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In this paper, we propose a smart contract-based multi-candidate self-tallying voting scheme in order to guarantee the privacy of ballots in the case of multiple candidates. This scheme uses the ElGamal cryptosystem to ensure the security of the ballots, and combines it with a Distributed Encryption algorithm to make the voting scheme have self-tallying features, and guarantees the correctness of the intermediate data through zero-knowledge proofs. The experimental results show that the scheme improves the voting efficiency without compromising the security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era marked by growing concerns about data security and privacy, the need for robust encryption techniques has become a matter of paramount importance. The primary goal of this study is to protect sensitive information during transmission while ensuring efficient and reliable decryption at the receiver's side. To generate robust and unique cryptographic keys, the proposed approach trains an autoencoder neural network based on hashing and optionally generated prime numbers in the MNIST dataset. The key serves as the foundation for secure communication. An additional security layer to the cryptographic algorithm passing through the first ciphertext, was employed utilizing the XORed and Blum-Blum-Shub (BBS) generators to make the system resistant to various types of attacks. This approach offers a robust and innovative solution for secure data transmission, combining the strengths of autoencoder-based key generation and cryptographic encryption. Its effectiveness is demonstrated through testing and simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging joint learning model, federated learning is a promising way to combine model parameters of different users for training and inference without collecting users’ original data. However, a practical and efficient solution has not been established in previous work due to the absence of efficient matrix computation and cryptography schemes in the privacy-preserving federated learning model, especially in partially homomorphic cryptosystems. In this paper, we propose a Practical and Efficient Privacy-preserving Federated Learning (PEPFL) framework. First, we present a lifted distributed ElGamal cryptosystem for federated learning, which can solve the multi-key problem in federated learning. Secondly, we develop a Practical Partially Single Instruction Multiple Data (PSIMD) parallelism scheme that can encode a plaintext matrix into single plaintext for encryption, improving the encryption efficiency and reducing the communication cost in partially homomorphic cryptosystem. In addition, based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and the designed cryptosystem, a novel privacy-preserving federated learning framework is designed by using Momentum Gradient Descent (MGD). Finally, we evaluate the security and performance of PEPFL. The experiment results demonstrate that the scheme is practicable, effective, and secure with low communication and computation costs.

Increasingly, the availability of personal genomic data in cloud servers hosted by hospitals and research centers has incentivized researchers to turn to research that deals with analyzing genomic data. This is due to its importance in detecting diseases caused by genetic mutations, detecting genes that carry genetic diseases, and attempting to treat them in future generations. Secure query execution on encrypted data is considered an active research area in which encryption is used to ensure the confidentiality of genomic data while restricting the ability to process such data without first decrypting it. To provide a secure framework and future insight into the potential contributions of homomorphic encryption to the field of genomic data, this paper proposes a framework for guaranteeing genomic data privacy using various partial homomorphic encryption techniques. By examining the characteristics of the three partial homomorphic encryptions based on different parameters. The framework has been online tested and compared based on different parameters. Three homomorphic encryption algorithms were adopted to ensure genomic data privacy by employing homomorphic operations in the query matching process. Experiments on real datasets, specifically MERS and SARSr-COV, showed that the proposed framework is efficient and improves query execution time by an average of 96% compared to existing work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a smart contract-based multi-candidate self-tallying voting scheme in order to guarantee the privacy of ballots in the case of multiple candidates. This scheme uses the ElGamal cryptosystem to ensure the security of the ballots, and combines it with a Distributed Encryption algorithm to make the voting scheme have self-tallying features, and guarantees the correctness of the intermediate data through zero-knowledge proofs. The experimental results show that the scheme improves the voting efficiency without compromising the security.

With the growing emphasis on privacy awareness, there is an increasing demand for privacy-preserving encrypted image retrieval and secure image storage on cloud servers. Nonetheless, existing solutions exhibit certain shortcomings regarding retrieval accuracy, the capacity to search large images from smaller ones, and the implementation of fine-grained access control. Consequently, to rectify these issues, the YOLOv5 technique is employed for object detection within the image, capturing them as localized images. A trained convolutional neural network (CNN) model extracts the feature vectors from the localized images. To safeguard the encrypted image rules from easy accessibility by third parties, the image is encrypted using ElGamal. In contrast, the feature vectors are encrypted using the skNN method to achieve ciphertext retrieval and then upload this to the cloud. In pursuit of fine-grained access control, a role-based multinomial access control technique is implemented to bestow access rights to local graphs, thereby achieving more nuanced permission management and heightened security. The proposed scheme introduces a comprehensive cryptographic image retrieval and secure access solution, encompassing fine-grained access control techniques to bolster security. Ultimately, the experiments are conducted to validate the proposed solution's feasibility, security, and accuracy. The solution's performance across various facets is evaluated through these experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of technology at the present time leads to an increase in the use of electronic commerce due to the increase in demand processes, whether selling or buying goods, products, services, or payment requests, and that the transfer of information the merchants is sensitive and important information, and this information or operations may be subject to penetration or attacks. In this research, we designed a protocol that integrates the Fernet algorithm and the ElGamal algorithm, and we use the Data Leakage Detection Technology (DLD) to safeguard e-commerce transaction data. This protocol provid high security for information, and the integration of algorithms provides high security and strong performance for information transactions that are difficult to hack. We incorporate encryption algorithms to achieve a high level of security and performance. The proposed protocol is higher in security and performance than the algorithms of previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic-commerce (e-commerce) has become a provider of distinctive services to individuals and companies due to the speed and flexibility of transferring orders and completing commercial deals across far and different places. However, due to the increasing attacks on penetrating transaction information or tampering with e-commerce requests, the interest in protecting this information and hiding it from tamperers has become extremely important. In addition, hacking these deals can cause a huge waste of money and resources. Moreover, large numbers of connected and disconnected networks can cause significant disruption to the built-in security measures. In this paper, we propose to design a protocol to protect transaction information based on ElGamal, advanced encryption standard (AES) and Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) techniques. In addition, our protocol ensures providing scalability with high-performance security measures. We combine these algorithms with a robust methodology that supports the balance of performance and security of the proposed protocol. An analysis of our results proves that our protocol is superior to existing security protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address a business need, most organizations allow employees to use their own devices to enhance productivity and job satisfaction. For this purpose, the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy provides controllable access for employees to organize data through their personal devices. Although the BYOD practice implies plenty of advantages, this also opens the door to a variety of security risks. This study investigates these security risks and proposes a complementary encryption approach with a digital signature that uses symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, depending on the organization's digital certificate, to secure sensitive information stored in employees' devices within the framework of BYOD policies. The method uses Advanced Encryption System (AES), Blowfish, RSA and ElGamal with a digital signature to achieve strong encryption and address critical security considerations such as user authentication, confidentiality and data integrity. The proposed encryption approach offers a robust and effective cryptographic solution for securing sensitive information in organizational settings that involve BYOD policies. The study includes experimental results demonstrating the proposed approach's efficiency and performance, with reasonable encryption and decryption times for different key and file sizes. The results of the study revealed that AES and Blowfish have the best execution time. AES has a good balance of security and performance. RSA performs better than ElGamal in encryption and signature verification, while RSA is slower than ElGamal in decryption. The study also provides a comparative analysis with previous studies of the four encryption algorithms, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing emphasis on privacy awareness, there is an increasing demand for privacy-preserving encrypted image retrieval and secure image storage on cloud servers. Nonetheless, existing solutions exhibit certain shortcomings regarding retrieval accuracy, the capacity to search large images from smaller ones, and the implementation of fine-grained access control. Consequently, to rectify these issues, the YOLOv5 technique is employed for object detection within the image, capturing them as localized images. A trained convolutional neural network (CNN) model extracts the feature vectors from the localized images. To safeguard the encrypted image rules from easy accessibility by third parties, the image is encrypted using ElGamal. In contrast, the feature vectors are encrypted using the skNN method to achieve ciphertext retrieval and then upload this to the cloud. In pursuit of fine-grained access control, a role-based multinomial access control technique is implemented to bestow access rights to local graphs, thereby achieving more nuanced permission management and heightened security. The proposed scheme introduces a comprehensive cryptographic image retrieval and secure access solution, encompassing fine-grained access control techniques to bolster security. Ultimately, the experiments are conducted to validate the proposed solution’s feasibility, security, and accuracy. The solution’s performance across various facets is evaluated through these experiments.

With increased interest in 6G (6th Generation) cellular networks that can support intelligently small-cell communication will result in effective device-to-device (D2D) communication. High throughput requirement in 5G/6G cellular technology requires each device to act as intelligent transmission relays. Inclusion of such intelligence relays and support of quantum computing at D2D may compromise existing security mechanisms and may lead towards primitive attacks such as impersonation attack, rouge device attack, replay attack, MITM attack, and DoS attack. Thus, an effective yet lightweight security scheme is required that can support existing low computation devices and can address the challenges that 5G/6G poses. This paper proposes a Lightweight ECC (elliptic curve cryptography)-based Multifactor Authentication Protocol (LEMAP) for miniaturized mobile devices. LEMAP is the extension of our previous published work TLwS (trust-based lightweight security scheme) which utilizes ECC with Elgamal for achieving lightweight security protocol, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. Multi-factor Authentication is based on OTP (Biometrics, random number), timestamp, challenge, and password. This scheme has mitigated the above-mentioned attacks with significantly lower computation cost, communication cost, and authentication overhead. We have proven the correctness of the scheme using widely accepted Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic and analyzed the performance of the scheme by using a simulator. The security analysis of the scheme has been conducted using the Discrete Logarithm Problem to verify any quantum attack possibility. The proposed scheme works well for 5G/6G cellular networks for single and multihop scenarios.

Summary: Due to the increasing number of people accessing their personal medical information online, it has raised concerns about the security of their data. Unauthorized access to patient's records can lead to disclosure of their privacy. There are various types of frauds that can affect the integrity of a patient's records such as theft of identity and tax fraud. It is therefore necessary to implement a secure data access and retrieval system in order to prevent these types of crimes. Security passwords are often the only barrier between hackers and users. Many of us often use the same ones for multiple accounts. Biometric passwords are more secure than traditional ones due to their ability to be created by observing a person's eyes. They can also be created with a secret key that's stored in an encrypted format. Proposed method combines a secure key with an optimized fuzzy extraction algorithm to provide high‐level security. The file is then encrypted using adaptive ElGamal and its digital signature is uploaded in cloud. Data recovery services are also introduced to help users keep their data secure using seed block algorithm (SBA). These services can be utilized to recover files once they get lost or get destroyed. The proposed security approach for back‐up files (SBA) can be used to minimize the time it takes for the recovery process. It also addresses the issue of unauthorized access to the data stored on remote servers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic-commerce (e-commerce) has become a provider of distinctive services to individuals and companies due to the speed and flexibility of transferring orders and completing commercial deals across far and different places. However, due to the increasing attacks on penetrating transaction information or tampering with e-commerce requests, the interest in protecting this information and hiding it from tamperers has become extremely important. In addition, hacking these deals can cause a huge waste of money and resources. Moreover, large numbers of connected and disconnected networks can cause significant disruption to the built-in security measures. In this paper, we propose to design a protocol to protect transaction information based on ElGamal, advanced encryption standard (AES) and Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) techniques. In addition, our protocol ensures providing scalability with high-performance security measures. We combine these algorithms with a robust methodology that supports the balance of performance and security of the proposed protocol. An analysis of our results proves that our protocol is superior to existing security protocols.

To address a business need, most organizations allow employees to use their own devices to enhance productivity and job satisfaction. For this purpose, the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy provides controllable access for employees to organize data through their personal devices. Although the BYOD practice implies plenty of advantages, this also opens the door to a variety of security risks. This study investigates these security risks and proposes a complementary encryption approach with a digital signature that uses symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, depending on the organization’s digital certificate, to secure sensitive information stored in employees’ devices within the framework of BYOD policies. The method uses Advanced Encryption System (AES), Blowfish, RSA and ElGamal with a digital signature to achieve strong encryption and address critical security considerations such as user authentication, confidentiality and data integrity. The proposed encryption approach offers a robust and effective cryptographic solution for securing sensitive information in organizational settings that involve BYOD policies. The study includes experimental results demonstrating the proposed approach’s efficiency and performance, with reasonable encryption and decryption times for different key and file sizes. The results of the study revealed that AES and Blowfish have the best execution time. AES has a good balance of security and performance. RSA performs better than ElGamal in encryption and signature verification, while RSA is slower than ElGamal in decryption. The study also provides a comparative analysis with previous studies of the four encryption algorithms, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

Now-a-days E-Learning System is very popular. But in this COVID-19 pandemic situation, it has become necessity. Classes, examinations, even result generation have all been done through online. But it involves several types of threats and risk factors as it is based on electronic communication media. To implement authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of the information, we must use suitable encryption technique. In this paper we have proposed an object oriented analysis and design of El Gamaldigital signature algorithm to implement authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of mark sheet which would be generated by the Admin for the student at the time of publishing the result of an examination. We also have analysed the performance using a standard object oriented metric such as Metric for Object Oriented Design (MOOD metric) to ensure the software quality as well as justifying the good software design of our proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encryption, which is essential for the protection of sensitive information can also transform any malicious content to illegible form, which can then reside in any network, undetected. Encryption of malicious payload is used by malware authors to mask their code, however, the objective of hiding the malicious code can be further improved by techniques of re-randomization. The concept of re-randomization using asymmetric cryptography has been emerged as a new area of interest for malware designers. Re-randomizing is a technique which can prevent detection of source path of a malware and makes it indistinguishable. This article extends the idea of using asymmetric cryptography for re-randomization and has proposed a novel scheme using Pailliar’s asymmetric cryptosystem. Moreover, this research work illustrates the limitations of RSA for malware re-randomization. A comprehensive performance analysis of the re-randomization techniques for various malware payloads is also presented, which can be used for the detection of re-randomized malware effectively.

A highly secure communication method is essential for end users for the exchange of information which is not interpreted by an intruder. Cryptography plays a crucial role in the current and upcoming digital worlds, for secure data transmission in wired and wireless networks. Asymmetric and symmetric cryptographic algorithms encrypt data against vulnerable attacks and transfer to authenticated users. Steganography is a method for providing secure information with the help of a carrier file (text, video, audio, image, etc.). This paper proposes Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)-based asymmetric algorithm which is used to encrypt the patient's secret information and its performance is compared with ElGamal, RSA and Diffie–Hellman (DH) cryptographic algorithms. The proposed asymmetric algorithm is applied to image steganography which is used for encrypting and concealing the patient's secret information in a cover image. The proposed method consumes less hardware resources with improved latency. Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) allows to transform a selective area rather than complete shutdown of the entire system during bitstream configuration. Cryptosystem with DPR is designed, synthesized in Xilinx Vivado and simulated in Vivado simulator. The design is targeted at Basys3, Nexys4 DDR and Zync-7000 all-programmable SOC (AP SoC) architectures and programmed with secure partial bit files to avoid vulnerable attacks in the channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An elliptic curve ElGamal encryption based location privacy-preserving scheme was proposed to address the location privacy problem of secondary users in collaborative spectrum sensing.Firstly,secondary users encrypted the original sensing reports using the ElGamal public key techniques on the elliptic curve and sent them to the trusted property authority.Secondly,the trusted property authority partially decrypted and randomized sensing reports and then sent the randomized sensing reports to the fusion center.Thirdly,the fusion center finally decrypted and got the original sensing reports.Finally,security of the scheme was analyzed.According to the scheme,the encryption method of sensing reports was based on public key cryptography on elliptic curve.And the trusted property authority randomized encrypted sensing reports.Thus the location privacy of secondary users can be protected.Meanwhile,this scheme effectively reduces communication and storage cost,compared with other schemes.In addition,this scheme also has fault tolerant and dynamic mechanism,which increases the practicability and feasibility.

An elliptic curve ElGamal encryption based location privacy-preserving scheme was proposed to address the location privacy problem of secondary users in collaborative spectrum sensing. Firstly, secondary users encrypted the original sensing reports using the ElGamal public key techniques on the elliptic curve and sent them to the trusted property authority. Secondly, the trusted property authority partially decrypted and randomized sensing reports and then sent the randomized sensing reports to the fusion center. Thirdly, the fusion center finally decrypted and got the original sensing reports. Finally, security of the scheme was analyzed. According to the scheme, the encryption method of sensing reports was based on public key cryptography on elliptic curve. And the trusted property authority randomized encrypted sensing reports. Thus the location privacy of secondary users can be protected. Meanwhile, this scheme effectively reduces communication and storage cost, compared with other schemes. In addition, this scheme also has fault tolerant and dynamic mechanism, which increases the practicability and feasibility.

In opportunistic networks, the nodes connect to each other wirelessly and use the store-carry-forward technique to transmit the data from one node to another node. The nodes in opportunistic networks are heterogeneous, having high mobility, limited power, low density, short radio range, and numerous security threats to unauthorized nodes. The fundamental challenge in an opportunistic network is to secure and protect the information during communication in networks to achieve the user's confidence. This issue is technically resolved by incorporating the cryptography algorithms that make both the virtual and modern world in a safer position. Asymmetric Cryptography makes information unintelligible to an unauthorized user and provides confidentiality to genuine users. Encryption and decryption technology are solutions to protect data from unauthorized users. There are many opportunistic network algorithms in the existing literature that provide optimal performance. However, in this research work, we propose the NTRU post-quantum algorithm because of its high performance, low cost, and fast execution during encryption and decryption of the data over the network. We also implemented and analyzed the performance of the proposed NTRU algorithm and compared its results with the Elliptic Curve Cryptography and ElGamal algorithm. After the result analysis, we conclude that our proposed technique is highly effective and secure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attacking or tampering with sensitive data continues to increase risks to economic processes or human activities. These risks are significant key factors to improve the development and implementation of security systems. Therefore, improving cryptography is essentially needed to enhance the security of critical data. For example, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) over the Galois field GF(2163) is one of the public-key (asymmetric) cryptographic techniques, in which demands mapping a message (163-bit) to a point in the prime subgroup of the elliptic curve. To the best of our knowledge, mapping methods are not yet available on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Also, asymmetric encryption schemes often do not consider encrypting/decrypting data packets because of their computation complexity and performance limitations. In this letter, we propose and develop a concurrent reconfigurable cryptosystem to encrypt and decrypt stream of data using ECC on FPGA. First, we present hardware design and implementation to map a plain message on the elliptic curve based on isomorphic transformation, then second, we architect the elliptic curve ElGamal public-key encryption method by using point addition and multiplication on Koblitz elliptic curve on FPGA. Our proposed cryptosystem is synthesized and implemented on Intel Cyclone 10 GX and Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGAs to evaluate throughput, and it achieves 25.73-57.1 Mbps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor node by reducing the energy consumption of each node, which in turn increases the lifetime of the network. Clustering with data aggregation is an effective technique to reduce the energy consumption. Besides prolonging the network lifetime, fulfilling security requirements is vital as wireless sensor nodes are generally applied in crucial application where security plays an important role. Sensor nodes are prone to node compromise and different attacks, so security issues are extremely important while communicating over the internet. The paper deals with the implementation of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and LEACH-CC protocol individually and with cryptographic algorithms Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA), ElGamal and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) in MATLAB. We also developed a program for encrypting and decrypting text files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the time public-key cryptography was introduced by Diffie andHellman in 1976, numerous public-key algorithms have been proposed. Some of thesealgorithms are insecure and the others that seem secure, many are impractical, eitherthey have too large keys or the cipher text they produce is much longer than theplaintext. This paper focuses on efficient implementation and analysis of two mostpopular of these algorithms, RSA and ElGamal for key generation and the encryptionscheme (encryption/decryption operation). RSA relies on the difficulty of primefactorization of a very large number, and the hardness of ElGamal algorithm isessentially equivalent to the hardness of finding discrete logarithm modulo a largeprime. These two systems are compared to each other from different parameters pointsof view such as performance, security, speed and applications. To have a goodcomparison and also to have a good level of security correspond to users need thesystems implemented are designed flexibly in terms of the key size.

Most of Safes lock system is still using conventional methods nowadays. The conventional method leads to the safes’ burglary. Some of the causes are the safes’ code that can be tracked easily and the key can be duplicated. Previous research on safes’ security has ever been done. The weakness of the study is there is no security system using cryptographic algorithms for data security. The development of a safes security system by implementing ElGamal algorithms is done by following the engineering approach with the stages of methods analysis and design system, implementation and testing of the analysis and the discussion of the overall system. In the analysis and design of mathematical models using ElGamal algorithms, uses fast powering theorems and applications design uses Object Oriented Programming. In the analysis of hardware refers to the datasheet and calculation of the value of electrical characteristics of the circuit. In the safes lock system, the outcome of the research is a safes prototype which is equipped with enhancements that include a series of processing algorithms, the data viewer, a wireless data transfer device, the Android smartphone as a system of user authorization. For the lock safes systems is using a locked solenoid. The control system is done by a lock safes android smartphone via Bluetooth communication. The test results also indicate the system will open the safes if the code and the public key is entered correctly, and the system will not open if one of the codes or the public-keys are wrong or both are wrong.

The idea of public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS), proposed by Boneh et al., enables one to send a trapdoor containing a encrypted keyword to query data without revealing the keyword. In Boneh et al.'s design, the trapdoor has to be transferred through a secure channel, which is both costly and inefficient. Baek et al. then proposed an efficient secure channel free public key encryption scheme with keyword search (SCF-PEKS). After that, vast amounts of research have focused on the protection against the off-line keyword guessing attack (OKGA) by enhancing the model. However, most of the PEKS/SCF-PEKS schemes developed so far are constructed by applying bilinear pairing and are susceptible to off-line keyword guessing attacks. In this paper, we propose a new SCF-PEKS scheme based on the ElGamal cryptosystem. The proposed scheme is not only secure against off-line keyword guessing attacks but also improves the efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptography is the science of writing messages in unknown form using mathematical models. In Cryptography, several ciphers were introduced for the encryption schemes. Recent research focusing on designing various mathematical models in such a way that tracing the inverse of the designed mathematical models is infeasible for the eve droppers. In the present work, the ELGamal encryption scheme is executed using the generator of a cyclic group formed by the points on choosing elliptic curve, finite state machines and key matrices obtained from the Fibonacci sequences.