types of complications have been observed that require intervention from thoracic surgeons., Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was conducted in an academic healthcare institute in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. We included all COVID-19 cases admitted to ICU in the period between March 15, 2020, and August 15, 2020, requiring thoracic surgery consultation and management. Non-COVID-19 critical cases and iatrogenic pneumothorax were excluded., Results: Of 122 patients who were admitted to ICU with COVID-19, 18 patients (14.75%) required thoracic surgery consultation and management. We discovered a significant association between the outcomes and reintubation rates and the rate of pneumothorax occurrence. The survival analysis showed improvement in patients who had thoracostomy tube insertion as a management than the group who were treated conservatively. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the COVID ICU group who had thoracic complication and those who did not regarding the length of hospital stay., Conclusion: Noniatrogenic pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, and mediastinal emphysema are well-known thoracic entities, but their presence in the context of COVID-19 disease is a harbinger for worse prognosis and outcomes. The presence of pneumothorax may be associated with better prognosis and outcome compared to surgical and mediastinal emphysema., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Yasser Aljehani et al.)

BACKGROUND Thymolipoma, which was described initially by Hall in 1949, is an uncommon benign thymic tumor that represents around 9% of all thymic tumors. The incidence of thymolipoma is around 0.12 out of 100 000 cases per year, with a higher incidence in the younger age population. Thymolipoma incidence has been linked to different autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis, in half of the reported cases. There are 34 reported cases in the literatures documenting such a relationship between thymolipoma and myasthenia gravis. The exact pathogenesis is unclear. However, some genetic findings revealed the presence of myoid cells, which might play a vital role in this association. CASE REPORT A 56-years-old female known to have myasthenia gravis presented to the Emergency Department with acute congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke secondary to infected vegetation from the mitral valve. The patient underwent a semi-urgent mitral valve replacement surgery treating her cardiac presentation along with an extended thymectomy to control her myasthenia gravis disease. The final histopathological assessment of the removed thymus revealed a thymolipoma pathology. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of thymolipoma as an anterior mediastinal mass should be kept in mind when dealing with an older age group of myasthenia gravis patients on steroids. Concomitant heart surgery and thymectomy are feasible, and extended thymectomy is the treatment of choice for thymolipoma in myasthenia gravis patients with a better complete remission rate after resection. However, further comparative studies are needed for a more reliable conclusion of the postoperative myasthenia gravis response after resection.

Background: Cardiac surgery during pregnancy is reserved for cases of failure of medical treatment due to its detrimental maternal and fetal effects., Methods: Between March 2003 and December 2012, 23 pregnant women with severe valve malfunction required open heart surgery. The mean age was 30.3±4.9 years. Gestational age ranged from 14 to 39 weeks. Twenty patients (87%) presented with signs of right ventricular failure. The main presenting lesion was severe aortic stenosis in 3 patients (13%), mitral stenosis in 3 patients (13%), and stuck mechanical mitral valve prosthesis in 17 patients (73.9%)., Results: Fourteen patients were operated upon on emergency basis, and 9 patients on urgent basis. Two patients have continued their pregnancy to full term after cardiac surgery. Delivery was done immediately before surgery in 11 patients (47.8%). There were 10 intrauterine fetal deaths, all at gestational age below 28 weeks, 4 were confirmed before induction of anesthesia and 6 after surgery. There were 13 surviving babies, 7 premature babies (30.4%), and 6 full term babies (26.1%). Neonatal complications included respiratory distress syndrome in (38.5%) and prolonged hospital stay (46.2%). Maternal hospital morbidities included oliguria (65.2%), bleeding (30.4%), prolonged intensive care stay (56.5%), and prolonged hospital stay (26.2%). The in-hospital mortality was 8.7%., Conclusions: Urgent and emergency valve replacement in pregnant women can be achieved with good maternal morbidity and mortality; however, high incidence of fetal losses might be expected when surgery is performed at an early gestational age., (Copyright © 2014 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)