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Introduction: Down Syndrome (DS) is a common cause of intellectual disability with a possible glial-neuronal disruption. We assessed the effects of Cerebrolysin on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with DS. Methods: This randomized controlled pilot trial included 64 infants with DS. They were allocated into a treatment group (n=32) who received weekly intramuscular Cerebrolysin injections for 12 months and a control group (n=32) who did not receive Cerebrolysin. We assessed the five domains of neurodevelopment (expressive communication, receptive communication, fine motor, gross motor, and cognitive development) for both groups at the ages of 6 months (basal visit), 12 months (first follow-up visit) and 18 months (second follow-up visit), using Bayley Scales of infant and toddler development (third edition). The secondary outcome was to detect the occurrence of Cerebrolysin-related side effects among the treatment group. Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Infants of both groups were matched with respect to gender, maternal level of education, their initial growth parameters, nutritional status, and socioeconomic status. No statistically significant differences existed between both groups regarding all neurodevelopmental domains on the basal visit, while on subsequent visits Z-scores improved in the treatment group, but not in the controls. Within the treatment group, there was a significant improvement in all domains at 12 and 18 months of age (p < 0.001). The improvement was mainly during the first 6 months of the study (p < 0.001 for all domains), and was best for fine motor and cognitive development. Only one infant in the treatment group developed fits and was ruled out from the study. Conclusion Weekly intramuscular injections of Cerebrolysin during the first year of life could possibly improve the neurodevelopmental outcomes and mental health in infants with DS. Further, large-scale studies are still needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cerebrolysin among this sector of disabled infants.

The search model suggested in this study uses a unit-speed nanosensor to track the fluid's randomly linear flow particle, starting at the real line's origin. The nanosensor oscillates passing through the origin point (towards right and left) in the presence of a sequence of random points, and the particle's position is always changing with a random waiting time that varies with the Gaussian jump length. We may be able to consider the search distance as a function of a discounted effort-reward parameter (factor) because of this uncertainty. We demonstrate analytically how this parameter affects proving the existence of this model and reducing the expected value of the first collision time before the nanosensor returns a particle to the origin. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this model, a numerical example is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a discrete search problem to detect a hidden target on one of the M-intersected real lines at the origin. The target position is a vector of independent random variables with a known multivariate probability distribution that is symmetric around the origin. From the available information about the probability of the target, we can consider one bounded interval as a search space on each line. To maximize the detection probability, we divide each interval into a number of small subintervals. Some subintervals have low target probabilities; thus, we delete them and distribute their probabilities among the searched subintervals. The problem has a discrete version where each line contains a set of independent search subintervals. The search effort is bounded by a normal distribution. More than obtaining the maximum detection probability, we also need to get the minimum search effort to detect the target. After studying the stability of the minimum search effort, we present an illustrative example to show the effectiveness of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple types of microorganisms impact people with immunological illnesses simultaneously. In the presence of antibiotic resistance and random fluctuations such as rapid changes in the environment, the synchronization growth density varies stochastically from one species to another. Therefore, in this work, we study the multivariate probability distribution of the density of all species at the same time. Using the principle of independence of growth density for each species, we provide the statistical properties of this distribution. Furthermore, we estimate the parameters of the intrinsic rates of antibiotic action and bacterial cell growth for each variety, along with the strength of the intra-competitive pressures influencing this distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to detect radionuclides and dangerous substances in a fractured medium with the least amount of time and maximum probability, this paper provides a revolutionary tracking model. It relies on a coordinated tracking strategy using set of programmed nano-sensors. The radionuclide particle has a linear flow from d-directions to spread in a single direction with Random Walk process. We assume that this particle has been spread over a short period of time along phantomic cylindrical path inside the fluid. Two nano-sensors will track or search along each cylinder's route, starting from any location in the fragmented medium (space). A vector of random variables with a known probability distribution makes up the particle's initial position. We add the discounted effort-reward track as a reduction parameter in the distance function. The expected value of the first meeting time between one of the nano-sensors and a Random walk target will be reduced as a result. We extract various supplementary results regarding the optimal tracking strategy in addition to presenting the analytical solution that demonstrates the existence of a finite tracking technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The high prevalence rates and persistently increasing burden of depression indicate that there are still many unmet needs in the management of depression. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is one of the main evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions for depression. Aim To evaluate the efficacy of short-term individual IPT in combination with pharmacotherapy, compared with pharmacotherapy alone, in the treatment of depression and assess its role in improving social functioning. Setting and design This study was conducted in Mansoura University hospitals and was an interventional randomized controlled trial. Patients and methods A total of 40 patients were recruited and randomized into either the interventional group or the control group. The interventional group received IPT in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. IPT was in the form of once weekly session for 12 weeks. Patients in the control group received treatment with an selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with appointments once every 2 weeks. Patients from both groups were assessed by the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Social Adjustment Scale Self-Report at the beginning and after 12 weeks. Statistical analysis IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results There were highly statistically significant improvements in depressive symptoms and in social functioning between the baseline assessments and after 12 weeks on the used scales in both groups. There was a trend for better improvement in the interventional group (IPT+pharmacotherapy) in depressive symptoms and in overall and specific domains of social functioning when compared with the control group. The interventional group showed statistically significant better improvements in social functioning when compared with the control group. Conclusions Combined IPT and pharmacotherapy shows clear benefits over pharmacotherapy alone, in both alleviating depressive symptoms and improvement of social functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]