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1. Burden of thyroid cancer in North Africa and Middle East 1990–2019

Author: Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sina Azadnajafabad, Negar Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Hamidreza Jamshidi, Ali H. Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Farshad Farzadfar, Bagher Larijani, GBD 2019 NAME Thyroid Cancer Collaborators, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Sina Abdollahzade, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Sima Afrashteh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Saba Alvand, Fazel Isapanah Amlashi, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Jalal Arabloo, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ali Bijani, Iman El Sayed, Iffat Elbarazi, Muhammed Elhadi, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Abbas Farmany, Ali Fatehizadeh, Azin Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Soheil Hassanipour, Mowafa Househ, Tahereh Javaheri, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Somayeh Livani, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Ahmad Azam Malik, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Sara Momtazmanesh, Paula Moraga, Zuhair S Natto, Maryam Noori, Ali Nowroozi, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Sima Rafiei, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Reza Rawassizadeh, Nima Rezaei, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Abdallah M Samy, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Brijesh Sathian, Saeed Shahabi, Sarvenaz Shahin, Elaheh Shaker, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Parnian Shobeiri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Iman M Talaat, Irfan Ullah, Rohollah Valizadeh, Bay Vo, Deniz Yuce, Iman Zare, and Ali H Mokdad
Subjects: north africa and middle east, thyroid cancer, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years, body mass index, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: BackgroundThyroid cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among cancers of the endocrine system. We aimed to describe the trends of thyroid cancer burden in North Africa and Middle East for 1990–2019.MethodsData on burden of thyroid cancer in North Africa and Middle East from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. Decomposition analysis was used to estimate the effects of population growth, aging, and change in incident numbers on overall change of thyroid cancer incidence. Also, we used the comparative risk assessment framework of GBD to determine the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to a high body mass index (BMI).ResultsIn 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of thyroid cancer were 3.5 (2.9–4) and 0.5 (0.5–0.7) per 100,000, respectively. The highest age-standardized incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate were in Lebanon, Afghanistan, and United Arab Emirates, respectively. The ASIR of thyroid cancer in region was about 2.5 times higher among women, which had a positive association with increasing age. In 2019, the age-standardized deaths attributable to a high BMI was 16.7% of all deaths due to thyroid cancer. In 1990–2019, the overall change in thyroid cancer incident cases was a 396% increase which was mostly driven by the increase in disease-specific incidence rate (256.8%).ConclusionsWomen, the elderly above about 60 years old, and countries with a higher sociodemographic index showed higher incidence rates of thyroid cancer. Regarding our findings, it is recommended to establish preventive plans by modification in life style like weight reduction programs.
Published: 2022
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2. Factors Predicting Outcome in Intensive Care Unit-Admitted COVID-19 Patients: Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Characteristics

Author: Aminreza Abkhoo, Elaheh Shaker, Mohammad-Mehdi Mehrabinejad, Javid Azadbakht, Nahid Sadighi, and Faeze Salahshour
Subjects: Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract: Purpose. To investigate the factors contributing to mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) and design a model to predict the mortality rate. Method. We retrospectively evaluated the medical records and CT images of the ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients who had an on-admission chest CT scan. We analyzed the patients’ demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings and compared them between survivors and nonsurvivors. Results. Among the 121 enrolled patients (mean age, 62.2 ± 14.0 years; male, 82 (67.8%)), 41 (33.9%) survived, and the rest succumbed to death. The most frequent radiologic findings were ground-glass opacity (GGO) (71.9%) with peripheral (38.8%) and bilateral (98.3%) involvement, with lower lobes (94.2%) predominancy. The most common additional findings were cardiomegaly (63.6%), parenchymal band (47.9%), and crazy-paving pattern (44.4%). Univariable analysis of radiologic findings showed that cardiomegaly p:0.04, pleural effusion p:0.02, and pericardial effusion p:0.03 were significantly more prevalent in nonsurvivors. However, the extension of pulmonary involvement was not significantly different between the two subgroups (11.4 ± 4.1 in survivors vs. 11.9 ± 5.1 in nonsurvivors, p:0.59). Among nonradiologic factors, advanced age p:0.002, lower O2 saturation p:0.01, diastolic blood pressure p:0.02, and hypertension p:0.03 were more commonly found in nonsurvivors. There was no significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in terms of laboratory findings. Three following factors remained significant in the backward logistic regression model: O2 saturation (OR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84–0.97), p:0.006), pericardial effusion (6.56 (0.17–59.3), p:0.09), and hypertension (4.11 (1.39–12.2), p:0.01). This model had 78.7% sensitivity, 61.1% specificity, 90.0% positive predictive value, and 75.5% accuracy in predicting in-ICU mortality. Conclusion. A combination of underlying diseases, vital signs, and radiologic factors might have prognostic value for mortality rate prediction in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients.
Published: 2021
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3. Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990–2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050

Author: Manuela L Ferreira, Katie de Luca, Lydia M Haile, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Garland T Culbreth, Marita Cross, Jacek A Kopec, Paulo H Ferreira, Fiona M Blyth, Rachelle Buchbinder, Jan Hartvigsen, Ai-Min Wu, Saeid Safiri, Anthony D Woolf, Gary S Collins, Kanyin Liane Ong, Stein Emil Vollset, Amanda E Smith, Jessica A Cruz, Kai Glenn Fukutaki, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Ahmed Abdelalim, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Ali Ahmadi, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Abayneh Tadesse Alamer, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Yousef Alimohamadi, Mansour Abdullah Alshehri, Mohammed Mansour Alshehri, Hosam Alzahrani, Saeed Amini, Sohrab Amiri, Hubert Amu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Benny Antony, Jalal Arabloo, Judie Arulappan, Ashokan Arumugam, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Nefsu Awoke, Sina Azadnajafabad, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Amadou Barrow, Akbar Barzegar, Lindsay M Bearne, Isabela M Bensenor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Andrew M Briggs, Chao Cao, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Flavia M Cicuttini, Benjamin Clarsen, Sarah Cuschieri, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Azizallah Dehghan, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Hoa Thi Do, Linh Phuong Doan, Michael Ekholuenetale, Muhammed Elhadi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Shahriar Faghani, Jawad Fares, Ali Fatehizadeh, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Richard Charles Franklin, Balasankar Ganesan, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Motuma Erena Getachew, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Tiffany K Gill, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Bhawna Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Pawan Kumar Hamal, Asif Hanif, Netanja I Harlianto, Hamidreza Hasani, Simon I Hay, Jeffrey J Hebert, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Alexander Kevin Hsiao, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Himal Kandel, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Md Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Ai Koyanagi, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Jeadran N Malagón-Rojas, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Narges Malih, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Ted R Miller, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Christopher J L Murray, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Javad Nazari, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Subas Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ali Nowroozi, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Emad Omer, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Mayowa O Owolabi, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Kee Park, Shrikant Pawar, Paolo Pedersini, Jeevan Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Mohammadreza Pourahmadi, Amir Radfar, Shahram Rahimi-Dehgolan, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Nazanin Rajai, Chythra R Rao, Vahid Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Zahed Rezaei, Leonardo Roever, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Basema Saddik, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Sana Salehi, Francesco Sanmarchi, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Elaheh Shaker, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Mohammed Shannawaz, Saurab Sharma, Maryam Shaygan, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Jeevan K Shetty, Rahman Shiri, Siddharudha Shivalli, Parnian Shobeiri, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Helen Slater, Marco Solmi, Ranjani Somayaji, Ker-Kan Tan, Rekha Thapar, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Rohollah Valizadeh, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Vasily Vlassov, Bay Vo, Yuan-Pang Wang, Taweewat Wiangkham, Lalit Yadav, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Iman Zare, Armin Zarrintan, Mohammad Zoladl, Theo Vos, Lyn M March, Surgery, Erasmus MC other, Public Health, and Pharmacy
Subjects: Rheumatology, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract: Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2023

4. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019

Author: Kevin S Ikuta, Lucien R Swetschinski, Gisela Robles Aguilar, Fablina Sharara, Tomislav Mestrovic, Authia P Gray, Nicole Davis Weaver, Eve E Wool, Chieh Han, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Amirali Aali, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Getachew Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Amir Parsa Abhari, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Juan Manuel Acuna, Tigist Demssew Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Alicia V Aleman, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Kasim Allel, Sami Almustanyir, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Arianna Maever L Amit, Nivedita Anandavelane, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Dewi Anggraini, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Timur Aripov, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Sameh Attia, Marcel Ausloos, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Darshan B B, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Indrajit Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Neeraj Bedi, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Rose G Bender, Bharti Bhandari, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Saeid Bitaraf, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jiao Cai, Daniela Calina, Paulo Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Rosario Cárdenas, Muge Cevik, Joshua Chadwick, Jaykaran Charan, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Patrick R Ching, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Xiaochen Dai, Saswati Das, Anna Dastiridou, Sisay Abebe Debela, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Diriba Dereje, Msganaw Derese, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Belay Desye, Kartik Dhaduk, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Eleonora Dubljanin, Susanna J Dunachie, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Hisham Atan Edinur, Habtamu Bekele Ejigu, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Hassan El-Abid, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Amir Emami, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Shahab Falahi, Aida Fallahzadeh, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, João C Fernandes, Allegra Ferrari, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Balasankar Ganesan, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Reza Ghanbari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Amador Goodridge, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Md. Abdul Hannan, Harapan Harapan, Shoaib Hassan, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie C D Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Linda Merin J, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Jayarajah, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Himal Kandel, Neeti Kapoor, Samad Karkhah, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Patrick DMC Katoto, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mona M Khater, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Niranjan Kissoon, Sonali Kochhar, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Fiorella Krapp Lopez, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Naveen Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Stephen S Lim, Wei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Michael J Loftus, Ayush Lohiya, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Galana Ayana Mamo, Yosef Manla, Miquel Martorell, Clara N Matei, Barney McManigal, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Neda Milevska Kostova, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Awoke Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Catrin E Moore, Maryam Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Shane Douglas Morrison, Majid Motaghinejad, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Getaneh Baye B Mulu, Sandra B Munro, Saravanan Muthupandian, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Himanshi Narang, Zuhair S Natto, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shumaila Naz, Ionut Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Jerry John Nutor, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Rahman Md Obaidur, Vivek Anand Ojha, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Nikita Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Shahina Pardhan, Jose L Paredes, Utsav Parekh, Eun-Cheol Park, Seoyeon Park, Ashish Pathak, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Minjin Peng, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Marcos Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Norberto Perico, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Indrashis Podder, Nayanum Pokhrel, Ramesh Poluru, Maarten J Postma, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Ibrahim Qattea, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Saber Raeghi, Sima Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Leila Rahbarnia, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Pradhum Ram, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Sowmya J Rao, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Misganu Teshoma Regasa, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Melese Abate Reta, Nazila Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Abanoub Riad, Rezaul Karim Ripon, Kristina E Rudd, Basema Saddik, Saeid Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Mohsen Safaei, Azam Safary, Sher Zaman Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Francesco Sanmarchi, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Pritik A Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Purva Sharma, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Ali Sheikhy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, K M Shivakumar, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Mustafa Kamal Sikder, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Damtew Damtew Solomon, Yimeng Song, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Miklós Szócska, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Elahe Taki, Ker-Kan Tan, Sarmila Tandukar, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Belay Negash Tefera, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Samar Tharwat, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Imad I Tleyjeh, Christopher E Troeger, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Jef Van den Eynde, H. 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Abba, Narang, Himanshi, Natto, Zuhair S, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Naz, Shumaila, Negoi, Ionut, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Ngwa, Che Henry, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nogueira de Sá, Antonio Tolentino, Noroozi, Nafise, Nouraei, Hasti, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nutor, Jerry John, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Obaidur, Rahman Md, Ojha, Vivek Anand, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Otstavnov, Nikita, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palicz, Tamá, Pana, Adrian, Pardhan, Shahina, Paredes, Jose L, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Seoyeon, Pathak, Ashish, Paudel, Rajan, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peng, Minjin, Pensato, Umberto, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Pereira, Marco, Peres, Mario F P, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, 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Rogier, Vaziri, Siavash, Verras, Georgios-Ioanni, Viswanathan, Harimadhav, Vo, Bay, Waris, Abdul, Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yaghoubi, Sajad, Yahya, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zahir, Mazyar, Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhong, Chenwen, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, Hay, Simon I, Dolecek, Christiane, Sartorius, Benn, Murray, Christopher J L, and Naghavi, Mohsen
Subjects: Male, Bacteria, Syndrome, Bacterial Infections, General Medicine, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, Sepsis, Humans, Female, Mortality, Child, Africa South of the Sahara
Abstract: Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.
Published: 2022

5. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Rajesh Sharma, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Sangeet Adhikari, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Armin Aryannejad, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ashish D Badiye, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bjørge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Tamiru Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Giuseppe Gorini, Avirup Guha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Farhad Islami, Masao Iwagami, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Joonas H Kauppila, Asma Kazemi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mahmoud Khodadost, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Ai Koyanagi, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Iván Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Prashant Mathur, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Walter Mendoza, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Zeinab Mokhtari, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Hae Sung Nam, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Sokking Ong, Samuel M Ostroff, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Reza Pakzad, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Sima Rafiei, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Kamal Ranabhat, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mandana Rastegar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Gholamreza Roshandel, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Basema Saddik, Hossein Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Amir Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Pouria Samadi, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mario Šekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sayed Mohammad Shafiee, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Elaheh Shaker, Maedeh Sharifian, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Marco Solmi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Elnaz Tabibian, Majid Taheri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Amir Taherkhani, Iman M Talaat, Ker-Kan Tan, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Bekele Tesfaye, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Massimiliano Veroux, Bay Vo, Theo Vos, Cong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Melat Woldemariam, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Chuanhua Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Mohammad Zoladl, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Sharma, Rajesh, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Rabu, Rami, Abidi, Hassan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Zoladl, Mohammad, GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, Sharma, R, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abidi, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Manuel Acuna, J, Adhikari, S, M Advani, S, Sohail Afzal, M, Aghaie Meybodi, M, Opoku Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, A Ahmed, L, Beshir Ahmed, M, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Mashhour Alanezi, F, M Alanzi, T, Alhalaiqa Naji 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D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Didehdar, M, Doaei, S, Phuong Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Eghbalian, F, Debela Ejeta, D, Ekholuenetale, M, Cyrus Ekundayo, T, El Sayed, I, Elhadi, M, Berhanie Enyew, D, Eyayu, T, Ezzeddini, R, Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, I, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fattahi, N, Fereidoonnezhad, M, Fernandes, E, Fetensa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Andras Gaal, P, M Gad, M, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Getachew, T, Ghamari, S, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Tamirat Gizaw, A, C Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Bekele Gonfa, K, Gorini, G, Guha, A, Gupta, S, Bala Gupta, V, Kumar Gupta, V, Haddadi, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Haque, S, Hariri, S, I Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, I Hay, S, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Stephen Ilesanmi, O, M Ilic, I, D Ilic, M, Islami, F, Iwagami, M, Ali Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Javaheri, T, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Prakash Jha, R, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kapoor, N, M Karaye, I, Karimi, A, H Kauppila, J, Kazemi, A, Keykhaei, M, Saleh Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, H, Seo Kim, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolahi, A, Reza Koohestani, H, A Kopec, J, Koteeswaran, R, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Anil Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Hasan Lami, F, Landires, I, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Lee, W, Yeh Lee, Y, Leong, E, Li, B, S Lim, S, W Lobo, S, A Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mahmoodpoor, A, Majeed, A, Malekpour, M, Malekzadeh, R, Azam Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Mathur, P, Kumar Meena, J, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mendoza, W, A Mentis, A, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Fekadu Worku Mijena, G, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Momeneh Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Abdulrahman Mohammed, T, Moka, N, H Mokdad, A, Mokhtari, Z, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Naghavi, M, David Naimzada, M, Sung Nam, H, S Natto, Z, Prakash Nayak, B, Nazari, J, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E, Negoi, I, Tat Nguyen, C, Hoang Nguyen, S, M Noor, N, Noori, M, Mohammad Ali Noori, S, Nu??ez-Samudio, V, Igwegbe Nzoputam, C, Oancea, B, Ololade Odukoya, O, Sikiru Oguntade, A, Okati-Aliabad, H, T Olagunju, A, O Olagunju, T, Ong, S, M Ostroff, S, Padron-Monedero, A, Pakzad, R, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pashazadeh Kan, F, K Patel, U, Paudel, U, B Pereira, R, Perumalsamy, N, G Pestell, R, Zahid Piracha, Z, G Pollok, R, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, S, Rahman, M, Masoud Rahmani, A, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ramezani-Doroh, V, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M, Rastegar, M, Laith Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Sadegh Razeghinia, M, N Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Roshandel, G, Mohamed Saber-Ayad, M, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, H, Saeed, U, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Salek Farrokhi, A, Salimi, A, Salimzadeh, H, Samadi, P, Samaei, M, M Samy, A, Sanabria, J, M Santric-Milicevic, M, Arif Nadeem Saqib, M, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Jayce Ceola Schneider, I, ekerija, M, G Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Mohammad Shafiee, S, Shaghaghi, Z, Shahabi, S, Shaker, E, Sharifian, M, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, K Shetty, J, Shirkoohi, R, Shobeiri, P, K Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Augusto Santos Silva, D, Silva Julian, G, Dinesh Singh, A, A Singh, J, Shahjahan Siraj, M, Reza Sivandzadeh, G, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Socea, B, Solmi, M, Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Szerencs??s, V, Sz??cska, M, 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M., Adhikari, S., Advani, S. M., Afzal, M. S., Aghaie Meybodi, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, L. A., Ahmed, M. B., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alhalaiqa, F. A. N., Alimohamadi, Y., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Alkhayyat, M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alvand, S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amini, S., Ancuceanu, R., Anoushiravani, A., Anoushirvani, A. A., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Arabloo, J., Aryannejad, A., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Athari, S. S., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Awedew, A. F., Awoke, M. A., Ayana, T. M., Azadnajafabad, S., Azami, H., Azangou-Khyavy, M., Azari Jafari, A., Badiye, A. D., Bagherieh, S., Bahadory, S., Baig, A. A., Baker, J. L., Banach, M., Barrow, A., Berhie, A. Y., Besharat, S., Bhagat, D. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Biondi, A., Bjorge, T., Bodicha, B. B. A., Braithwaite, D., Brenner, H., Calina, D., Cao, C., Cao, Y., Carreras, G., Carvalho, F., Cerin, E., Chakinala, R. C., Cho, W. C. S., Chu, D. -T., Conde, J., Costa, V. M., Cruz-Martins, N., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Danielewicz, A., Demeke, F. M., Demissie, G. D., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Didehdar, M., Doaei, S., Doan, L. P., Dodangeh, M., Eghbalian, F., Ejeta, D. D., Ekholuenetale, M., Ekundayo, T. C., El Sayed, I., Elhadi, M., Enyew, D. B., Eyayu, T., Ezzeddini, R., Fakhradiyev, I. R., Farooque, U., Farrokhpour, H., Farzadfar, F., Fatehizadeh, A., Fattahi, H., Fattahi, N., Fereidoonnezhad, M., Fernandes, E., Fetensa, G., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Foroutan, M., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gallus, S., Garg, T., Getachew, T., Ghamari, S. -H., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gholamalizadeh, M., Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J., Gizaw, A. T., Glasbey, J. C., Golechha, M., Goleij, P., Gonfa, K. B., Gorini, G., Guha, A., Gupta, S., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Haddadi, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halwani, R., Haque, S., Hariri, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassanipour, S., Hay, S. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hosseini, M. -S., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Iavicoli, I., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Islami, F., Iwagami, M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Javaheri, T., Jayawardena, R., Jebai, R., Jha, R. P., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kapoor, N., Karaye, I. M., Karimi, A., Kauppila, J. H., Kazemi, A., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khanali, J., Khayamzadeh, M., Khodadost, M., Kim, H., Kim, M. S., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kolahi, A. -A., Koohestani, H. R., Kopec, J. A., Koteeswaran, R., Koyanagi, A., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., La Vecchia, C., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Ledda, C., Lee, S. -W., Lee, W. -C., Lee, Y. Y., Leong, E., Li, B., Lim, S. S., Lobo, S. W., Loureiro, J. A., Lunevicius, R., Madadizadeh, F., Mahmoodpoor, A., Majeed, A., Malekpour, M. -R., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mantovani, L. G., Martorell, M., Masoudi, S., Mathur, P., Meena, J. K., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mendoza, W., Mentis, A. -F. A., Mestrovic, T., Miao Jonasson, J., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Mijena, G. F. W., Mirmoeeni, S., Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M., Mirzaei, H., Misra, S., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, E., Mohammadi, S., Mohammadi, S. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, T. A., Moka, N., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhtari, Z., Molokhia, M., Momtazmanesh, S., Monasta, L., Moradi, G., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Mubarik, S., Mulita, F., Naghavi, M., Naimzada, M. D., Nam, H. S., Natto, Z. S., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, S. H., Noor, N. M., Noori, M., Noori, S. M. A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nzoputam, C. I., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Oguntade, A. S., Okati-Aliabad, H., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Ong, S., Ostroff, S. M., Padron-Monedero, A., Pakzad, R., Pana, A., Pandey, A., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Patel, U. K., Paudel, U., Pereira, R. B., Perumalsamy, N., Pestell, R. G., Piracha, Z. Z., Pollok, R. C. G., Pourshams, A., Pourtaheri, N., Prashant, A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiei, S., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A. M., Rahmanian, V., Rajai, N., Rajesh, A., Ramezani-Doroh, V., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, K., Rashedi, S., Rashidi, A., Rashidi, M., Rashidi, M. -M., Rastegar, M., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawassizadeh, R., Razeghinia, M. S., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, N., Rezaei, S., Rezaeian, M., Rezazadeh-Khadem, S., Roshandel, G., Saber-Ayad, M. M., Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, H., Saeed, U., Sahebazzamani, M., Sahebkar, A., Salek Farrokhi, A., Salimi, A., Salimzadeh, H., Samadi, P., Samaei, M., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saqib, M. A. N., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Satpathy, M., Schneider, I. J. C., Sekerija, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Sha, F., Shafiee, S. M., Shaghaghi, Z., Shahabi, S., Shaker, E., Sharifian, M., Sharifi-Rad, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shetty, J. K., Shirkoohi, R., Shobeiri, P., Siddappa Malleshappa, S. K., Silva, D. A. S., Silva Julian, G., Singh, A. D., Singh, J. A., Siraj, M. S., Sivandzadeh, G. R., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Socea, B., Solmi, M., Soltani-Zangbar, M. S., Song, S., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabibian, E., Taheri, M., Taheriabkenar, Y., Taherkhani, A., Talaat, I. M., Tan, K. -K., Tbakhi, A., Tesfaye, B., Tiyuri, A., Tollosa, D. N., Touvier, M., Tran, B. X., Tusa, B. S., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Vacante, M., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Veroux, M., Vo, B., Vos, T., Wang, C., Westerman, R., Woldemariam, M., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yang, L., Yazdanpanah, F., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yunusa, I., Zadnik, V., Zahir, M., Zare, I., Zhang, Z. -J., Zoladl, M., Epidemiologie, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Subjects: Adult, MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, IMPACT, colorectal cancer, Colorectal Neoplasm, GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, HEREDITARY, Global Burden of Disease, Cancer screening, DISPARITIES, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Cancer treatment strategies, Risk Factors, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, COLON, Global studies, DALY, GBD, colorectal cancer, risk factors, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Early Detection of Cancer, Hepatology, MORTALITY, Gastroenterology, Cancer incidence rates, Middle Aged, Cancer burden, SURVIVAL, SEX, GENDER, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Colorectal Neoplasms, Human
Abstract: Correction to Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 627-47. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;7(8):704. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00210-2. PMID: 35809605. Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990-2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408-868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00-2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682-537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02-1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3-23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6-28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5-14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6-14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7-320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2-313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9-80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5-73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8-71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0-37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6-34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6-34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age
Published: 2022

6. Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality

Author: Borna Tadayon Najafabadi, Daniel G Rayner, Kamyar Shokraee, Kamran Shokraie, Parsa Panahi, Paravaneh Rastgou, Farnoosh Seirafianpour, Feryal Momeni Landi, Pariya Alinia, Neda Parnianfard, Nima Hemmati, Behrooz Banivaheb, Ramin Radmanesh, Saba Alvand, Parmida Shahbazi, Hojat Dehghanbanadaki, Elaheh Shaker, Kaveh Same, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdullah Malik, Ananya Srivastava, Peyman Nejat, Alice Tamara, Yuan Chi, Yuhong Yuan, Nima Hajizadeh, Cynthia Chan, Jamie Zhen, Dicky Tahapary, Laura Anderson, Emma Apatu, Anel Schoonees, Celeste E Naude, Lehana Thabane, and Farid Foroutan
Subjects: Pharmacology (medical)
Published: 2023

7. ‘Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model’

Author: Esmaeil Mohammadi, Moein Yoosefi, Elaheh Shaker, Elnaz Shahmohamadi, Erfan Ghasemi, Naser Ahmadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Nazila Rezaei, Sogol Koolaji, Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand, Sahar Mohammadi Fateh, Ameneh Kazemi, Rosa Haghshenas, and Negar Rezaei
Subjects: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Internal Medicine
Published: 2023

8. Health system performance in Iran: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Naghavi, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, William James Dangel, Nicole Davis Weaver, Arya Aminorroaya, Sina Azadnajafabad, Sogol Koolaji, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Negar Rezaei, Jaffar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Sina Abdollahzade, Hassan Abolhassani, Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi, Soodabeh Aghababaei, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Hesam Alizade, Saba Alvand, Saeed Amini, Sohrab Amiri, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Fereshteh Ansari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Zahra Aryan, Armin Aryannejad, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Ali A Asadi-Pooya, Zatollah Asemi, Samaneh Asgari, Saeed Asgary, Babak Asghari, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Elham Ashrafi, Zahra Atafar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Abolfazl Avan, Abbas Azadmehr, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Samad Azari, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Alireza Badirzadeh, Elham Bahrami, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Nastaran Barati, Mohsen Bayati, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Masoud Behzadifar, Ali Bijani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Shiva Borzouei, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Abdollah Dargahi, Ahmad Daryani, Jalal Davoodi Lahijan, Mojtaba Didehdar, Shirin Djalalinia, Saeid Doaei, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Mohammadreza Edraki, Amir Emami, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Shahriar Faghani, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamid Reza Farpour, Hossein Farrokhpour, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Mohammad Fereidouni, Masoud Foroutan, Mansour Ghafourifard, Azin Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Ali Gholami, Asadollah Gholamian, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Salime Goharinezhad, Pouya Goleij, Mostafa Hadei, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Sanam Hariri, Edris Hasanpoor, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Mohammad Hoseini, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Pooya Iranpour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Jalil Jaafari, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Morteza Jafarinia, Hamed Jafari-Vayghan, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Nader Jahanmehr, Mahsa Jalili, Roksana Janghorban, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Farahnaz Joukar, Ali Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Zahra Kamiab, Naser Kamyari, Behzad Karami Matin, Amirali Karimi, Salah Eddin Karimi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Maryam Keramati, Pedram Keshavarz, Mohammad Keykhaei, Ali Khaleghi, Mohammad Khammarnia, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Sajad Khosravi, Mina Khosravifar, Omid Khosravizadeh, Neda Kianipour, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Amirhosein Maali, Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi, Afshin Maleki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Kamyar Mansori, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Mohammad Reza Maracy, Abdoljalal Marjani, Sahar Masoudi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Hossein Masoumi-Asl, Mahsa Mayeli, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Fereshteh Mehri, Mohammad Miri, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Hamed Mirzaei, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Heidar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Shadieh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Noushin Mohammadifard, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Mohammad Mohseni, Amin Mokari, Sara Momtazmanesh, Abdolvahab Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Farhad Moradpour, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Abbas Mosapour, Shandiz Moslehi, Simin Mouodi, Mehdi Naderi, Homa Naderifar, Zhila Najafpour, Javad Nazari, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Leila Nemati-Anaraki, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Marzieh Nojomi, Maryam Noori, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Morteza Oladnabi, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Majid Pirestani, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Mohammadreza Pourahmadi, Hadis Pourchamani, Hadi Pourjafar, Akram Pourshams, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Sima Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Sina Rashedi, Vahid Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ramin Ravangard, Reza Rawassizadeh, Iman Razeghian-Jahromi, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Sofia B Redford, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Hossein Rezaei Aliabadi, Mohsen Rezaeian, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Aziz Rezapour, Hossein Rezazadeh, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Morteza Rostamian, Ehsan Sadeghi, Erfan Sadeghi, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Saeid Sadeghian, Hamid Safarpour, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Sarvenaz Salahi, Payman Salamati, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Yaser Sarikhani, Maryam Sarkhosh, Arash Sarveazad, Maryam Seyed-Nezhad, Omid Shafaat, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Sarvenaz Shahin, Elaheh Shaker, Saeed Shakiba, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Erfan Shamsoddin, Kiomars Sharafi, Sakineh Sharifian, Maryam Shaygan, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Amir Shiani, Kiarash Shirbandi, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Azad Shokri, Soraya Siabani, Ali Reza Sima, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Moslem Soofi, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Mohammadreza Tabary, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Amir Taherkhani, Masih Tajdini, Hamed Tavolinejad, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Amir Tiyuri, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Alireza Vakilian, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Bay Vo, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Zabihollah Yousefi, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Mazyar Zahir, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maryam Zamanian, Hamed Zandian, Alireza Zangeneh, Hadi Zarafshan, Fariba Zare, Ali Zare Dehnavi, Kourosh Zarea, Ahmad Zarei, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Arash Ziapour, Sina Zoghi, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Hamid Reza Jamshidi, Ali H Mokdad, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Ardeshir Khosravi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Reza Malekzadeh, and Bagher Larijani
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022

9. Factors Predicting Outcome in Intensive Care Unit-Admitted COVID-19 Patients: Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Characteristics

Author: Faeze Salahshour, Javid Azadbakht, Nahid Sadighi, Elaheh Shaker, Aminreza Abkhoo, and Mohammad-Mehdi Mehrabinejad
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Article Subject, RC86-88.9, business.industry, Pleural effusion, Mortality rate, Medical record, Vital signs, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Logistic regression, medicine.disease, Pericardial effusion, Intensive care unit, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Blood pressure, law, Internal medicine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Research Article
Abstract: Purpose. To investigate the factors contributing to mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) and design a model to predict the mortality rate. Method. We retrospectively evaluated the medical records and CT images of the ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients who had an on-admission chest CT scan. We analyzed the patients’ demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings and compared them between survivors and nonsurvivors. Results. Among the 121 enrolled patients (mean age, 62.2 ± 14.0 years; male, 82 (67.8%)), 41 (33.9%) survived, and the rest succumbed to death. The most frequent radiologic findings were ground-glass opacity (GGO) (71.9%) with peripheral (38.8%) and bilateral (98.3%) involvement, with lower lobes (94.2%) predominancy. The most common additional findings were cardiomegaly (63.6%), parenchymal band (47.9%), and crazy-paving pattern (44.4%). Univariable analysis of radiologic findings showed that cardiomegaly p : 0.04 , pleural effusion p : 0.02 , and pericardial effusion p : 0.03 were significantly more prevalent in nonsurvivors. However, the extension of pulmonary involvement was not significantly different between the two subgroups (11.4 ± 4.1 in survivors vs. 11.9 ± 5.1 in nonsurvivors, p : 0.59 ). Among nonradiologic factors, advanced age p : 0.002 , lower O2 saturation p : 0.01 , diastolic blood pressure p : 0.02 , and hypertension p : 0.03 were more commonly found in nonsurvivors. There was no significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in terms of laboratory findings. Three following factors remained significant in the backward logistic regression model: O2 saturation (OR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84–0.97), p : 0.006 ), pericardial effusion (6.56 (0.17–59.3), p : 0.09 ), and hypertension (4.11 (1.39–12.2), p : 0.01 ). This model had 78.7% sensitivity, 61.1% specificity, 90.0% positive predictive value, and 75.5% accuracy in predicting in-ICU mortality. Conclusion. A combination of underlying diseases, vital signs, and radiologic factors might have prognostic value for mortality rate prediction in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients.
Published: 2021

10. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Author: Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, University of Oxford (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Canada Research Chairs, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Wellcome Trust, NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Finlands Akademi (Finlandia), Panjab University (India), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Danish National Research Foundation, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), South African Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Charles Sturt University (Australia), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Mizoram University (India), Kasturba Medical College (India), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Collaborators, GBD 2020 Alcohol, Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa B, Griswold, Max G, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md, Abhilash, E S, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adhikari, Kishor, Adhikari, Sangeet, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Agegnehu, Wubetu Yimam, Aggarwal, Manik, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Md Zakiul, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Allel, Kasim, Alonso, Jordi, Alvand, Saba, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Firehiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amiri, Sohrab, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arabloo, Jalal, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Aryan, Zahra, Asaad, Malke, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Astell-Burt, Thoma, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre ayanore, Ayinde, Olatunde O, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, Balchut/bilchut, Awraris Hailu, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Belo, Lui, Bennett, Derrick A, Benseñor, Isabela M, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Blokhina, Elena A Elena, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Brunoni, Andre R, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Cao, Yin, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Andre F, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Cherbuin, Nicola, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chudal, Nandita, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Churko, Chuchu, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Costanzo, Simona, Cowden, Richard G, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daniel, Beniam Darge, Danielewicz, Anna, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, de Araujo, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Rei, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dehghan, Azizallah, Demetriades, Andreas K, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Diress, Mengistie, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Duko, Bereket, Duncan, Bruce B, Edvardsson, Kristina, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadimanesh, Azin, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farahmand, Fatemeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fentaw, Zinabu, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Galvano, Fabio, Ganesan, Balasankar, Garg, Tushar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu, Gemechu, Tadele Regasa, Getacher, Lemma, Getachew, Motuma Erena, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Getie, Asmare, Ghaderi, Amir, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghandour, Lilian A, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozy, Sherief, Glozah, Franklin N, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Godos, Justyna, Goel, Amit, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golitaleb, Mohamad, Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gudayu, Temesgen Worku, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hall, Brian J, Halwani, Rabih, Handiso, Tiilahun Beyene, Hankey, Graeme J, Hariri, Sanam, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hossain, Sahadat, Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Loui, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamalpoor, Zahra, Jamshidi, Elham, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jebai, Rime, Jeddi, Seyed Ali, Jema, Alelign Tasew, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jindal, Har Ashish, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabthymer, Robel Hussen, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel, Kapoor, Neeti, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Moien AB, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Narinder, Kumar, Nithin, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Jerrald, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lozano, Rafael, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Mahjoub, Soleiman, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Villa, Francisco A, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mcgrath, John J, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensink, Gert B M, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Atte, Merga, Bedasa Taye, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirijello, Antonio, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Yousef, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Mulugeta, Beemnet Tekabe, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Murray, Christopher J L, Mwita, Julius C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nepal, Samata, Neupane, Sudan Prasad Prasad, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Morae, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Jay, Pati, Siddhartha, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Peden, Amy E, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prashant, Akila, Quan, Jianchao, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rasali, Drona Prakash, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Saeid, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Roth, Gregory A, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghian, Reihaneh, Saeed, Umar, Saeedi, Farhad, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwarzinger, Michaël, Schwebel, David C, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahin, Sarvenaz, Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba, Shahrokhi, Shayan, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shiferaw, Damtew Solomon, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Shivarov, Velizar, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shrestha, Roman, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, Natacha Torres da, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Solmi, Marco, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Stein, Dan J, Subba, Sonu Hangma, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taheri, Majid, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tareke, Minale, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temesgen, Worku Animaw, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Tiruneh, Chalachew, Todorovic, Jovana, Torrado, Marco, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Vakilian, Alireza, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Varmaghani, Mehdi, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vos, Theo, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Cong, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wubetu, Abate Dargie, Xu, Suowen, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yesera, Gesila Endashaw E, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yimaw, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahir, Mazyar, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zmaili, Mohammad, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Bryazka, D, Reitsma, Mb, Griswold, Mg, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Kangevari, Ma, Kangevari, Za, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdullah, Am, Abhilash, E, Abu 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Nk, Feigin, Vl, Feldman, R, Feng, Xq, Fentaw, Z, Ferrero, S, Desideri, Lf, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, Jm, Franklin, Rc, Gaal, Pa, Gad, Mm, Gallus, S, Galvano, F, Ganesan, B, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, Mgd, Gebremeskel, Tg, Gebremichael, Ma, Gemechu, Tr, Getacher, L, Getachew, Me, Obsa, Ag, Getie, A, Ghaderi, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, Sh, Ghandour, La, Nour, Mg, Ghashghaee, A, Ghozy, S, Glozah, Fn, Glushkova, Ev, Godos, J, Goel, A, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gudayu, Tw, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, Vb, Gupta, Vk, Nejad, Nh, Mirzaian, Ah, Hall, Bj, Halwani, R, Handiso, Tb, Hankey, Gj, Hariri, S, Haro, Jm, Hasaballah, Ai, Moghaddam, Hh, Hay, Si, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Heyi, Dz, Hezam, K, Hlongwa, Mm, Holla, R, Hossain, Mm, Hossain, S, Hosseini, Sk, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, Gq, Huang, Jj, Hussain, S, Ibitoye, Se, Ilic, Im, Ilic, Md, Immurana, M, Irham, Lm, Islam, Mm, Islam, Rm, Islam, Sm, Iso, H, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jabbarinejad, R, Jacob, L, Jakovljevic, M, Jamalpoor, Z, Jamshidi, E, Jayapal, Sk, Jayarajah, Uu, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Jeddi, Sa, Jema, At, Jha, Rp, Jindal, Ha, Jonas, Jb, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, Jj, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabthymer, Rh, Kamble, Bd, Kandel, H, Kanno, Gg, Kapoor, N, Karaye, Im, Karimi, Se, Kassa, Bg, Kaur, Rj, Kayode, Ga, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khan, Ia, Ab Khan, M, Kim, H, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kimokoti, Rw, Kivimaki, M, Klymchuk, V, Knudsen, Ak, Kolahi, Aa, Korshunov, Va, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, N, Ben, Lacey, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lee, Sw, Lee, Wc, Lee, Yh, Lim, Ll, Lim, S, Lobo, Sw, Lopukhov, Pd, Lorkowski, S, Lozano, R, Lucchetti, G, Madadizadeh, F, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahumud, Ra, Makki, A, Malekpour, Mr, Manjunatha, N, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, Ma, Raga, Jm, Villa, Fam, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, Pk, Mayeli, M, Mcgrath, Jj, Meena, Jk, Nasab, Em, Menezes, Rg, Mensink, Gbm, Mentis, Afa, Meretoja, A, Merga, Bt, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, Jm, Miazgowski, B, de Sa, Acmgn, Miller, Tr, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, Em, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mobarakabadi, M, Moccia, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, E, Hafshejani, Am, Mohammed, Ta, Moka, N, Mokdad, Ah, Momtazmanesh, S, Moradi, Y, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Mullany, Ec, Mulugeta, Bt, Zamora, Em, Murray, Cjl, Mwita, Jc, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, Md, Nangia, V, Nayak, Bp, Negoi, I, Negoi, Ri, Nejadghaderi, Sa, Nepal, S, Neupane, Spp, Kandel, Sn, Nigatu, Yt, Nowroozi, A, Nuruzzaman, Km, Nzoputam, Ci, Obamiro, Ko, Ogbo, Fa, Oguntade, A, Aliabad, Ho, Olakunde, Bo, Oliveira, Gmm, Bali, Ao, Omer, E, Altamirano, Dvo, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, S, Oumer, B, Mahesh, Pa, Monedero, Ap, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Jonas, Sp, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Park, Ek, Parry, Cdh, Kan, Fp, Patel, J, Pati, S, Patton, Gc, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Peden, Ae, Petcu, Ir, Phillips, Mr, Pinheiro, M, Plotnikov, E, Pradhan, Pm, Prashant, A, Quan, Jc, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raghav, Pr, Movaghar, Vr, Rahman, A, Rahman, Mm, Rahman, M, Rahmani, Am, Rahmani, S, Ranabhat, Cl, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, Cr, Rasali, Dp, Rashidi, Mm, Ratan, Za, Rawaf, Dl, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Renzaho, Amn, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Riahi, Sm, Rodriguez, Er, Roth, Ga, Rwegerera, Gm, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, R, Saeed, U, Saeedi, F, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sahraian, Ma, Rahman, Ksu, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, Am, Sanmarchi, F, Milicevic, Mm, Sarikhani, Y, Sathian, B, Saya, Gk, Sayyah, M, Schmidt, Mi, Schutte, Ae, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, Dc, Seidu, Aa, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahin, S, Sanavi, F, Shahrokhi, S, Shaikh, Ma, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, Mz, Beyranvand, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, Ra, Shetty, A, Shetty, Jk, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, Km, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, Nb, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silva, Da, da Silva, Nt, Singh, Ja, Singh, S, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Sleet, Da, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Ym, Sorensen, Rjd, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, In, Stein, Dj, Subba, Sh, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, Rt, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, Kk, Tareke, M, Tarkang, Ee, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, Wa, Temsah, Mh, Thankappan, Kr, Thapar, R, Thomas, Nk, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, Mrt, Tran, Mtn, Llimos, St, Tripathy, Jp, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, Sb, Vasankari, Tj, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, Mt, Wang, C, Wang, Yz, Wang, Yp, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, Nd, Wubetu, Ad, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, Gee, Yigit, A, Yimaw, Ae, Yon, Dk, Yonemoto, N, Yu, Ch, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Zj, Zhong, Cw, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, Ymh, Gakidou, E, Madureira-Carvalho, Am, Ciobanu, LG, Gakidou, Emma, and GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators
Subjects: Adult, Male, Alcohol Drinking, CONTROL POLICIES, adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, NDAS, ALL-CAUSE, GUIDELINES, GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, Medicine, General & Internal, DRINKING, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, DRINKERS, Child, Preschool, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, METAANALYSIS, MCC, Science & Technology, global burden of disease, Risk Factor, General Medicine, CANCER, alcohol drinking, AC, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, REDUCED MORTALITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the support for intellectual contributions to this manuscript by the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. L Belo acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. D Bennett is supported by the UK Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). M Carvalho acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. L Castro-de-Araujo was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Grant no. MR/T03355X/1 and by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant no. R01MH128911. FJ Elgar is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program. F Greaves acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for NW London. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. VB Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported by the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education –Project, Postdoc2MUNI “(No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). S M S Islam is funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and received funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution has been co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. M Kivimaki was supported by the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S011676/1), the US National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477), and the Academy of Finland (350426). K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B Lacey acknowledges support from the UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). G Lucchetti received a productivity scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development — CNPq (Level 1D). J McGrath was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professor). J McGrath is employed by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), which receives support from the Queensland Health Department. C Parry acknowleges the South African Medical Research Council. A Peden is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship (Grant ID: APP2009306). M R Phillips was supported in part by the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases - National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). M Pinheiro acknowledges FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória. A Rahman acknowledges the support from the Data Science Research Unit in Charles Sturt University (Bathurst, NSW, Australia). U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University (Cairo, Egypt) and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. N Senthil Kumar acknowledges the DBT, New Delhi sponsored Advanced State Level Biotech Hub (BT/NER/143/SP44475/2021), Mizoram University (Aizawl, Mizoram, India) for facilitating this work. F Sha is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20190929172835662). A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College (Mangalore, India) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal, India) for all the academic support. R Shrestha acknowledges a career development award from the National Institutes of Health (K01DA051346). D Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq - Brazil (309589/2021-5). D Sleet acknowledges partial support from Veritas Management Group, Inc and The Bizzell Group, LLC. S Trias-Llimós acknowledges research funding from the Juan de la Cierva-Formación program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC-2019-039314-I). Sí
Published: 2022

11. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sharma, R, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abidi, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Manuel Acuna, J, Adhikari, S, M Advani, S, Sohail Afzal, M, Aghaie Meybodi, M, Opoku Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, A Ahmed, L, Beshir Ahmed, M, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Mashhour Alanezi, F, M Alanzi, T, Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, F, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Mohamed Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, M Al-Raddadi, R, Alvand, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anoushiravani, A, Arash Anoushirvani, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Aryannejad, A, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Shamsadin Athari, S, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Fentahun Awedew, A, Ayenew Awoke, M, Mulatu Ayana, T, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami, H, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, D Badiye, A, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Amin Baig, A, L Baker, J, Banach, M, Barrow, A, Yirga Berhie, A, Besharat, S, S Bhagat, D, Srikanth Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, S Bhojaraja, V, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bj??rge, T, Boda Abule Bodicha, B, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Calina, D, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Cerin, E, Chandra Chakinala, R, S Cho, W, Chu, D, Conde, J, Marisa Costa, V, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Danielewicz, A, Mekonnen Demeke, F, Debalkie Demissie, G, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Didehdar, M, Doaei, S, Phuong Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Eghbalian, F, Debela Ejeta, D, Ekholuenetale, M, Cyrus Ekundayo, T, El Sayed, I, Elhadi, M, Berhanie Enyew, D, Eyayu, T, Ezzeddini, R, Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, I, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fattahi, N, Fereidoonnezhad, M, Fernandes, E, Fetensa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Andras Gaal, P, M Gad, M, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Getachew, T, Ghamari, S, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Tamirat Gizaw, A, C Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Bekele Gonfa, K, Gorini, G, Guha, A, Gupta, S, Bala Gupta, V, Kumar Gupta, V, Haddadi, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Haque, S, Hariri, S, I Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, I Hay, S, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Stephen Ilesanmi, O, M Ilic, I, D Ilic, M, Islami, F, Iwagami, M, Ali Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Javaheri, T, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Prakash Jha, R, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kapoor, N, M Karaye, I, Karimi, A, H Kauppila, J, Kazemi, A, Keykhaei, M, Saleh Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, H, Seo Kim, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolahi, A, Reza Koohestani, H, A Kopec, J, Koteeswaran, R, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Anil Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Hasan Lami, F, Landires, I, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Lee, W, Yeh Lee, Y, Leong, E, Li, B, S Lim, S, W Lobo, S, A Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mahmoodpoor, A, Majeed, A, Malekpour, M, Malekzadeh, R, Azam Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Mathur, P, Kumar Meena, J, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mendoza, W, A Mentis, A, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Fekadu Worku Mijena, G, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Momeneh Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Abdulrahman Mohammed, T, Moka, N, H Mokdad, A, Mokhtari, Z, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Naghavi, M, David Naimzada, M, Sung Nam, H, S Natto, Z, Prakash Nayak, B, Nazari, J, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E, Negoi, I, Tat Nguyen, C, Hoang Nguyen, S, M Noor, N, Noori, M, Mohammad Ali Noori, S, Nu??ez-Samudio, V, Igwegbe Nzoputam, C, Oancea, B, Ololade Odukoya, O, Sikiru Oguntade, A, Okati-Aliabad, H, T Olagunju, A, O Olagunju, T, Ong, S, M Ostroff, S, Padron-Monedero, A, Pakzad, R, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pashazadeh Kan, F, K Patel, U, Paudel, U, B Pereira, R, Perumalsamy, N, G Pestell, R, Zahid Piracha, Z, G Pollok, R, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, S, Rahman, M, Masoud Rahmani, A, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ramezani-Doroh, V, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M, Rastegar, M, Laith Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Sadegh Razeghinia, M, N Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Roshandel, G, Mohamed Saber-Ayad, M, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, H, Saeed, U, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Salek Farrokhi, A, Salimi, A, Salimzadeh, H, Samadi, P, Samaei, M, M Samy, A, Sanabria, J, M Santric-Milicevic, M, Arif Nadeem Saqib, M, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Jayce Ceola Schneider, I, ??ekerija, M, G Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Mohammad Shafiee, S, Shaghaghi, Z, Shahabi, S, Shaker, E, Sharifian, M, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sheikhbahaei, 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Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Armin Aryannejad, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ashish D Badiye, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bj??rge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Nat??lia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar 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Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bj??rge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Nat??lia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Tamiru Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Giuseppe Gorini, Avirup Guha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Farhad Islami, Masao Iwagami, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Joonas H Kauppila, Asma Kazemi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mahmoud Khodadost, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Ai Koyanagi, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Iv??n Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Prashant Mathur, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Walter Mendoza, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Zeinab Mokhtari, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Hae Sung Nam, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Virginia Nu??ez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Sokking Ong, Samuel M Ostroff, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Reza Pakzad, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Sima Rafiei, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Kamal Ranabhat, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mandana Rastegar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Gholamreza Roshandel, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Basema Saddik, Hossein Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Amir Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Pouria Samadi, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mario ??ekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sayed Mohammad Shafiee, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Elaheh Shaker, Maedeh Sharifian, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Marco Solmi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Vikt??ria Szerencs??s, Mikl??s Sz??cska, Rafael Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Elnaz Tabibian, Majid Taheri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Amir Taherkhani, Iman M Talaat, Ker-Kan Tan, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Bekele Tesfaye, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Massimiliano Veroux, Bay Vo, Theo Vos, Cong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Melat Woldemariam, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Chuanhua Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, and Mohammad Zoladl
Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990–2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408–868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00–2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682–537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02–1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3–23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6–28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5–14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6–14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7–320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2–313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9–80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5–73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8–71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0–37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6–34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6–34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 199
Published: 2022

12. Effect of Storage Temperature and Time on Stability of Liver Enzymes in Blood Serum

Author: Ameneh Shayanrad, Reza Malekzadeh, Shahin Merat, Shadi Kolahdoozan, Hosein Poustchi, Elaheh Shaker, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, and Maryam Sharafkhah
Subjects: Adult, Male, Serum, 030213 general clinical medicine, Time Factors, Physiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Blood serum, Liver enzyme, Enzyme Stability, Linear regression, Humans, Medicine, Prospective Studies, Aged, Blood Specimen Collection, business.industry, Temperature, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Serum samples, Liver, Blood Preservation, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Linear Models, Female, business
Abstract: Background: It is increasingly common to collect and store specimens for future unspecified research. However, the effects of prolonged storage on the stability and quality of analytes in serum have not been well investigated. We aimed to determine whether the stability of liver enzymes extracted from frozen bio-samples stored at the baseline is affected by storage conditions. Methods: A total of four liver enzymes in the sera of 400 patients were examined following storage. After deter-mining the baseline measurements, the serum of each patient was aliquoted and stored at −70°C for three and six months, as well as one, two, and five years after collecting the original sample. The percent change from baseline measurements was calculated both statistically and clinically. Linear models were also used to correct the results of the samples based on the time they were frozen. Results: In almost all samples, liver enzymes were detectable until two years after the baseline, while in a signifi-cant proportion of samples, enzymes were not ultimately detectable five years after the baseline. Linear regression analysis on log-transformed levels of enzymes shows that the performance is acceptable until one year after the baseline. The performance of the prediction model declines substantially two and five years after the baseline, except for GGT. Conclusion: Long-term storage of serum samples significantly decreases the concentration of the liver enzymes from the baseline, except for GGT. It is not recommended to store samples for more than two years, as liver en-zymes are not detectable afterwards.
Published: 2020

13. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Márcia Carvalho, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Aaron J Cohen, Joao Conde, Sandra Cortés, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Anna Danielewicz, An Thi Minh Dao, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Saswati Das, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Elham Davtalab Esmaeili, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Biniyam Demisse, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Afshin Derakhshani, Meseret Derbew Molla, Diriba Dereje, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, Rupak Desai, Markos Desalegn Desalegn, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Gashaw Dessie, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Paul Narh Doku, Deepa Dongarwar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Tim Robert Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sareh Edalati, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Donatus U Ekwueme, Maha El Tantawi, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hesham Elghazaly, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Tegegne Eshetu, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa-Montero, Farshid Etaee, Azin Etemadimanesh, Tahir Eyayu, Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Saman Fahimi, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Jawad Fares, Abbas Farmany, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Wafa Fatima, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Allegra Allegra Ferrari, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Roham Foroumadi, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Muktar A Gadanya, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Nasrin Galehdar, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Mariana Gaspar Fonseca, Yosef Haile Gebremariam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Melaku Getachew, Motuma Erena Getachew, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Fariba Ghassemi, Ajnish Ghimire, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Sherief Ghozy, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat T Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Mohamad Golitaleb, Giuseppe Gorini, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Giuseppe Grosso, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Mekdes Kondale Gurara, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Adel Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S Halboub, Aram Halimi, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Sanam Hariri, Netanja I Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Abbas M Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Zahra Heidarymeybodi, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Marianne Holm, Nobuyuki Horita, Mohammad Hoseini, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Fernando N Hugo, Ayesha Humayun, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Kaire Innos, Pooya Iranpour, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Md Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Farhad Islami, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Linda Merin J, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Shahram Jalilian, Elham Jamshidi, Sung-In Jang, Chinmay T Jani, Tahereh Javaheri, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Bedru Jemal, Wonjeong Jeong, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Farima Kahe, Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Farin Kamangar, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Eswar Kandaswamy, Himal Kandel, HyeJung Kang, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Abinet Gebremickael Kebede, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gemechu Gemechu Kejela, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Maryam Keramati, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari, Mehdi Khezeli, Mahmoud Khodadost, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Miloslav Klugar, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Pavel Kolkhir, Farzad Kompani, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Akshay Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Carlo La Vecchia, Arista Lahiri, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Bagher Larijani, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Ayush Lohiya, Platon D Lopukhov, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R Mafi, Sameh Magdeldin, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Morteza Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022

14. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Brittney S Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Haya Altawalah, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Daniel Atlaw, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Sayna Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Nastaran Barati, Amadou Barrow, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Shu Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Benjamin C Cowie, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Mohammed Gebre Dedefo, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mojtaba Didehdar, Linh Phuong Doan, Fariba Dorostkar, Thomas M Drake, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Hossein Farrokhpour, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gaidhane, Natalie C Galles, Silvano Gallus, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Aima Gilani, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Max G Griswold, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Rabih Halwani, Saeed S Hamid, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Jessica Y Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, 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Subjects: Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Liver Neoplasms, Gastroenterology, Humans, Bayes Theorem, HBV, Global burden of diseases, HCC, Cirrhosis, Child, Hepatitis B, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

15. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Abdelazeem M Algammal, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Musa Mohammed Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Adel Al-Jumaily, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Saif Aldeen S AlRyalat, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, John H Amuasi, Dickson A Amugsi, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Engi F Attia, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Tewachew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Samad Azari, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, 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Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Eyal Oren, Erika Ota, Nikita Otstavnov, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Reza Pakzad, Tamás Palicz, Anamika Pandey, Suman Pant, Shahina Pardhan, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Rajan Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Minjin Peng, Gavin Pereira, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, David M Pigott, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Vivek Podder, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Hamid Pourasghari, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Mathieu Raad, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Saber Raeghi, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Mehran Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Obaidur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Pradhum Ram, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Juwel Rana, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Usha Rani, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Marissa B Reitsma, Andre M N Renzaho, Mohsen Rezaeian, Abanoub Riad, Reza Rikhtegar, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Emma L B Rogowski, Luca Ronfani, Kristina E Rudd, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Azam Safary, Sher Zaman Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Sateesh Sakhamuri, Sana Salehi, Muhammad Salman, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Maryam Sarkhosh, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Allen Seylani, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Hina Shamshad, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Asaad Sharhani, Azam Sharifi, Purva Sharma, Ali Sheidaei, Suchitra M Shenoy, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, K M Shivakumar, Siddharudha Shivalli, Parnian Shobeiri, Wudneh Simegn, Colin R Simpson, Harpreet Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Prashant Sood, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Muhammad Suleman, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Elahe Taki, Iman M Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Sarmila Tandukar, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Azene Tesfaye, Degefa Gomora Tesfaye, Belay Tessema, Rekha Thapar, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Imad I Tleyjeh, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Derara Girma Tufa, Irfan Ullah, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Rohollah Valizadeh, Constantine Vardavas, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Yu Wang, Abdul Waris, T Eoin West, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Xiaoyue Xu, Sajad Yaghoubi, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Alireza Zandifar, Moein Zangiabadian, Heather J Zar, Iman Zare, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Armin Zarrintan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Wu Zeng, Mengxi Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zoladl, Alimuddin Zumla, Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, Mohsen Naghavi, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Kyu, H. H., Vongpradith, A., Sirota, S. B., Novotney, A., Troeger, C. E., Doxey, M. C., Bender, R. G., Ledesma, J. R., Biehl, M. H., Albertson, S. B., Frostad, J. J., Burkart, K., Bennitt, F. B., Zhao, J. T., Gardner, W. M., Hagins, H., Bryazka, D., Dominguez, R. -M. V., Abate, S. M., Abdelmasseh, M., Abdoli, A., Abdoli, G., Abedi, A., Abedi, V., Abegaz, T. M., Abidi, H., Aboagye, R. G., Abolhassani, H., Abtew, Y. D., Abubaker Ali, H., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Zaid, A., Adamu, K., Addo, I. Y., Adegboye, O. A., Adnan, M., Adnani, Q. E. S., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, A. R., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, J. Q., Ahmed Rashid, T., Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M., Al Hamad, H., Albano, L., Aldeyab, M. A., Alemu, B. M., Alene, K. A., Algammal, A. M., Alhalaiqa, F. A. N., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, B. A., Ali, L., Ali, M. M., Ali, S. S., Alimohamadi, Y., Alipour, V., Al-Jumaily, A., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Al-Rifai, R. H. 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D, Anbesu, E, Ansar, A, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Areda, D, Argaw, A, Argaw, Z, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, R, Asemahagn, M, Athari, S, Atlaw, D, Attia, E, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Awoke, T, Ayana, T, Ayanore, M, Azadnajafabad, S, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari, S, Azari Jafari, A, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghcheghi, N, Bagherieh, S, Baig, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bashiri, A, Bassat, Q, Batiha, A, Belachew, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhatt, P, Bhojaraja, V, Bhutta, Z, Bhuyan, S, Bijani, A, Bitaraf, S, Bodicha, B, Briko, N, Buonsenso, D, Butt, M, Cai, J, Camargos, P, Camera, L, Chakraborty, P, Chanie, M, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Ching, P, Choi, S, Chong, Y, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cobb, N, Cohen, A, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dagnaw, F, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dao, A, Debela, S, Demisse, B, Demisse, F, Demissie, S, Dereje, D, Desai, H, Desta, A, Desye, B, Dhingra, S, Diao, N, Diaz, D, Digesa, L, Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, dos Santos, W, Dsouza, H, Dubljanin, E, Durojaiye, O, Edinur, H, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Desouky, E, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, Elkhapery, A, Emami, A, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Etaee, F, Ezati Asar, M, Fagbamigbe, A, Falahi, S, Fallahzadeh, A, Faraj, A, Faraon, E, Fatehizadeh, A, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, A, Fetensa, G, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Foroutan, M, Gaal, P, Gaidhane, A, Gaihre, S, Galehdar, N, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremichael, M, Gela, Y, Gemeda, B, Gessner, B, Getachew, M, Getie, A, Ghamari, S, Ghasemi Nour, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, A, Ghosh, R, Ghozy, S, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Gorini, G, Goulart, A, Goyomsa, G, Guadie, H, Gudisa, Z, Guled, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Guta, A, Habibzadeh, P, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hannan, M, Harorani, M, Hasaballah, A, Hasani, H, Hassan, A, Hassani, S, Hassanian-Moghaddam, H, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Heyi, D, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hong, S, Horita, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hoveidamanesh, S, Huang, J, Hussein, N, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Ismail, N, Iwagami, M, Jaafari, J, Jamshidi, E, Jang, S, Javadi Mamaghani, A, Javaheri, T, Javanmardi, F, Javidnia, J, Jayapal, S, Jayarajah, U, Jayaram, S, Jema, A, Jeong, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, K, V, Kabir, Z, Kacimi, S, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kamble, B, Kandel, H, Kanko, T, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karkhah, S, Kassa, B, Katoto, P, Kaur, H, Kaur, R, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keykhaei, M, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khan, Y, Khatatbeh, M, Khosravifar, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, M, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kochhar, S, Kompani, F, Koohestani, H, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kurmi, O, Kuttikkattu, A, Lal, D, Lam, J, Landires, I, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Liu, G, Liu, W, Lodha, R, Lorenzovici, L, Lotfi, M, Loureiro, J, Madadizadeh, F, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahmoudi, R, Mahmoudimanesh, M, Majidpoor, J, Makki, A, Malakan Rad, E, Malik, A, Mallhi, T, Manla, Y, Matei, C, Mathioudakis, A, Maude, R, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Melese, A, Memish, Z, Mendoza-Cano, O, Mentis, A, Meretoja, T, Merid, M, Mestrovic, T, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sa, A, Mijena, G, Minh, L, Mir, S, Mirfakhraie, R, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza, A, Mirza, M, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Misganaw, A, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, M, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mohseni, M, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moniruzzaman, M, Montazeri, F, Moore, C, Moradi, A, Morawska, L, Mosser, J, Mostafavi, E, Motaghinejad, M, Mousavi Isfahani, H, Mousavi-Aghdas, S, Mubarik, S, Murillo-Zamora, E, Mustafa, G, Nair, S, Nair, T, Najafi, H, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Natto, Z, Nayak, B, Nejadghaderi, S, Nguyen, H, Niazi, R, Nogueira de Sa, A, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, C, Nzoputam, O, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, O, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, A, Okonji, O, Olagunju, A, Olufadewa, I, Omar Bali, A, Omer, E, Oren, E, Ota, E, Otstavnov, N, Oulhaj, A, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pakzad, R, Palicz, T, Pandey, A, Pant, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Peng, M, Pereira, G, Perna, S, Perumalsamy, N, Petcu, I, Pigott, D, Piracha, Z, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Postma, M, Pourasghari, H, Pourtaheri, N, Qadir, M, Raad, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Raeghi, S, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, A, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmanian, V, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranasinghe, P, Rani, U, Rao, S, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, M, Rasul, A, Ratan, Z, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, M, Redwan, E, Reitsma, M, Renzaho, A, Rezaeian, M, Riad, A, Rikhtegar, R, Rodriguez, J, Rogowski, E, Ronfani, L, Rudd, K, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeed, U, Safary, A, Safi, S, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Sakhamuri, S, Salehi, S, Salman, M, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Sarkhosh, M, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saya, G, Seidu, A, Seylani, A, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shaker, E, Shamshad, H, Sharew, M, Sharhani, A, Sharifi, A, Sharma, P, Sheidaei, A, Shenoy, S, Shetty, J, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shirzad-Aski, H, Shivakumar, K, Shivalli, S, Shobeiri, P, Simegn, W, Simpson, C, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Siwal, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Song, Y, Sood, P, Sreeramareddy, C, Steiropoulos, P, Suleman, M, Tabatabaeizadeh, S, Tahamtan, A, Taheri, M, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taki, E, Talaat, I, Tampa, M, Tandukar, S, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tefera, Y, Temesgen, G, Temsah, M, Tesfaye, A, Tesfaye, D, Tessema, B, Thapar, R, Ticoalu, J, Tiyuri, A, Tleyjeh, I, Togtmol, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tufa, D, Ullah, I, Upadhyay, E, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Valizadeh, R, Vardavas, C, Vasankari, T, Vo, B, Vu, L, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Waris, A, West, T, Wickramasinghe, N, Xu, X, Yaghoubi, S, Yahya, G, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Zaman, B, Zandifar, A, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, H, Zare, I, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeng, W, Zhang, M, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Lim, S, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Brauer, M, Hay, S, Murray, C, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology
Subjects: Adult, Male, Global Health, Time, Global Burden of Disease, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Humans, Ambient air-quality, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, MCC, Sex Characteristics, Malnutrition, Pyridinolcarbamate, Bayes Theorem, 3rd-DAS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Infectious Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Child, Preschool, Female, Particulate Matter, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Covid-19, LRI
Abstract: Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Publisher PDF
Published: 2022

16. Injury burden in individuals aged 50 years or older in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Samar Al-Hajj, Sarah H Farran, Abla Mehio Sibai, Randah R Hamadeh, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Farideh Sadeghian, Zahra Ghodsi, Wael Alhajyaseen, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Salam Abdulqadir Abdulrahman, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Suliman A Alghnam, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Cyrus Alinia, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Saeed Amini, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Zahra Azadmanjir, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Sara Bagherieh, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Neeraj Bedi, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahra Chegini, Omar B Da'ar, Saad M A Dahlawi, Sajad Delavari, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Shirin Djalalinia, Saeid Doaei, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Mohamad Ezati Asar, Shahab Falahi, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Masoud Foroutan, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Reza Ghanbari, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Alireza Ghorbani, Syed Amir Gilani, Kimiya Gohari, Pouya Goleij, Michal Grivna, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Sajid Hameed, Asif Hanif, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Amr Hassan, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Huda Abu-Saad Huijer, Behzad Imani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mahsa Jalili, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Farahnaz Joukar, Ali Kabir, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Aziz Kamran, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Rovshan Khalilov, Mohammad Khammarnia, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Omid Khosravizadeh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Sogol Koolaji, Faris Hasan Lami, Savita Lasrado, Farzan Madadizadeh, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Mahdi Mahdavi, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Narges Malih, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Heidar Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Jalal Moludi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Maryam Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Farhad Moradpour, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Nazanin Mortazavi, Seyede Salehe Mortazavi, Houshang Najafi, Zhila Najafpour, Zuhair S Natto, Javad Nazari, Hasti Nouraei, Fatemeh Nouri, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Zahra Zahid Piracha, AliMohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Saber Raeghi, Hassan Rafieemehr, Sima Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Shahram Rahimi-Dehgolan, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Chythra R Rao, Vahid Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Reza Rawassizadeh, Seyed-Mansoor Rayegani, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Zahed Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Mohammad Saadati, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hamid Safarpour, Mahdi Safdarian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Payman Salamati, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Yaser Sarikhani, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Mehdi Sayyah, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sakineh Sharifian, Mohsen Shati, Hatem Samir Shehata, Ali Sheidaei, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Parnian Shobeiri, Soraya Siabani, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Mohammadreza Tabary, Elnaz Tabibian, Ensiyeh Taheri, Majid Taheri, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Amir Tiyuri, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Saif Ullah, Parviz Vahedi, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Bay Vo, Yasir Waheed, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Zabihollah Yousefi, Hossein Yusefi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian, Iman Zare, Arash Ziapour, and Ali H Mokdad
Subjects: Aged, 80 and over, Male, Health (social science), Traffic Safety, Injury prevention, Road Safety, Middle Aged, Global Burden of Disease, Older population, Psychiatry and Mental health, Life Expectancy, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk Factors, Humans, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Family Practice, Aged
Abstract: BackgroundInjury poses a major threat to health and longevity in adults aged 50 years or older. The increased life expectancy in the Eastern Mediterranean region warrants a further understanding of the ageing population's inevitable changing health demands and challenges. We aimed to examine injury-related morbidity and mortality among adults aged 50 years or older in 22 Eastern Mediterranean countries. MethodsDrawing on data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we categorised the population into adults aged 50–69 years and adults aged 70 years and older. We examined estimates for transport injuries, self-harm injuries, and unintentional injuries for both age groups, with sex differences reported, and analysed the percentage changes from 1990 to 2019. We reported injury-related mortality rates and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index were used to better understand the association of socioeconomic factors and health-care system performance, respectively, with injuries and health status in older people. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was compared with injury-related deaths and DALYs and to the SDI and HAQ Index to understand the effect of injuries on healthy ageing. Finally, risk factors for injury deaths between 1990 and 2019 were assessed. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) are given for all estimates. FindingsEstimated injury mortality rates in the Eastern Mediterranean region exceeded the global rates in 2019, with higher injury mortality rates in males than in females for both age groups. Transport injuries were the leading cause of deaths in adults aged 50–69 years (43·0 [95% UI 31·0–51·8] per 100 000 population) and in adults aged 70 years or older (66·2 [52·5–75·5] per 100 000 population), closely followed by conflict and terrorism for both age groups (10·2 [9·3–11·3] deaths per 100 000 population for 50–69 years and 45·7 [41·5–50·3] deaths per 100 000 population for ≥70 years). The highest annual percentage change in mortality rates due to injury was observed in Afghanistan among people aged 70 years or older (400·4% increase; mortality rate 1109·7 [1017·7–1214·7] per 100 000 population). The leading cause of DALYs was transport injuries for people aged 50–69 years (1798·8 [1394·1–2116·0] per 100 000 population) and unintentional injuries for those aged 70 years or older (2013·2 [1682·2–2408·7] per 100 000 population). The estimates for HALE at 50 years and at 70 years in the Eastern Mediterranean region were lower than global estimates. Eastern Mediterranean countries with the lowest SDIs and HAQ Index values had high prevalence of injury DALYs and ranked the lowest for HALE at 50 years of age and HALE at 70 years. The leading injury mortality risk factors were occupational exposure in people aged 50–69 years and low bone mineral density in those aged 70 years or older. InterpretationInjuries still pose a real threat to people aged 50 years or older living in the Eastern Mediterranean region, mainly due to transport and violence-related injuries. Dedicated efforts should be implemented to devise injury prevention strategies that are appropriate for older adults and cost-effective injury programmes tailored to the needs and resources of local health-care systems, and to curtail injury-associated risk and promote healthy ageing. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We acknowledge the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for funding this study.
Published: 2022

17. Monitoring Shoreline and Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Sandbanks Provincial Park Using Remote Sensing and Climate Data

Author: Esmaeil Kouhgardi, Mohammadali Hemati, Elaheh Shakerdargah, Hodjat Shiri, and Masoud Mahdianpari
Subjects: coastal erosion, land use, climate change, Sandbanks Provincial Park, shoreline, GIS, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract: Climate change-driven forces and anthropogenic interventions have led to considerable changes in coastal zones and shoreline positions, resulting in coastal erosion or sedimentation. Shoreline change detection through cost-effective methods and easy-access data plays a key role in coastal management, where other effective parameters such as land-use/land-cover (LULC) change should be considered. This paper presents a remotely sensed shoreline monitoring in Sandbanks Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, from 1984 to 2021. The CoastSat toolkit for Python and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network classifier were used for shoreline detection, and an unsupervised change detection framework followed by a postclassification change detection method was implemented for LULC classification and change detection. The study assessed the recent coastal erosion and accretion trends in the region in association with spatiotemporal changes in the total area of the West and East Lakes, the transition between LULC classes, extreme climate events, population growth, and future climate projection scenarios. The results of the study illustrate that the accretion trend apparently can be seen in most parts of the study area since 1984 and is affected by several factors, including lake water-level changes, total annual precipitations, sand movements, and other hydrologic/climatic parameters. Furthermore, the observed LULC changes could be in line with climate change-driven forces and population growth to accelerate the detected accretion trend in the East and West Lakes. In total, the synergistic interaction of the investigated parameters would result in a greater accretion trend along with a lower groundwater table amid even a low carbon scenario. The discussed findings could be beneficial to regional/provincial authorities, policymakers, and environmental advocates for the sustainable development of coastal communities.
Published: 2022
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17 results on '"Elaheh Shaker"'

1. Burden of thyroid cancer in North Africa and Middle East 1990–2019

2. Factors Predicting Outcome in Intensive Care Unit-Admitted COVID-19 Patients: Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Characteristics

3. Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990–2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050

4. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019

5. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

6. Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality

7. ‘Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model’

8. Health system performance in Iran: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

9. Factors Predicting Outcome in Intensive Care Unit-Admitted COVID-19 Patients: Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Characteristics

10. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

11. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

12. Effect of Storage Temperature and Time on Stability of Liver Enzymes in Blood Serum

13. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

14. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

15. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

16. Injury burden in individuals aged 50 years or older in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

17. Monitoring Shoreline and Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Sandbanks Provincial Park Using Remote Sensing and Climate Data

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17 results on '"Elaheh Shaker"'

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