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Objective Problematic use of the internet has been linked to emotional and sleep concerns, although relationships with specific types of internet use are less well understood. YouTube, as an online platform with video-watching features, may attract individuals to spend considerable time, for those experiencing problematic use be termed problematic use of social media (PUSM) or problematic use of YouTube (PUY). Therefore, the present study investigated relationships between PUSM/PUY, psychological distress, and insomnia among the Iranian adolescents. Methods An online survey comprising Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, YouTube Addiction Scale, Depression, Anxiety, Stress-21 Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index recruited 1352 participants. Results Results of Hayes’ Process Macro showed significant correlations between the two types of problematic use and insomnia, with psychological distress as a mediator (unstandardized coefficient = 0.096 and 0.100). Conclusion The findings implied the effect of psychological distress in mediating the relationships of PUSM and PUY to insomnia.

Abstract Objectives The present systematic review aimed to investigate how oral health related quality of life (OHQOL) associates with anxiety and depression. The study protocol was registered prospectively in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023389372). Materials and methods Studies investigating associations between OHQOL and depression and/or anxiety were included. Fisher’s Z scores were used to summarize associations between OHQOL and depression/anxiety. Funnel plots and Begg’s Tests were used to assess publication bias. Meta-regression was conducted to examine potential moderator effects in the associations. Academic databases including the ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, ProQuest and PubMed were systematically searched. The quality of included studies was checked with the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results All 15 included studies were cross-sectional (14,419 participants from nine countries; mean age=43.74 years). The pooled estimates showed weak associations between OHQOL and depression (Fisher’s z-score of 0.26 [95% CI = 0.17, 0.35; I2 = 96.2%; τ2 = 0.03]) and anxiety (Fisher’s z-score of 0.22 [95% CI = 0.001, 0.43; I2 = 97.9%; τ2 = 0.06]). No severe problems in methodology quality, publication biases, or moderator effects were observed. Conclusion Both depression and anxiety were weakly associated with individuals’ OHQOL. Although the synthesized associations were not strong, they were significant, indicating that depression and anxiety are potential factors influencing individuals’ OHQOL.

Abstract General and electronic health literacy are important factors engaging in healthy behaviors and maintaining good health. The present study explored demographic factors associated with general and electronic health literacy in the Iranian adult population. Via stratified cluster sampling, trained interviewers visited adult residents in Qazvin Province, Iran between January, and April 2022. The participants (N = 9775; mean age = 36.44 years; 6576 [67.3%] females) completed the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA) assessing health literacy and the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) assessing electronic health literacy. Demographic data, including age, gender, educational level, marital status, and living location (city or rural), were collected. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify the participants into different health literacy/electronic health literacy levels. The relationships between health literacy/electronic health literacy levels and demographic factors were examined using χ2 or analysis of variance. The LCA used HELIA scores to suggest five classes of health literacy and eHEALS scores to suggest three classes of electronic health literacy. For general and electronic health literacy, similar relationships were with demographic factors: females as compared with males had better general/electronic health literacy; younger people as compared with older people had better general/electronic health literacy; higher educational level was associated with better general/electronic health literacy; and city residents as compared with rural residents had better general/electronic health literacy. In conclusion, Iranian governmental agencies may wish to target on males, older adults, people with low educational level, and rural residents to improve their health literacy.

Abstract Background Health literacy and e‐health literacy are important factors helping people shape awareness of health behaviours in different aspects, including sleep hygiene behaviours. Good sleep hygiene behaviours promote sleep quality and are beneficial to overall mental wellbeing. Objective We aimed to examine if sleep hygiene behaviours may mediate the association between health literacy/e‐health literacy and mental wellbeing. Methods Adult Iranian subjects (n = 9775; mean [SD] age = 36.44 [11.97] years; 67.3% females) completed the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults, eHealth Literacy Scale, three items on sleep hygiene behaviour that have been used in prior research and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Data were then subjected to structural equation modelling (SEM) including 500 bootstrapping resampling to examine whether sleep hygiene is a mediator in the relationship between health literacy/e‐health literacy and mental wellbeing. Findings Both health literacy and e‐health literacy were significantly associated with mental wellbeing (r = .63 for health literacy and .39 for e‐health literacy; p

Background: Magnetization of water, as a factor that stimulates the other factors related to plant growth, is an affective physical solution on plant resistance and yield.Methods: In this case-control research, the effect of magnetized water on cadmium removal by Lantana camara was investigated. An experiment with completely randomized-block design was done to irrigate the plant pots using 3 levels of water treatment (W1: magnetic, W2: semi magnetized and W3 non-magnetized:) and 4 levels of cadmium 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L with 3 replications.Results: The results showed that the interaction effects of cadmium levels and irrigation water treatment on soil, shoot, and root cadmium content were significant. The amount of soil cadmium decreased by 39.49 percent by increasing the concentration of metal (2 mg/L) in irrigation water under the influence of magnetized water treatment. Evaluation of cadmium accumulation, adsorption index and transfer factor showed that the highest amount of them in the treatment of 2 mg / l cadmium in the surface of magnetized water was equal to 0.836, 0.034, and 1.654 respectively. The lowest shoot and root cadmium under the influence of magnetic water treatment was 0.559 and 0.303 (mg Kg-1), respectively, which was significant compared to non-magnetized water treatment. The enzyme activity of CAT (Catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase), phenol, phenoloid, and anthocyanin was increased by applying magnetic water treatment.Conclusion: Magnetized water by increasing the cadmium absorption by plants and stimulating the plant antioxidants had a significant effect on the absorption and transport of cadmium and increased the efficiency of refining plants by Lantana camara plant.

Objectives: Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among migrant and refugee groups is critical for achieving vaccine equity. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among migrant and refugee populations. Methods: A systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42022333337) was conducted (December 2019–July 2022) using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and Google Scholar. Results: Nineteen studies from 12 countries were included. The pooled estimated prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine willingness among migrant and refugee groups was 70% (19 studies, 95% CI: 62.3–77.4%, I2: 99.19%, τ2: 0.03). Female and male participants did not differ significantly with each other (p = 0.64). Although no individual variable contributed statistically significantly in multivariable meta-regression analysis, the multivariable model that considered methodological quality, mean age of participants, participant group and country of origin explained 67% of variance. Discussion: Proportions of migrant/refugee groups receiving COVID-19 vaccinations approximated those observed among general populations. Additional studies are needed to examine factors relating to vaccine willingness to identify the most significant factors that may be targeted in interventions.

The collected data included socio-demographic information and measurements of health literacy, e-health literacy, mental well-being, and sleep hygiene behaviors. The study aimed to provide insights regarding health literacy status and related factors in the general population residing in Qazvin province, Iran. The findings of the study will assist health authorities and policy makers in developing and implementing effective interventions, which in turn, improving health literacy in the community. Additionally, the findings can also aid health sector workers, including non-communicable disease researchers, public health experts, health education specialists, epidemiologists, and sociologists, in their work to improve health literacy and overall health outcomes among general population. Therefore, the present study used paper-pencil method with multi-stage cluster sampling to collect data. Trained research associates (n=25) collected data from 9775 people living in Qazvin province between January and April 2022. All the participants completed the study questionnaires using self-reported paper-pencil mode.

Background: Having a child is important event for families worldwide. Attitudes toward childbearing are influenced by many factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate Iranian women's attitude toward childbearing and its association with generalized trust, social support, marital satisfaction, mental health, and socio-economic characteristics in Qazvin province. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted between April and July 2022. Using convenience sampling, 347 women with no children or one child in Qazvin province (Iran) participated in the study. Data were collected via the Iranian online platform Porsline. The survey included a demographic and fertility characteristics questionnaire, Attitudes Toward the Government's Childbearing Incentives Scale (ATGCIS), Attitudes Toward Fertility and Childbearing Scale (ATFCS), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (ENRICH MSS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Generalized Trust Scale (GTS). Findings: The average age of participants was 35.66 years (SD = 6.89). The score of attitudes toward fertility and childbearing was 84.66 out of 134 (SD = 19.17). The average number of expected children by the couple was 2.36 (SD = 1.35). Multivariable linear regression found a positive and significant relationship between participants' attitudes toward fertility and childbearing (ATFC) and (i) governmental childbearing incentives (β = 0.365, p

BackgroundThe substantial increasing trend of binge drinking is a global alarm. Our aim was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies to explore the association of current smoking with binge drinking among adults.MethodsWe systematically searched Web of Knowledge; PubMed; Scopus; Embase and Ovid (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA, and PsycTests) (from inception to 27 May 2020) databases to identify cross-sectional studies of the association between current smoking and binge drinking. Study screening, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment were all carried out by two independent authors. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was pooled with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random effects model in the meta-analysis, followed by the investigation of the heterogeneity via Q-test and I2 statistic. We assessed publication bias using a funnel plot, the Egger’s, and Begg’s tests.ResultsWe identified 3,171 studies and included nine cross-sectional studies with 64,516 participants. A significant association was found between current smoking and binge drinking among both genders (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.98 to 4.45; I2 = 90.5%). Subgroup analysis showed that this association among women, men, Caucasians, and Asians/Africans were (AOR = 3.68; 95% CI = 1.03 to 13.18; I2 = 98.9%), (AOR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.87 to 3.42; I2 = 73.1%), (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01–1.83, I2 = 47.4%), and (AOR = 3.93; 95% CI: 2.99–5.17, I2 = 61.3%), respectively. There was no evidence of publication bias.ConclusionCurrent smoking is associated with binge drinking and can be used for identifying and screening binge drinkers. Moreover, this association is stronger among men, and Asians/Africans. This meta-analysis estimation was limited to English-language studies, and the full text of about 3.5% of reports for retrieval was not found, then generalization of the results should be done with caution.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria Zizanioides) in response to irrigation with magnetized water [in 3 levels including magnetized water, semi-magnetized water and non-magnetized water] and Pb from the source of Pb-Nitrate salt [in 4 levels including 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L). This study was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the central nursery of Green Area and Parks Organization Bandar Abbas Municipality, Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2020–21. A magnetic water generating device called a magnetic ion stirrer with an intensity of 110 Tesla was used in this study. The results showed that irrigation with the magnetized water significantly increased the growth and yield of vetiver, and uptake and translocation factor of Pb to the shoots. Increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants affected by the magnetized water was observed which led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated the plant defense system. In general, despite high accumulation of Pb in plant tissues evident from accumulation of ROS, but still vetiver growth and yield were not significantly affected, indicating the phyto-toxic tolerance of vetivar against Pb accumulation. It is concluded that irrigation with the magnetized water through stimulating the antioxidants of vetiver can improve the growth, yield, uptake and translocation of Pb and therewith increases the phytoremediation efficiency of Vetiver.

There were some errors in the original publication in the Abstract and Results sections [...]

Health literacy is important for health behavior engagement. Therefore, it is important to have a good instrument assessing health literacy with a theoretical framework. The present study aimed to examine the measurement invariance and differential item functioning (DIF) of a newly developed health literacy instrument; that is, the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch models were used to examine the data collected from a large Iranian sample (N = 9775; 67.3% females; mean age = 36.44 years). All the participants completed the HELIA. CFA was used to examine if the HELIA had a five-factor structure (including reading, access to information, understanding, appraisal, and decision making/behavioral intention factors) and multigroup CFA to examine if the five-factor structure of HELIA was invariant across gender, educational level, accommodation, and age subgroups. Rasch models were used to examine whether each factor of HELIA was unidimensional and DIF contrast in Rasch to examine if the HELIA items were interpreted similarly across the aforementioned subgroups. The CFA results supported the five-factor structure of HELIA, and the Rasch models verified that each HELIA factor is unidimensional. Additionally, multigroup CFA supported the measurement invariance of HELIA across the following subgroups: male vs. female; highly educated vs. poorly educated; city residents vs. suburban residents; and younger age vs. older age. The DIF contrasts in the Rasch models additionally showed that there are no substantial DIF items in the HELIA across aforementioned subgroups. Therefore, the HELIA is a feasible and comprehensive instrument assessing health literacy across different populations in Iran.

Marine sponges and soft corals have yielded novel compounds with antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities. Their mechanisms of action are poorly understood, and in most cases, little relevant experimental evidence is available on this topic. In the present study, we investigated whether agelasine D (compound 1) and three agelasine analogs (compound 2−4) as well as malonganenone J (compound 5), affect the physical properties of a simple lipid model system, consisting of dioleoylphospahtidylcholine and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine. The data indicated that all the tested compounds increased stored curvature elastic stress, and therefore, tend to deform the bilayer which occurs without a reduction in the packing stress of the hexagonal phase. Furthermore, lower concentrations (1%) appear to have a more pronounced effect than higher ones (5−10%). For compounds 4 and 5, this effect is also reflected in phospholipid headgroup mobility assessed using 31P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) values of the lamellar phases. Among the compounds tested, compound 4 stands out with respect to its effects on the membrane model systems, which matches its efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Future work that aims to increase the pharmacological usefulness of these compounds could benefit from taking into account the compound effects on the fluid lamellar phase at low concentrations.

Background: Sodium valproate (SV) has been approved for migraine prophylaxis and its intravenous form is used to treat acute migraine attacks. We compared the efficacy and safety of intravenous SV and subcutaneous Sumatriptan in managing acute migraine attacks. Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial divided 90 patients into two groups: one group received 400 mg of intravenous SV and the second group received 6 mg of subcutaneous Sumatriptan. Headache severity before treatment and half an hour, one hour, and two hours after treatment was measured based on the VNRS in the groups. Associated symptoms, i.e., photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting, were assayed on admission and 2 hours after treatment. Side effects of the drugs were checked 2 hours after injection. Obtained data from the groups were compared. Results: In both groups, pain decrement at the mentioned time points was significant (P0.05), indicating the similar effect of both drugs on pain improvement. In the SV group, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting were improved significantly, while in the Sumatriptan group, only photophobia and vomiting were decreased significantly, indicating the advantage of SV in improving the associated symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, facial paresthesia, and hypotension were more significantly frequent in the Sumatriptan group than in the SV group (P