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The production of alternative and effective medicines is crucial given that antibiotic resistance is currently a global health concern. Several biochemical identification tests were used to screen for Staphylococcus aureusisolates. Analysis of Artemisia annuaextract was performed using a trace GC‒mass spectrometer, which revealed that the A. annuaextract contains numerous compounds, such as artemisinins, palmitic acid and other vital essential compounds that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The isolate st.8 was resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins; furthermore, MALDI-TOF/MS Biotyper® identified it as methicillin-resistant S. aureuswith confidence value 99.9% of mass spectrum compared with reference spectra. The synthesis of green silver nanoparticles based on A. annuaas a reducing agent was confirmed via partial characterizations: (HR-TEM), (XRD), (SEM), (EDX) and (FTIR) analysis. The significant of antibacterial activity of the new green material (AgNPs) was achieved by determining the agar well diffusion assay. Furthermore, compared with those in the Staphylococcus-infected group, a significant decrease in hematological parameters was observed, with an increase in antioxidant biomarkers, a decrease in interstitial tissue thickening by inflammatory cells, and a weak positive immune reaction in a few cells (TNF-α and iNOS) in rats. Overall, this study is a promising step toward the development of new and effective strategies for combating MRSA infections.

Bacteriocins secreted by some bacteria such as Enterococcaceaehas a protected role against Staph. aureuspneumonia. This study identified a new Enterococcussp. that produces efficient bacteriocin which attenuates Staph. aureuspneumonia in rats. Identification of Enterococcussp. was achieved according to Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology using 16S rRNA analysis. Bacteriocin was extracted, partially purified and characterized. Antagonistic activity of the bacterial cells or its bacteriocin was estimated in vitro against different pathogenic bacteria and in vivo with an animal experiment, where histopathological and hematological examinations were evaluated. The isolate was identified as Ent. faeciumER-3M, with accession number KY774316. It exhibits broad antimicrobial spectrum against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in vitro. Treatment of rats with bacterial cells or bacteriocin (500 Au mg−1), previously infected with Staph. aureus, significantly decreased the symptoms, WBCs, neutrophils, and liver functions. Histopathological examination of rat lung tissues revealed that treatment with probiotic bacteria and/or its bacteriocin can attenuate the pneumonic lesions caused by Staph. aureusbacteria. Partially purified bacteriocin was characterized by a large molecular weight of approximately 40 kDa a proteinous nature according to both Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and belongs to class III of bacteriocins termed enterolysin. Based on the results, the successful treatment of Ent. faeciumER-3M or its bacteriocin may be one of the promising treatments against Staph. aureuspneumonia.