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The present research emphasizes fabrication alongside the assessment of an innovative nano-vesicular membranous system known as invasomes (NVMs) laden with Mirtazapine for rectal administration. This system could circumvent the confines of orally administered counterparts regarding dose schedules and bioavailability. Mirtazapine invasomes were tailored by amalgamating phospholipid, cineole, and ethanol through a thin-film hydration approach rooted in the Box–Behnken layout. Optimization of composition parameters used to fabricate desired NVMs' physicochemical attributes was undertaken using the Design-Expert® program. The optimal MRZ-NVMs were subsequently transformed to a pH-triggered in situ rectal gel followed by animal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations relative to rectal plain gel and oral suspension. The optimized NVMs revealed a diameter size of 201.3 nm, a z potential of −28.8 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 81.45%, a cumulative release within 12 h of 67.29%, and a cumulative daily permeated quantity of 468.68 µg/cm2. Compared to the oral suspension, pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 2.85- and 4.45-fold increase in calculated rectal bioavailability in circulation and brain, respectively. Pharmacodynamic and immunohistopathology evaluations exposed superior MRZ-NVMs attributed to the orally administered drug. Consequently, rectal MRZ-NVMs can potentially be regarded as a prospective nanoplatform with valuable pharmacokinetics and tolerability assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 180 samples were taken from diseased and freshly dead broiler chickens of various ages from various farms in El-Minya and Beni-Suef governorates and transferred to the lab for bacterial isolation and further molecular examination targeting E. coli. The results showed that 91 of 180 samples (50.6%) tested positive for E. coli. The prevalence of some in vitro virulence markers of avian pathogenic E. coli was Congo red binding (CRB) (95.6% positivity) and moderate to strong biofilm production (92%). On 5% sheep blood agar, (67%) of examined isolates showed alpha hemolysis, while (27%) showed gamma hemolysis and (5.5%) showed beta hemolysis. All the tested isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern. E. coli isolates demonstrated various degrees of resistance against, amoxicillin-sulbactam (82%) followed by streptomycin (76%), cefotaxime and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (73%), tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (68%), chloramphenicol (66%), cefaclor (65%), cefixime (62%) respectively. Five MDR selected isolates were examined using PCR. The intended virulence genes were iss, tsh, fimH, and iroN genes. The genes iss and fimH were detected in all of the isolates investigated, whereas iroN was present in four isolates but tsh was found in only one isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology holds substantial promise in the innovative therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The current study was designed to synthesize and characterize a new graphene titanate nanocomposite (GTNc) and explore its anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potencies against Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats, as well as investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our characterization methods included XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, zeta potential, practical size, and XRF to characterize the novel GTNc. Our findings revealed that arthritic rats treated with GTNc exhibited lower levels of RF, CRP, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, and ADAMTS-5, and higher levels of IL-4 and TIMP-3. In arthritic rats, GTNc reduced LPO levels while increasing GSH content and GST antioxidant activity. Additionally, GTNc decreased the expression of the TGF-β mRNA gene in arthritic rats. Histopathological investigation showed that GTNc reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage degradation, and bone destruction in joint injuries caused by CFA in the arthritic rats. Collectively, the antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of GTNc appear promising for future arthritis treatments and bone disability research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]