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7. Enhancing Microwave Disinfection: Impact of Sodium Chloride on Microbial Inactivation

Author

Saleh A. Alfawaz, Ibrahim N. Alquaydheb, Amirreza Ghadimi Avval, Sara Ghayouraneh, Samir M. El-Ghazaly, Jianhong Zhou, and Yuchun Du

Subjects
Microwave disinfection, sodium chloride, solid state, microwave generator, microwave heating, sterilization, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971
Abstract

This study explores the role of sodium chloride (NaCl) in enhancing the efficiency of microbial inactivation using microwave energy with two distinct methods: temperature-controlled treatment and predefined cycle. The primary objective is to maintain a stable temperature within the biological samples during treatment. Detailed descriptions of the treatment system’s design and the function of each element are provided. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the heating behavior of liquids with and without NaCl, revealing significant differences in temperature profiles between the two media. The experimental design and the objective behind each iteration are discussed. The experimental design includes three different power levels to assess their impact on disinfection rates, with durations determined based on extensive preliminary experiments to identify the most effective combinations for microorganism elimination. The experiments aim to compare the efficiency of the temperature-controlled method and the predefined cycle in maintaining desired temperature ranges and enhancing microbial inactivation. A key aspect of the study is the significance of exposure time in temperature-controlled runs. It is observed that exposure time critically influences the inactivation performance, necessitating the design of predefined cycles to achieve more consistent and efficient microbial inactivation. Additionally, in this investigation, the system effectively disinfects three types of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and yeasts. The study also examines treatments across three different media to understand the influence of NaCl presence on microbial inactivation efficiency. These insights emphasize the critical importance of optimizing exposure time and incorporating NaCl in microwave-based disinfection processes to achieve more effective microbial inactivation.

Published
2024
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8. Response of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film to DC glow discharge plasma

Author

Omar F. Farag, Omar M. Kotb, M. El Ghazaly, and Naglaa M. EL-Sayed

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract The response of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film to DC Oxygen glow discharge plasma was investigated using a flatbed scanner and an UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The film was modified by removing the polyester overlaminate, adhesive, and topcoat layers with a total thickness of 80 µm, and is now referred to as EBT2-M. The EBT2-M films were exposed to DC Oxygen plasma for different durations: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 min. The exposed films exhibit coloration homogeneity with an average variation of (1.6 ± 0.3) × 10−4 pixel values/µm, irrespective of the applied exposure time. The pixel values of the red-and-green channels and weighted grayscale images decreased exponentially with different sensitivity amounts to $$\sim$$ ∼ 39.67, 49.69, and 42.11 min−1, respectively, as the exposure time increased. The two absorption peaks at 580 ± 4 nm and 632 ± 4 nm in the UV–Vis absorption spectra of the exposed GAFCHROMIC EBT2-M radiochromic films are increasing with increasing exposure time up to 4 min, thereafter saturated for prolonged exposure time. The integrated absorbance in the range from 400 to 700 nm is linearly correlated with the exposure time. The indirect and direct optical energy band gaps and Urbach energy of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film are weakly correlated with the exposure time. These findings suggest the utilization of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film as a novel and simple technique for plasma diagnostics.

Published
2024
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9. Overexpression of estrogen receptor beta and its prognostic significance among malignant pleural mesothelioma patients

Author

Mariam Helali, Ahmed Abdelmotal, Nagy S Gobran, Hesham El Ghazaly, Manal El Mahdy, and Khaled A Karim

Subjects
mesothelioma, er beta, prognostic, biomarkers, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract

Background The overexpression of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and its correlation with prognosis of malignant mesothelioma remains controversial and unexplored. This study aimed at studying ERβ expression in tumour tissue in patients with pleural mesothelioma and its association with clinical and pathological factors and survival analysis. Material and methods A prospective cohort study was conducted on patients who were diagnosed with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in Ain Shams university hospitals, the primary end point was to correlate ERβ overexpression that was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin tissue blocks with 1-year overall survival (OS) among MPM patients, the secondary endpoint was to correlate ERβ overexpression with 1-year progression free survival (PFS) and response to platinum-based chemotherapy among MPM patients. Results A total 42 MPM patients were included, High ERβ expression (modified Allred score 7-9) was reported in 9.5% of the patients (4 cases), moderate expression (modified Allred score 4-6) was reported in 28.6% of the patients(12 cases), weak and negative expression ( modified Allred score 0-3) was reported in 61% of the patients(26 cases), percent of ERβ positive cases was 69% of the total patients, there was no statistical difference as regard age (p value:0.8), sex(p value:0.4), stage (p value: 0.71), ECOG (p value :0.84) , histological subtype(p value:0.17) and response to platinum based treatment (p value:0.5) across the 3 groups of patients (high, moderate , weak and negative ER beta on tumour tissues) there was no statistically significant difference in OS and PFS for ERβ overexpression. Conclusion The overexpression of ERβ was not associated with improved OS or PFS in mesothelioma patients, despite high rate of ERβ positive cases in our analysis, larger sample size would be recommended for more solid conclusions

Published
2024
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12. A Proposed Keyword-Based Feature Extraction Approach for Labeling and Classifying Egyptian Mobile Apps Arabic Slang User Requirements Reviews

Author

Saudy, Rabab Emad, El-Ghazaly, Alaa El Din, Nasr, Eman S., Gheith, Mervat H., Akan, Ozgur, Editorial Board Member, Bellavista, Paolo, Editorial Board Member, Cao, Jiannong, Editorial Board Member, Coulson, Geoffrey, Editorial Board Member, Dressler, Falko, Editorial Board Member, Ferrari, Domenico, Editorial Board Member, Gerla, Mario, Editorial Board Member, Kobayashi, Hisashi, Editorial Board Member, Palazzo, Sergio, Editorial Board Member, Sahni, Sartaj, Editorial Board Member, Shen, Xuemin, Editorial Board Member, Stan, Mircea, Editorial Board Member, Jia, Xiaohua, Editorial Board Member, Zomaya, Albert Y., Editorial Board Member, Hou, Rui, editor, Huang, Huan, editor, Zeng, Deze, editor, Xia, Guisong, editor, A. Ghany, Kareem Kamal, editor, and Zawbaa, Hossam M., editor

Published
2023
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15. Characterising the senescence-like phenotype induced by the typhoid toxin of Salmonella Typhi

Author

El Ghazaly, Mohamed Tarek Mahmoud and Humphreys, Daniel

Abstract

Cellular senescence is an innate physiological mechanism crucial in development, wound healing and tumour suppression. It is characterised by an irreversible cell cycle arrest, resistance to apoptosis, and an inflammatory secretome that remodels bystander cells, referred to as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP acts in an autocrine or paracrine manner to reinforce senescence, transmit senescence to naive cells and activate immunosurveillance to remove cells of pathological potential. In ageing organisms, senescent cells accumulate, resulting in SASP-driven chronic inflammation, aberrant tissue homeostasis and immune functions, and age-related pathologies such as cancer. Ageing also comes with an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases but the cellular basis for this is unclear. Salmonella Typhi causes more than 11 million cases of drug-resistant typhoid fever cases each year that are spreading intercontinentally, making it a global health concern. The typhoid toxin of Salmonella Typhi causes DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and cell distension, which are indicative of senescence. Toxin-induced DNA damage is associated with mortality, typhoid fever symptoms and chronic Salmonella carriage in animal models, which aids in pathogen shedding and disease transmission. Therefore, dissecting the typhoid toxin virulence mechanism is of utmost importance. Using molecular and cellular biology, this thesis substantiates evidence that the typhoid toxin induces senescence in vitro marked by persistent DNA damage responses, increased senescence associated β-galactosidase, p21 activity, diminished lamin B1, and paracrine senescence via toxin-induced SASP (toxSASP). Interestingly, previous work in our lab demonstrated that toxSASP uniquely promoted Salmonella infection, while aphidicolin (APH), i.e. another senescence inducer, did not. This finding indicates that factors in the host secretome increase the susceptibility of bystander cells to Salmonella infection but the identity of the SASP factors are unknown. Using unbiased LC-MS/MS and GeneChip microarray transcriptomics, this thesis reveals toxSASP constituents which were divergent from other senescence inducers, namely APHSASP and ETPSASP. Additionally, in vitro experiments implicate potential crosstalk between TGFβ and Wnt5a signalling pathway in toxin-induced senescence phenotypes. Indeed, purified Activin A, a TGFβ ligand, and Wnt5A contributed to toxSASP paracrine senescence. Furthermore, TGFβ receptors knockdown via siRNAs ameliorated Salmonella invasion induced by toxSASP. In conclusion, this study reveals the first proteomic characterisation of a SASP induced by a bacterial toxin. The study represents a Salmonella hijacking mechanism via the TGFβ signalling pathway, which represents a novel host-pathogen interaction that may be of significance to invasive infections underlying typhoid fever and chronic carriage. This thesis is of broad significance as it reveals a way by which bacterial pathogens can reprogramme multicellular infection niches by hijacking the host secretome through DNA damage responses.

Published
2021

16. Influence of dislocations and twin walls in BaTiO3 on the voltage-controlled switching of perpendicular magnetization

Author

Goiriena-Goikoetxea, M, Xiao, Z, El-Ghazaly, A, Stan, CV, Chatterjee, J, Ceballos, A, Pattabi, A, Tamura, N, Conte, R Lo, Hellman, F, Candler, R, and Bokor, J

Subjects
Engineering, Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Materials Engineering, Chemical Sciences, Macromolecular and materials chemistry, Materials engineering, Condensed matter physics
Abstract

We investigate the influence of dislocations and twin walls in BaTiO3 on its ferroelectric response and the resulting effect on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of a strain-coupled [Co Ni]n film. A dense twinned structure in conjunction with a high dislocation density significantly reduces the converse piezoelectric effect of BaTiO3 by hindering the propagation of newly nucleated domains with an applied electric field. This, in turn, results in a modest reduction of the PMA of the ferromagnetic layer. On the other hand, the ferroelectric polarization reorients from [100] to [001] direction in a dislocation-free BaTiO3, inducing the maximum achievable in-plane compressive strain of 1.1%. A large fraction of this uniaxial strain is transferred to the magnetoelastically coupled ferromagnetic layers whose magnetization switches to in plane via the inverse magnetostriction effect. This work reveals the critical role of the interplay between twin walls and dislocations within a ferroelectric substrate in the performance of multiferroic heterostructures and provides insight into the development of highly energy-efficient magnetoelectric devices.

Published
2021

17. Role of element-specific damping in ultrafast, helicity-independent, all-optical switching dynamics in amorphous (Gd,Tb)Co thin films

Author

Ceballos, A, Pattabi, A, El-Ghazaly, A, Ruta, S, Simon, CP, Evans, RFL, Ostler, T, Chantrell, RW, Kennedy, E, Scott, M, Bokor, J, and Hellman, F

Abstract

Ultrafast control of the magnetization in ps timescales by fs laser pulses offers an attractive avenue for applications such as fast magnetic devices for logic and memory. However, ultrafast helicity-independent all-optical switching (HI-AOS) of the magnetization has thus far only been observed in Gd-based, ferrimagnetic amorphous (a-) rare earth-transition metal (a-RE-TM) systems, and a comprehensive understanding of the reversal mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report HI-AOS in ferrimagnetic a-Gd22-xTbxCo78 thin films, from x=0 to 18, and elucidate the role of Gd in HI-AOS in a-RE-TM alloys and multilayers. Increasing Tb content results in increasing perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and coercivity, without modifying magnetization density, and slower remagnetization rates and higher critical fluences for switching but still shows picosecond HI-AOS. Simulations of the atomistic spin dynamics based on the two-temperature model reproduce these results qualitatively and predict that the lower damping on the RE sublattice arising from the small spin-orbit coupling of Gd (with L=0) is instrumental for the faster dynamics and lower critical fluences of the Gd-rich alloys. Annealing a-Gd10Tb12Co78 leads to slower dynamics which we argue is due to an increase in damping. These simulations strongly indicate that accounting for element-specific damping is crucial in understanding HI-AOS phenomena. The results suggest that engineering the element-specific damping of materials can open up new classes of materials that exhibit low-energy, ultrafast HI-AOS.

Published
2021

19. Role of Element-Specific Damping on the Ultrafast, Helicity-Independent All-Optical Switching Dynamics in Amorphous (Gd,Tb)Co Thin Films

Author

Ceballos, Alejandro, Pattabi, Akshay, El-Ghazaly, Amal, Ruta, Sergiu, Simon, Christian P., Evans, Richard F. L., Ostler, Thomas, Chantrell, Roy W., Kennedy, Ellis, Scott, Mary, Bokor, Jeffrey, and Hellman, Frances

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Ultrafast control of the magnetization in ps timescales by fs laser pulses offers an attractive avenue for applications such as fast magnetic devices for logic and memory. However, ultrafast helicity-independent all-optical switching (HI-AOS) of the magnetization has thus far only been observed in Gd-based, ferrimagnetic amorphous (\textit{a}-) rare earth-transition metal (\textit{a}-RE-TM) systems, and a comprehensive understanding of the reversal mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report HI-AOS in ferrimagnetic \textit{a}-Gd$_{22-x}$Tb$_x$Co$_{78}$ thin films, from x = 0 to x = 18, and elucidate the role of Gd in HI-AOS in \textit{a}-RE-TM alloys and multilayers. Increasing Tb content results in increasing perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and coercivity, without modifying magnetization density, and slower remagnetization rates and higher critical fluences for switching but still shows picosecond HI-AOS. Simulations of the atomistic spin dynamics based on the two-temperature model reproduce these results qualitatively and predict that the lower damping on the RE sublattice arising from the small spin-orbit coupling of Gd (with $L = 0$) is instrumental for the faster dynamics and lower critical fluences of the Gd-rich alloys. Annealing \textit{a}-Gd$_{10}$Tb$_{12}$Co$_{78}$ leads to slower dynamics which we argue is due to an increase in damping. These simulations strongly indicate that acounting for element-specific damping is crucial in understanding HI-AOS phenomena. The results suggest that engineering the element specific damping of materials can open up new classes of materials that exhibit low-energy, ultrafast HI-AOS.

Published
2019
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21. Recovery of oxidized two-dimensional MXenes through high frequency nanoscale electromechanical vibration

Author

Heba Ahmed, Hossein Alijani, Ahmed El-Ghazaly, Joseph Halim, Billy J. Murdoch, Yemima Ehrnst, Emily Massahud, Amgad R. Rezk, Johanna Rosen, and Leslie Y. Yeo

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Despite their vast potential, the practical deployment of MXenes has been hampered by their tendency to be oxidized. Here, the authors show that simply vibrating MXene films in just a minute can remove the oxide layer formed and restore their electrochemical performance close to its original state.

Published
2023
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23. Progressive collapse analysis of prestressed concrete girder bridges using improved applied element method

Author

Mohamed Magdi Abdelaziz, Mohamed Sayed Gomaa, and Hany Ahmed El-Ghazaly

Subjects
Improved applied element method (IAEM), Prestressed bridges, Progressive collapse, Failure analysis, Blast loading, Pier collapse, Bridge engineering, TG1-470
Abstract

Abstract In this paper, the Improved Applied Element Method (IAEM), which was originally developed as an effective analysis technique for large-scale bonded and unbonded prestressed structures, is utilized to carry out failure modeling of prestressed bridges under different hazard loads. A typical prestressed concrete girder bridge is analyzed under two hazardous loading scenarios. The first one is applying a detonation charge located in the middle of the central span, while the second scenario is a sudden failure of a column representing a truck or a vessel colliding with the bridge pier. For both scenarios, the collapse analyses of the bridge structure after damage are explored. In addition, the mechanism and severity of damage in the bridge pier and deck are investigated. Both material and geometric nonlinearities are considered in the analysis. Moreover, it considers contact-impact, re-contact, and inertia effects, and hence, it can track the collapse stages of the structure as well as debris movement until the complete collapse of the structure. The results show a strong capability for simulating the total performance of the bridges from early the stages of loading until the total collapse, with a clear graphic representation of the collapse phenomena.

Published
2022
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24. On the randomness and correlation in the trajectories of alpha particle emitted from 241Am: statistical inference based on information entropy

Author

M. El Ghazaly, Elsayed K. Elmaghraby, A. Al-Sayed, Amal Mohamed, and Mahmoud S. Dawood

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Most particle detectors are based on the hypothesis that particles are emitted randomly upon nuclear decay. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis of the existence of correlation in the random trajectories of alpha particles emitted from $${}^{241}$$ 241 Am source and the null hypothesis of random trajectories. The trajectories were clued through the registration of track in a solid-state nuclear track detector. The experimental parameters were optimized to identify the possible sources of correlation in the track registration and the detector conditions upon exposure and etching to avoid misleading results. The optimization included authentication of linearity in registration efficiency with exposure time to prevent coalescence of registered tracks. The statistical inference processes were based upon adaptive quadrates analysis of the spatial data, and entropy and divergence analysis of the quadrate data together with the null hypothesis of Poisson distribution of random trajectories. The clustering and dispersion analysis were performed with central deviation tendency, empirical K-function, radial distribution analysis, and proximity Analysis. Results showed a pattern of gained information within the registered tracks that may be attributed to the alteration in the alpha particles’ trajectories induced by the strong electric field due to atoms in the source compound and encapsulation film.

Published
2022
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31. GHz-Band Integrated Magnetic Inductors

Author

El-Ghazaly, Amal, White, Robert M., and Wang, Shan X.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

The demand on mobile electronics to continue to shrink in size while increase in efficiency drives the demand on the internal passive components to do the same. Power amplifiers require inductors with small form factors, high quality factors, and high operating frequency in the single-digit GHz range. This work explores the use of magnetic materials to satisfy the needs of power amplifier inductor applications. This paper discusses the optimization choices regarding material selection, device design, and fabrication methodology. The inductors achieved here present the best performance to date for an integrated magnetic core inductor at high frequencies with a 1 nH inductance and peak quality factor of 4 at ~3 GHz. Such compact inductors show potential for efficiently meeting the need of mobile electronics in the future.

Published
2017
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32. Knowledge and attitude towards Mpox among healthcare workers: an Intervention study.

Author

Khattab, Sally, Nemr, Nader, Kishk, Rania M., Aly, Hebatalla M., Nemr, Nada N., El-Ghazaly, Amira A., Abdalla, Mohamed O., and Abu Bakr Elsaid, Noha M.

Subjects
EMPLOYEE attitudes, MEDICAL personnel, MONKEYPOX, SNOWBALL sampling, KNOWLEDGE workers
Abstract

Copyright of Microbes & Infectious Diseases is the property of Microbes & Infectious Diseases and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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35. The wideband tunability of double Gunn diodes

Author

L. Butts and S. El-Ghazaly

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Gunn diodes use the Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum effect to generate low noise millimeter wave signals for communication and sensing applications. However, Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the velocity–field characteristics of compensated GaAs contain a second peak due to phonon scattering. A novel device that leverages this double Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum effect to achieve ultra-wideband tunability of low-noise millimeter waves is proposed in this article. The second region of negative differential mobility is gradually introduced in seven mobility profiles, which are each simulated in eight device lengths. It is found that a 2.5 μm Gunn diode with a compensation ratio of 0.6 operating at 160 K has a 700% increase in frequency tunability. An analysis of the domain formation indicates that the increase in tunability is due to significant distortions in domain shape. Gunn diodes with transit lengths of 2 μm and smaller show a 100% increase in tunability due to modulations in the effective transit length and absorption rate. These simulations indicate that compensated GaAs could provide linear, ultra-wideband frequency tunability.

Published
2023
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36. Apigenin and Exposure to Low Dose Gamma Radiation Ameliorate Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Author

Eman E. Shibrya, Rasha R. Rashed, Mai A. Abd El Fattah, Mona A. El-Ghazaly, and Sanaa A. Kenawy

Subjects
Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease involving chronic and recurring colon inflammation. Current management protocols are limited by adverse effects or short-term symptomatic relief. We aimed to investigate the possible therapeutic prospect of low dose gamma (γ) irradiation or apigenin treatment in acetic acid-induced UC in rats. Induction of UC was carried out by installation of acetic acid intra-rectally. One hour post-induction, rats received a sole dose of γ-radiation (0.5 Gray) or were treated with apigenin (3 mg/kg/day, peroral) for 7 successive days. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of both agents were assessed via determination of colon malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total nitrate/nitrite (NOx), mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) contents as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Body weight (BW), colon weight/length (W/L) ratio, disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological changes were evaluated. Gamma irradiation and apigenin significantly ameliorated the acetic acid-induced biochemical and histopathological changes. Both therapeutic approaches significantly restored colon contents of the investigated biomarkers. They modulated BW, colon W/L ratio and DAI. This study proposes low dose γ-irradiation as a new therapeutic candidate for the management of UC. We also concluded that apigenin exhibited therapeutic benefits in UC management.

Published
2023
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37. Influence of Nonuniform Micron-Scale Strain Distributions on the Electrical Reorientation of Magnetic Microstructures in a Composite Multiferroic Heterostructure

Author

Conte, Roberto Lo, Xiao, Zhuyun, Chen, Cai, Stan, Camelia V, Gorchon, Jon, El-Ghazaly, Amal, Nowakowski, Mark E, Sohn, Hyunmin, Pattabi, Akshay, Scholl, Andreas, Tamura, Nobumichi, Sepulveda, Abdon, Carman, Gregory P, Candler, Robert N, and Bokor, Jeffrey

Subjects
Engineering, Materials Engineering, Physical Sciences, Multiferroics, electrical magnetization switching, magneto-elastic coupling, piezo-strain, straintronics, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Abstract

Composite multiferroic systems, consisting of a piezoelectric substrate coupled with a ferromagnetic thin film, are of great interest from a technological point of view because they offer a path toward the development of ultralow power magnetoelectric devices. The key aspect of those systems is the possibility to control magnetization via an electric field, relying on the magneto-elastic coupling at the interface between the piezoelectric and the ferromagnetic components. Accordingly, a direct measurement of both the electrically induced magnetic behavior and of the piezo-strain driving such behavior is crucial for better understanding and further developing these materials systems. In this work, we measure and characterize the micron-scale strain and magnetic response, as a function of an applied electric field, in a composite multiferroic system composed of 1 and 2 μm squares of Ni fabricated on a prepoled [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.69-[PbTiO3]0.31 (PMN-PT) single crystal substrate by X-ray microdiffraction and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, respectively. These two complementary measurements of the same area on the sample indicate the presence of a nonuniform strain which strongly influences the reorientation of the magnetic state within identical Ni microstructures along the surface of the sample. Micromagnetic simulations confirm these experimental observations. This study emphasizes the critical importance of surface and interface engineering on the micron-scale in composite multiferroic structures and introduces a robust method to characterize future devices on these length scales.

Published
2018

38. Influence of Nonuniform Micron-Scale Strain Distributions on the Electrical Reorientation of Magnetic Microstructures in a Composite Multiferroic Heterostructure.

Author

Lo Conte, Roberto, Xiao, Zhuyun, Chen, Cai, Stan, Camelia V, Gorchon, Jon, El-Ghazaly, Amal, Nowakowski, Mark E, Sohn, Hyunmin, Pattabi, Akshay, Scholl, Andreas, Tamura, Nobumichi, Sepulveda, Abdon, Carman, Gregory P, Candler, Robert N, and Bokor, Jeffrey

Subjects
Multiferroics, electrical magnetization switching, magneto-elastic coupling, piezo-strain, straintronics, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Abstract

Composite multiferroic systems, consisting of a piezoelectric substrate coupled with a ferromagnetic thin film, are of great interest from a technological point of view because they offer a path toward the development of ultralow power magnetoelectric devices. The key aspect of those systems is the possibility to control magnetization via an electric field, relying on the magneto-elastic coupling at the interface between the piezoelectric and the ferromagnetic components. Accordingly, a direct measurement of both the electrically induced magnetic behavior and of the piezo-strain driving such behavior is crucial for better understanding and further developing these materials systems. In this work, we measure and characterize the micron-scale strain and magnetic response, as a function of an applied electric field, in a composite multiferroic system composed of 1 and 2 μm squares of Ni fabricated on a prepoled [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.69-[PbTiO3]0.31 (PMN-PT) single crystal substrate by X-ray microdiffraction and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, respectively. These two complementary measurements of the same area on the sample indicate the presence of a nonuniform strain which strongly influences the reorientation of the magnetic state within identical Ni microstructures along the surface of the sample. Micromagnetic simulations confirm these experimental observations. This study emphasizes the critical importance of surface and interface engineering on the micron-scale in composite multiferroic structures and introduces a robust method to characterize future devices on these length scales.

Published
2018

46. Analysis of Fuel Burnup and Transmutations at High Burnup of Sodium Fast Breeder Reactor

Author

Nehal Mohamed, Moustafa Aziz, M. El Ghazaly, and Ibrahim Bashter

Subjects
Science
Abstract

In this paper, the Monte Carlo N-Particle extended computer code (MCNP) were used to design a model of the European Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor. The multiplication factor, conversion factor, delayed neutrons fraction, doppler constant, control rod worth, sodium void worth, masses for major heavy nuclei, radial and axial power distribution at high burnup are studied. The results show that the reactor breeds fissile isotopes with a conversion ratio of 0.994 at fuel burnup 70 (GWd/T), and minor actinides are buildup inside the reactor core. The study aims to check the efficiency of the model on the calculation of the neutronic parameters of the core at high burnup.

Published
2022
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47. Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Author

Wright, Naomi Jane, Leather, Andrew J.M., Ade-Ajayi, Niyi, Sevdalis, Nick, Davies, Justine, Poenaru, Dan, Ameh, Emmanuel, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Lakhoo, Kokila, Smith, Emily Rose, Douiri, Abdel, Elstad, Maria, Sim, Marcus, Riboni, Cristiana, Martinez-Leo, Bruno, Akhbari, Melika, Tabiri, Stephen, Mitul, Ashrarur, Aziz, Dayang Anita Abdul, Fachin, Camila, Niyukuri, Alliance, Arshad, Muhammad, Ibrahim, Fowzia, Moitt, Natalie, Doheim, Mohamed Fahmy, Thompson, Hannah, Ubhi, Harmony, Williams, Isabelle, Hashim, Sophia, Philipo, Godfrey Sama, Herrera, Laura, Yunus, Aayenah, Vervoort, Dominique, Parker, Samuel, Benaskeur, Yousra-Imane, Alser, Osaid H., Adofo-Ansong, Nana, Alhamid, Ahmad, Salem, Hosni khairy, Saleh, Mahmoud, Elrais, Safa Abdal, Abukhalaf, Sadi, Shinondo, Patricia, Nour, Ibrahim, Aydin, Emrah, Vaitkiene, Agota, Naranjo, Kelly, Dube, Andile Maqhawe, Ngwenya, Sodumisa, Yacoub, Mina A., Kwasau, Henang, Hyman, Gabriella, Elghazaly, Shrouk Mahmoud, Al-Slaibi, Ibrahim, Hisham, Intisar, Franco, Helena, Arbab, Hana, Samad, Lubna, Soomro, Aqil, Chaudhry, Muhammad Amjad, Karim, Safina, Khattak, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Nah, Shireen Anne, Dimatatac, Doris Mae, Choo, Candy SC, Maistry, Niveshni, Mitul, Ashrarur Rahman, Hasan, Samiul, Karim, Sabbir, Yousuf, Hina, Qureshi, Taimur, Nour, Ibrahim Rabi, Al-Taher, Raed Nael, Sarhan, Osama Abdul Kareem, Garcia-Aparicio, Luis, Prat, Jordi, Blazquez-Gomez, Eva, Tarrado, Xavier, Iriondo, Martí, Bragagnini, Paolo, Rite, Segundo, Hagander, Lars, Svensson, Emma, Owusu, Sheila, Abdul-Mumin, Alhassan, Bagbio, Dominic, Ismavel, Vijay Anand, Miriam, Ann, T, Shajin, Anaya Dominguez, Marlene, Ivanov, Monica, Serban, Andreea Madalina, Derbew, Miliard, Elfiky, Mahmoud, Olivos Perez, Maricarmen, Abrunhosa Matias, Marcia, Arnaud, Alexis P, Negida, Ahmed, King, Sebastian, Fazli, Mohamad Rafi, Hamidi, Nadia, Touabti, Souhem, Chipalavela, Rossana Francisco, Lobos, Pablo, Jones, Brendan, Ljuhar, Damir, Singer, Georg, Cordonnier, Annelien, Jáuregui, Lorena, Zvizdic, Zlatan, Wong, Janice, St-Louis, Etienne, Shu, Qiang, Lui, Yang, Correa, Catalina, Pos, Lucie, Alcántara, Elvyn, Féliz, Erick, Zea-Salazar, Luis Enrique, Ali, Liza, Peycelon, Matthieu, Anatole, Nzanzu Kipata, Jallow, Cherno S., Lindert, Judith, Ghosh, Dhruv, Adhiwidjaja, Cathline Freya, Tabari, Ahmad Khaleghnejad, Lotfollahzadeh, Saran, Mussein, Haidar Mohammad, Vatta, Fabrizio, Pasqua, Noemi, Kihiko, David, Gohil, Hetal, Nour, Ibrahim R., Elhadi, Muhammed, Almada, Suad Ahmed, Verkauskas, Gilvydas, Risteski, Toni, Peñarrieta Daher, Alejandro, Outani, Oumaima, Hamill, James, Lawal, Taiwo, Mulu, Jack, Yapo, Benjamin, Saldaña, Lily, Espineda, Beda, Toczewski, Krystian, Tuyishime, Eugene, Ndayishimiye, Isaac, Raboe, Enaam, Hammond, Philip, Walker, Gregor, Djordjevic, Ivona, Chitnis, Milind, Son, Joonhyuk, Lee, Sanghoon, Hussien, Muaad, Malik, Sawazen, Ismail, Enas Musa, Boonthai, Ampaipan, Dahman, Nesrine Ben Hadj, Hall, Nigel, Castedo Camacho, Fabiola Ruth, Sobrero, Helena, Butler, Marilyn, Makhmud, Aliev, Novotny, Nathan, Hammouri, Ahmad G., Al-Rayyes, Maisara, Bvulani, Bruce, Muraveji, Qais, Murzaie, Muhammad Yousuf, Sherzad, Ajmal, Haidari, Sayed Aman, Monawar, Abdul Baqi, Samadi, Dr. Ahmad Zia, Thiessen, Jesh, Venant, Ntakarutimana, Hospital, Sonia Inamuco, Jérémie, Niyonkuru, Mbonicura, Jean Claude, Vianney, Butoyi Jean Marie, Tadesse, Amezene, Negash, Samuel, Roberts, Charles A., Jabang, John N., Bah, Abdoulie, Camamra, Kajali, Correa, Armandou, Sowe, Babucarr, Gai, A., Jaiteh, Musa, Raymond, Kwizera Jean, Mvukiyehe, Jean Paul, Itangishaka, Innocent, Kayibanda, Emmanuel, Manirambona, Emery, Lule, Joseph, Costas-Chavarri, Ainhoa, Shyaka Gashugi, Ian, Ndata, Albert, Gasana, Georges, Nezerwa, Yves Castar, Simeon, Turatsinze, Muragijimana, Jean De Dieu, Rashid, Sakina, Msuya, David, Elisante, Joseph, Solanki, Meghna, Manjira, Emmanuel, Lodhia, Jay, Jusabani, Mubashir, Tarmohamed, Murad, Koipapi, Sengua, Souhem, Touabti, Sara, Nabti, Sihem, Brahimi, Dania, Bouguermouh, Toufik, Iaiche Achour, Mounira, Baghdadi Nour el islam, Habiba, Alouani, Aragão, Liliana, Gonçalves, Victor, Lino Urquizo, Marcelo Mauricio, Varela, Maria Florencia, Mercado, Pedro, Horacio, Bonavia, Damiani, Andrea, Mac, Carlos, Putruele, Daniel, Liljesthrom, Karen, Bernaus, Marianela, Jauri, Cesar, Cripovich, Alejandrina, Bianchin, Ezequiel, Puig, Maria Gabriela, Andreussi, Lorna, Iracelay, Susana, Marcos, Dolores, Herrera, Carina, Palacios, Nelly, Avile, Romina, Serezo, Belen, Montoya, Debora, Cepeda, Rodrigo, Vaquila, Justo, Veronica, Sofficci, Pardo, Liliana, Valeria, Pelussi, Julio, Lapalma, Martin, Aranda Diego, Lucio, Palazzi, Gabriel, Comba, Marianella, Depetrini, Calderón Arancibia, José Alfredo, Huespe, Enrique, Losa, Gabriela Natalia, Arancibia Gutiérrez, Elsa, Scherl, Humberto, Gonzalez, Daniel Emilio, Baistrocchi, Valentina, Silva, Yanina, Galdeano, Marcelo, Medard, Pablo, Sueiras, Ines, Romero Manteola, Enrique, Defago, Victor Hugo, Mieres, Carlos, Alberto, Carlos, Cornelli, Fabio, Molina, Marcelo, Ravetta, Pablo, Patiño Gonzalez, Celeste Carolina, Dallegre, Maria Belen, Szklarz, Maria Tatiana, Leyba, Marcos Federico, Rivarola, Nahuel Ignacio, Charras, Maria Delia, Morales, Adriana, Caseb, Paloma, Toselli, Luzia, Millán, Carolina, Junes, Maria del Carmen, Di Siervi, Oscar, Gilardi, Jose, Simon, Soledad, Contreras, Carla Sofia, Rojas, Nair, Arnoletto, Lucia Beatriz, Blain, Otilia Eva, Bravo, Mauro Nicolas, Sanchez, Nancy, Herrera Pesara, Luciana Martina, Moreno, Maria Eugenia, Sferco, Carlos Ariel, Huq, Umama, Ferdousi, Tamanna, Al-Mamun, Abdullah, Sultana, Sadia, Mahmud, Refoyez, Mahmud, Khalid, Sayeed, Fatema, Svirsky, Alexander, Sempertegui, Denisse, Negrete, Amalia, Teran, Araceli, Sadagurschi, Mariana, Popovic, Nusret, Karavdic, Kenan, Milisic, Emir, Jonuzi, Asmir, Mesic, Amira, Terzic, Sabina, Dendusic, Nejra, Biber, Elna, Sehic, Anesa, Zvizdic, Nada, Letic, Emina, Saracevic, Adna, Hamidovic, Ajla, Selak, Nejra, Horozic, Dzan, Hukic, Lamija, Muhic, Amila, Vanis, Nedim, Sokolovic, Emir, Sabic, Adnan, Becker, Karin, Novochadlo Klüppel, Elis, dos Santos Dias, André Iván Bradley, Agulham, Miguel Angelo, Bischoff, Cristiano, Sabbatini, Stella, Fernandes de Souza, Rachel, Souza Machado, Ana Beatriz, Werneck Raposo, Juliana, da Silva Augusto, Maria Lucia, Martins, Bianca M.R., de Souza Santos Ferreira, Mariana, Fernandes de Oliveira, Darli, Silva dos Santos, Carla, Ribeiro de Fernández y Alcázar, Fernanda, Alves Dutra da Silva, Érika, Furtado, Mariana, Tamada, Horácio, Silva Ferreira dos Santos, Marília, Lopes de Almeida, Thayná, Oliveira de Andrade, Susy, Gurgel do Amaral, Antonio Cipriano, Jr, Sartori Giovanoni, Lais, de Deus Passos Leles, Kamila, Corrêa Costa, Eduardo, Feldens, Leticia, Ferraz Schopf, Luciano, Soares de Fraga, José Carlos, Colombo de Holanda, Felipe, Brolin Santis Isolan, Paola Maria, Loyola Ferreira, Julia, Bruxel, Carla Luisa, Lopes Teixeira Ferdinando, Danielle, Zottis Barcelos, Fabricio, Baseggio, Natalia, Knorr Brenner, Nicole, Trindade Deyl, Rafael, Dure, Carolina, Nunes Kist, Iuri, Bueno Mazzuca, Rafael, Bueno Motter, Sarah, Ramos, Yna, Suzana Trein, Cristine, Rezende Rosa, Bianca, de Assis Silva, Murilo, Menin, Flavio Augusto, Semensato Carloni, Isabela Cristina, Norberto da Silva, Juliana Antinarelli, Gomes, Adriano Luis, Girão Tauffer, Mariana, Bassan Gonçalves, Paulo César, Nogueira Marques, Geraldo Magela, Moriya, Eliane, Labonia, Carla, Carrasco, Ana Lucia, Furtado Meyer, Karine, Farion-Aguiar, Luiz, Amado, Fernando, Antunes, Amanda, Silva, Elisângela, Telles, Leila, Almeida, Giovana, Belmino Gadelha, Aluísio Augusto, de Azevedo Belesa, Flavia, Gonçalves da Cunha, Jr, Acimar, Souza Barros, Beatriz, Zanellato, Josiane Bernartt, Guimarães, Patricia, Silva, Karina Ilheu da, Ribas, Bianca, Reuter, Cristina, Casado, Francis Tanise, Correa Leite, Mila Torii, Testoni, Daniela, Guinsburg, Ruth, de Campos Vieira Abib, Simone, Khodor Cury, Edson, Dornellas do Nascimento, Suely, Almeida Aguiar, Arthur, Melo Gallindo, Rodrigo, Gonçalves Borges, Carolina, Liu, Yang, Duote, Cai, Wang, Jinhu, Gao, Zhigang, Liang, Liang, Luo, Wenjuan, Zhao, Xiaoxia, Chen, Rui, Wang, Peng, Han, Yijiang, Huang, Ting, Donglai, Hu, Xiaodong, Guo, Junjie, Chen, Zhu, Libin, Wu, Guowei, Bao, Xiaozhou, Li, Haijing, Lv, Junying, Li, Zhongrong, Yong, Feng, Gao, Zhou Chong, Bai, Qiang, Tang, Weibing, Xie, Hua, Motee, Jethishka, Zhu, Jianming, Wen, Gang, Ruan, Weiwei, Li, Shungen, Chen, Lulu, Huang, Shungen, Lv, Zhibao, Lu, Jinjing, Huang, Liuming, Yu, Mengnan, Dajia, Wang, Bai, Yu Zuo, Rincon, Luis Carlos, Mancera, Juliana, Alzate Gallego, Edgar, Torres-Canchala, Laura, Silva Beltrán, Nathalia, Osorio Fory, Ghordana, Castaño Avila, Daniela, Forero Ladino, Angelica Maria, Gomez, Juanita, Jaramillo, Martha, Morales, Otto, Sanchez, Beatriz, Tinoco Guzmán, Nestor Julien, Castañeda Espinosa, Sergio, Prieto Vargas, Osbaldo, Pardo, Lina Maria, Toral, Eliana, Cáceres Aucatoma, Freud, Hinostroza, Daniel, Valencia, Santiago, Salinas, Vicente, Landivar Cino, Enrique, Ponce Fajardo, Gabriela Yulissa, Astudillo, Miguel, Garcia, Virginia, Muñoz, Guillermo, Verduga, Leonardo, Verduga, Ivan, Murillo, Ericka, Bucaram, Elena, Guayelema, Marisol, Marmol, Monica, Sanchez, Janina, Vergara, Carolina, Mena, Adriana, Velaña, Junior, Salazar, Karla, Lara, Sandra, Chiriboga, Elena, Silva, Julian, Gad, Dalia, Samy, Doaa, Elsadek, Menan Ahmed, Mohammed, Hanan Mahmoud, Abouheba, Mohamed, Ali, Karim Osamy, Rashwan, Hayssam, Fawzy, Omar Moustafa, Kamel, Tarek mohamed, Nemer, Rawan, Hassan, Mohamed Abada, Falah, Eyad Hassan, Abdelhady, Dina Sobhy, Zain, Mostafa, Ibrahim, Eman Abouzeid Abouzeid, Elsiraffy, Omar Ossama, Aboelela, Ahmed, Farag, Eman mohamed, Oshiba, Ahmed Mohamed, Emam, Omar Sameh, Attia, Alaa Mobarak, Laymouna, Moustafa A., Ghorab, Islam Abdelmonem, Mohammed, Mansour Mkayed, Soliman, Nourhan Akram, Ghaly, Khaled Abd elrahman, Sadek, Kareem, Elsherbiny, Mohamed, Saleh, Amr, Sheir, Hesham, Wafa, Tamer, Elmenam, Mohamed Abd, Abdelmaksoud, Sherif, Reda, Ahmed, Mansour, Islam, Elzohiri, Mohamed, Waseem, Basma, Elewaily, Mohamed, El-Ghazaly, Mohammed, Elhattab, Ahmad, Shalaby, Amr, Elsaied, Adham, Adawy, Ahmad, Sadek, Mirna, Ahmed, Mahmoud Abdelfattah, Herdan, Mohamed Omar, Elassall, Gena Mohamed Hamed, Mohammed, Azhar Arabi, Takrouney, Mohammed Hamada, Essa, Tarek Mohamed, Mahmoud, Ahmed Mokhtar, Saad, Alshaimaa M., Fouly, Mariam Albatoul Nageh, Ibrahim, Mahmoud abdelshakour, Nageh, Mohammad, Saad, Mahmoud M., Badr, Helmy, Fouda, Mohamed Fayez, Nofal, Ahmed Hassan, Almohamady, Hisham, Arafa, Mohamed Ahmed, Amad, Mohamed, Mansour, Mohamed Awad, O'Connor, Jennifer, O'Connor, Zachary, Anatole, Nzanzu, Nkunzimana, Elysé, Machemedze, Solomon, Dieudonné, Lemfuka, Appeadu-Mensah, William, Anyomih, Theophilus Teddy Kojo, Alhassan, Priscilla, Abantanga, Francis A., Michael, Vishal, Mary Koshy, Roshine, Raj, Ankit, Kumar, Vijay, PT, Sundeep, Prabhu, P Santosh, Vosoughi, Armin, Al-Mayoof, Ali Farooq, Fadhle, Muhamed Jassim, Joda, Ali Egab, Algabri, Hayder Nadhim Obaid, Abdelhamid, Sultan S., Al-Momani, Hashem M., Amarin, Marzouq, Zaghlol, Louay Y., Alsaadi, Nijmeh Nasser, Qwaider, Yasmeen Z., Qutishat, Hibah, Aliwisat, Ahmad Hasan, Arabiat, Esraa, Bsisu, Isam, Murshidi, Raghad M., Jabaiti, Mohammad S., Bataineh, Ziad A., Abuhayyeh, Husam Aldean, Quran, Thekraiat M. Al, Za'nouneh, Faris J. Abu, Alebbini, Mohanad Mutasem, Qudah, Hamzah Abullah, Hussein, Omar Ghazi, Murad, Amir M.I., Amarin, Justin Z., Suradi, Haya H., Alzraikat, Sayel H., Omari, Rand Y., Matour, Bashar M., Al-Halbouni, Layana, Zurikat, Rajai O., Yanis, Ahmad H., Hussein, Sara Al, Shoubaki, Ali, Ghanem, Waleed H., David, Kuria, Chitiavi, Soita Wycliffe, Mose, Moraa, Mugo, Robert, Ndungu, James, Mwai, Timothy, Shahbal, Swaleh, Malik, Janan, Chauhan, Nirav, Syovata, Francisa, Ochieng, Kevin, Omendo Liyenzero, Polycarp, Hussain, Syeda Ra'ana, Mugambi, Stanley, Ochieng, Roseline, Elkhazmi, Ebtesam Othman Abdulsalam, Khaled, Ala, Albozidi, Aya, Enbaya, Manal Ben, Elgammudi, Mala, Soula, Enas, Khalel, Wegden ibrahim almabrouk, Elhajjaji, Yasmine Ali, Alwaggaa, Nouriyah Ali, Ghayth, Sumayyah, Zreeg, Dafer abdulhakim .S., Tantush, Sara Abobaker, Bibas, Fatma, Layas, Tesneem, Sharif, Randa Alamen M, Aljadidi, Wesal Omar F. Saied, Tarek, Ahmed, Ahmed, Hazem, Essamilghi, Kamila Almabrouk Mohammed, Alfoghi, Mabroka, Abuhlega, Ma'aly A., Arrmali, Saddam, Abduljawad, Fatima Mousa, Alosta, Hasan Mustafa, Abuajaila, Abdulsalam, Abdelmutalib, Fakereldeen, Bashir, Fatma, Almengar, Inas, Annajjar, Mohammad hasan, Deyab, Abdelaziz, Elzowawi, Fathi, Krayem, Yousef, Drah, Weam, Meftah, Asma, Mohammed, Abobaker, Arrmalli, Lina Ali, Aljaboo, Hajir, Elayeb, Abdallah, Altomi, Mohamed, Altaweel, Ahmed, Tumi, Mohamed, Bazozi, Hana Milad, Shaklawoon, Aisha, Alglaib, Mohammed Meftah, Elkaloush, Abdullahn Abdousalam, Trainba, Sara, Swessi, Hisham, Alnaeri, Ali, Shnishah, Aya Essam, Mustufa, Hamassat, Gargum, Sondas Ali, Tarniba, Sara Ali, Shalluf, Hawa Ahmed, Shokri, Hajer Ali, Sarkaz, Taher L., Tababa, Osama, Elhadi, Ahmed, Naunova, Vesna Cvetanovska, Jovcheski, Laze, Kamilovski, Marjan, Gavrilovska-Brzanov, Aleksandra, Latiff, Zarina Abdul, Pauzi, Siti Farhan Moh, Osman, Marjmin, Lim, Felicia, Bakar, Ainal Huda Abu, Zaman, Azrina SK, Ishak, Shareena, Teo, Rufinah, Qi, Dr. Tammy Teoh Han, Othman, Mohd Yusran Bin, Zahari, Dato' Dr Zakaria bin, Hassan, Zulfitri bin Md, Shan, Cheah Hui, Lechmiannandan, Abhirrami, Tamaddun, Hafatin Fairos bt, Adanan, Mohd Fitri Shukri bin Mohamed, Abdullah, Mohd Yusof bin, Junyi, Wang, Nor, Mohd. Tarmizi Mohd, Noor, Wan Ruzaimie, Hassan, Mohd Razin bin, Dalek, Noor Fa'izatul Rahil Ambok, Hashim, Hidayah Hayati binti, Zarwawi, Ahmad Zulhisyam bin, Vellusamy, V Muthualhagi M, Yuen, Quah Soong, Kannessan, Hemasutha a/p, Ramli, Najua binti, Bujarimin, Ahmad Shafiee bin, Anntinea, Jessmine, Dass, Anthony, Khalid, Hazlina Mohd., Hanifah, Nur Atiqah binti Mohd, Jyun, Keily Wong Yue, Razak, Rahilah binti Abd, Naim, Nur Atifah binti Mohd, Hamzah, Siti Nur Aien binti Hamid, Vidal, Cristian R. Zalles, Bracho Blanchet, Eduardo, Dávila Perez, Roberto, Fernandez Portilla, Emilio, Villegas Silva, Raúl, Ibarra, Daniel, Calderon Moore, Antonio, Carrasco-Ortega, Cesar, Noguez Castillo, Monica, Herappe Mellado, Dorihela, Yanowsky Reyes, Guillermo, Gonzalez Cortez, Luis Fernando, Santana Ortiz, Rafael, Orozco Perez, Jamie, Corona C.Rivera, Jorge Román, Cardenas Ruiz Velasco, Juan Jose, Quiles Corona, Moises, Peña Padilla, Christian, Bobadilla Morales, Lucina, Corona Rivera, Alfredo, Rios Flores, Izabel Maryalexandra, Aranda Sánchez, Cristian Irela, Ambriz-González, Gabriela, Martínez Hernández Magro, Nestor, León Frutos, Francisco Javier, Cárdenas Barón, José de Jesús, González Ojeda, Alejandro, Yarza Fernández, Jessica, Porras, Juan Domingo, Aguirre-Lopez, Pastor, Sánchez Paredes, Vicente, Montalvo Marin, Arturo, Diaz Gomez, Jose Manuel, Caamal, Lorenzo Juvencio, Bulnes Mendizabal, David, Sanchez Valladares, Pablo, Garcia Martinez, Humberto, Adesanya, Opeoluwa, Olanrewaju, Moses, Adegboyega, Rilwan, Abdulraheem, Nurudeen, Aremo, Anuoluwapo, Dedeke, Florence, Chukwuemeka, Anyanwu Lofty-John, Mohammad, Mohammad Aminu, Lawalbarau, Abdullahi, Collins, Nwokoro, Ibukunolu, Ogundele, Shonubi, Amo, Ladipo-Ajayi, Oluwaseun, Elebute, Olumide Abiodun, Seyi-Olajide, Justina, Alakaloko, Felix, Ihediwa, George, Olayade, Kayode, Bode, Christopher, Ogundoyin, Olakayode, Olulana, Dare I., Egbuchulem, Ifeanyichukwu Kelvin, Kumolalo, Felix O., Ulasi, Ikechukwu, Ezomike, Uchechukwu Obiora, Ekenze, Sebastian Okwuchukwu, Nwankwo, Elochukwu Perpetua, Nwangwu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Chukwu, Isaac, Amah, Christopher Chim, Obianyo, Nene Elsie, Williams, Omolara, Osuoji, Roland Iheanyichukwu, Faboya, Omolara Moronkeji, Ajai, Olalekan Temitope, Abdulsalam, Moruf Adekunle, Agboola, Titiloye Hannah, Temilade, Bolarinwa Bolanle, Osazuwa, Maryrose, Salawu, Morayo Monsurat, Ejinkeonye, Eze Chukwuemeka, Yola, Mariya Mukhtar, Mairami, Amsa B., Otuneye, Adekunle T., Igoche, Matthias, Tanimola, Adebayo Gbenga, Ajao, Emmanuel Akinlabi, Agelebe, Efeturi, Olori, Samson, Mshelbwala, Philip Mari, Osagie, Olabisi, Oyinloye, Adewale, Abubakar, Auwal M, Oyebanji, Lateef, Shehu, Ibrahim, Cletus, Cyril, Bamanga, Ahmed, Suleiman, Faruk, Adamu, Sani, C.Nwosu, David, S.Alkali, Yahya, Jalo, Iliya, Rasaki, Aliu, T.Sambo, Yusuf, A.Mohammed, Kalakwa, M.Ballah, Abubakar, Modekwe, Victor, Ekwunife, Okechukwu Hyginus, Ezidiegwu, Ugochukwu S, Osuigwe, Andrew N, Ugwu, Jideofor O, Ugwunne, Chuka A, Akhter, Nadeem, Gondal, Mudassir Fayaz, Raza, Rafee, Chaudary, Ali Raza, Ali, Hassan, Nisar, Muhammad Umar, Jamal, Muhammad Umer, Pandit, Ghuri Shankar, Mumtaz, Uzma, Amjad, Muhammad Bin, Talat, Nabila, Rehman, Wajeeh ur, Saleem, Muhammad, Mirza, Muhammad Bilal, Hashim, Imran, Haider, Naveed, Hameed, Soban, Saleem, Ayesha, Dogar, Sohail, Sharif, Muhammad, Bashir, Muhammad Kashif, Naumeri, Fatima, Rani, Zarqa, Baniowda, Muath A.M., Ba'baa', Basheer, Hassan, Majd Yousef Mohammed, Darwish, Ammar, Sehwiel, Abrar Shaheen, Shehada, Mohammed, Balousha, Abrar ghassan, Ajrami, Yara, Alzamari, Ainaa Ata Mohammad, Yaghi, Bashar, Al-saleem, Hasan Subhi Hasan Abu, Farha, Mervat Sufian Abu, Abdelhafez, Mohammad Omar Mohammad, Anaya, Firas, Qadomi, Asef belal, Odi, Abd Al-Naser Bany, Assi, Muath Abdelrahem Fuad, Sharabati, Fadwa, Abueideh, Ahmad, Beshtawi, Doha mustafa saleh, Arafat, Hasan, Khatatba, Lara Zahi Adel, Abatli, Safa' Jamal, Al-Tammam, Hiba, Jaber, Dania, Kayed, Yara Imad Omar, Abumunshar, Ali Abdelhay, Misk, Rami Anwar, Alzeer, Asmahan Mohammad Suliman, Sharabati, Mutassem, Ghazzawi, Ihsan, Darras, Osama Majed, M.Qabaja, Mahmoud, Hajajreh, Ma'alem sameer, Samarah, Yasmeen Ahmad, Yaghi, Dua Hasan, Qunaibi, Moradallah Asad Fahmi, Mayaleh, Abdelrazzaq Abu, Joubeh, Sharehan, Ebeido, Annan, Adawi, Samer, Adawi, Ihda, Alqor, Mohammad Omar Ibrahim, Arar, Ahmad Samih, Awad, Hadeel, Abu-Nejmah, Fawzi, Shabana, Osaid Shaher, Alqarajeh, Firas, Alzughayyar, Tareq Z., Madieh, Jomana, Sbaih, Mahmoud Fuad, 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Published
2021
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50. Ultrafast Magnetic Memory Bits Using All-Optical Magnetic Switching

Author

El-Ghazaly, Amal, O'Mahoney, Daisy, Lambert, Charles-Henri, Gorchon, Jon, Brown, P Nigel, Pattabi, Akshay, Wong, HS Philip, and Bokor, Jeffrey

Subjects
Engineering, Electronics, Sensors and Digital Hardware, Physical Sciences, Affordable and Clean Energy
Abstract

Up until now, magnetic nanodots used for magnetic random access memory have required spin-polarized currents to transfer the angular momentum needed to switch the magnetization and thereby switch the magnetic memory bit. This particular switching process, however, is limited to nanosecond or greater timescales-too slow for use as low-level cache in energy efficient electronics systems. On the other hand, this work aims to achieve ultrafast femtosecond switching of nanomagnetic dots without the use of spin-polarized currents. Using just linearly polarized light, several research groups have demonstrated all-optical magnetization switching in large GdFeCo magnetic dots, ranging from several microns [1-4] down to 400 nm [5]; this work characterizes the switching behavior as these dots are scaled down further in size, with the aim of minimizing the energy required for switching the magnetic memory bit. The fabrication process, magnetization behavior and optical switching behavior are additionally characterized to better understand how size affects the functionality of these optically-switchable ferrimagnets. Knowledge of this behavior will allow future developments of simultaneously ultrasmall and ultrafast magnetic memory systems, thereby enabling increased data storage in future electronics.

Published
2017

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