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IntroductionGroundwater demand has been considerably heightened due to rapid urban growth, specifically in arid areas that rely primarily on groundwater. This study aims to utilize remote sensing and aeromagnetic data, combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based GIS, to evaluate potential groundwater zones in the Sohag area, Egypt.MethodsNine thematic layers, including soil moisture, rainfall, lithology, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), drainage density, lineament density, slope, and land use/land cover, were developed using various remote sensing datasets. Besides the remote sensing-derived thematic layers, a geophysics-derived thematic layer represented by the RTP aeromagnetic map was included. The aeromagnetic data were analyzed and interpreted to outline the subsurface structure affecting groundwater storage and flow. Also, the aeromagnetic data analysis helps estimate the basement depth that constitutes the Nubian Aquifer’s base and identifies regions with considerable thick sedimentary deposits and significant water reserves.Results and discussionThe groundwater potentiality map was consistent with production wells in the area, and sites for drilling new wells were predicted, especially in the Nile Valley around the Tahta, El-Hamimia, and west Sohag cities. The most promising sites are clustered along the Nile Valley, and the study area’s northwestern and northeastern parts. The results indicate that the predominant magnetic structural trends are NW-SE, NE-SW, N-S, and E-W, which contribute to the formation of a series of subsurface horsts (H) and grabens (G). Three main basins (A, B, and C) were identified as the most profound areas. These basins represent the most promising areas for groundwater accumulation, making them attractive for future hydrogeological exploration. This integrated approach strongly offers a powerful and effective tool to assist in developing an appropriate plan to manage groundwater in arid regions.

الوظيفة الدينية للزيوت في مصر القديمةِ [ AR] يكشف البحث عن أهمية «الزيوت السبعة المقدسة» من خلال الطقوس الدينية التي كانت تجري في معابد الآلهة و الطقوس الجنائزية التي كانت تجري للمتوفي لاستدعاء الروح. فقد كانت الزيوت السبعة المقدسة أعلي مكانة من سائر القرابين؛ فقد تم مساواتها بعين حورس المقدسة التي عظم شأنها علي مدار الحضارة المصرية القديمة. كما يبرز البحث العلاقة بين الزيوت المقدسة و الثعبان الملحق بالتاج الملكي و الآلهة و مركب أوزيريس (نشمت). قسم البحث إلي ثلاثة أجزاء: ففي الجزء الأول يتحدث البحث عن الزيوت النباتية الشائعة فى مصر القديمة، و ذلك من خلال مشاهد قوائم تخزين الزيوت و كذلك من خلال النصوص التابعة لمشهد «وحدة تخزين الزيوت« في مقبرتي حيسيرع» و «ني-عنخ-خنوم و خنوم –حتب» في سقارة. أما الجزء الثاني من البحث فهو يذكر أسماء «الزيوت السبعة المقدسة» التي عرفت منذ عصر ما قبل الأسرات و العصر العتيق، ثم وثقت هذه الزيوت العطرية المقدسة بوضوح منذ عهد الأسرة الثالثة من خلال مشهد الزيوت لمقبرة «حيسيرع» بسقارة. ثم ذكرت «الزيوت السبعة المقدسة» في المشاهد الجنائزية الخاصة بقوائم القرابين المرتبطة بطقسة «فتح الفم». كما تعد« نصوص الأهرامات» المصدر الديني الرئيسي لأسماء «الزيوت السبعة المقدسة» ووظيفتها الدينية. يلي ذلك عرض للطقوس الدينية التي تتم من خلال دهن جبهة تمثال المعبود في قدس الاقداس لاستدعاء روح الاله أو روح المتوفي. الأمر الثاني هو "حدث تجلي المتوفي" من خلال دهن جبهته في طقسة «فتح الفم» لتحويل روح المتوفي إلي «نور». الأمر الثالث هو مساواة «الزيوت المقدسة» الأساسية مع عين حورس التي عملت ضد قوى الشر والتي تتمثل في المعبود «سيث». يتم تحضير هذه «الزيوت المقدسة» في مختبرات المعابد بتوجيه من الإله تحوت. فقد كانت تعاويذ الإله «تحوت» هي التي تمنح الطاقة الفعالة للزيوت المقدسة المستخدمة في الطقوس الدينية. أما عن الجزء الثالث من البحث، فهو يتحدث عن طقسة دهن الحية (Uraeus) المرتبطة بتاج الملوك والآلهة. إن التمثيل الجداري الأساسي لمعبد دندرة (قاعة حورسماتاوي) الذي يصور «زهرة اللوتس» داخل مركب أوزوريس «نشمت» مع الثعبان السام (Uraeus) الخارج من «زهرة اللوتس» والإله الصقر حورس يشير إلى وحدة إلهية لاهوتية يعمل ضد قوى الشر. فيهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن الأهمية الدينية «للزيوت المقدسة» على وجه التحديد و العلاقة بينها وبين جنات أوزيريس. [EN] This paper explores the significance of the «Seven-Sacred-oils» and burning incense in religious and funerary rituals. The sacred Oils were more frequent than all other offerings. They were divine and equated with the «Eye-of-Horus». The first part of this research indicates that common vegetable oils were included in the tomb's oil-storage lists. The second part mentions the names of the Seven Sacred Oils. The Pyramid Texts are the main source of the names of the «Seven-Sacred-Oils» and their religious function. The Offering lists related to the «Opening-of-the-Mouth» ritual are recorded as well. Cult rituals were performed in the temple-sanctuary, which involved anointing the forehead of the cult-image. This ritual was prominent among the religious rituals. A transfiguration of the deceased happened through the anointment of his forehead in the «Opening-of-the-Mouth» ritual. These sacred oils had been prepared in the temple laboratories under the directions of the god Thoth. The spells of Thoth consecrated the sacred oils that were used in religious rituals. The third part of the research clarifies the anointment of the serpent (Uraeus) attached to the crown of the kings and gods. A mural in the chamber of (1r-4mA-6Awy) at Denderah temple depicts the fragrant «Lotus Bloom» inside the «Neshmet-bark of Osiris», with the poisonous serpent (Uraeus) coming out of the «Lotus-flower» and the falcongod Horus. This image indicates a divine unit that functions against the evil powers of Seth's realm. This research aims to reveal the prominent religious importance and divinity of the sacred-oils.

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a global dental condition. Early intake of antibiotics can increase the risk of MIH. Purpose: To assess the knowledge of physicians and dentists on MIH and its associations with antibiotics exposure during early childhood. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed the above health professionals utilizing an electronically distributed questionnaire. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in levels of knowledge between the study groups. Results: There were 335 participants in the study; general physicians (n=79), pediatricians (n=98) and dentists (n=158). A significantly lower proportion of general physicians and pediatricians had knowledge of MIH compared to dentists (19% and 18% vs. 82%, respectively, P

Abstract Background Fungal colonization or infection has recently been reported in patients with lung cancer, and it is possible that it has a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer or having an effect on treatment and outcome. Aim of work was to assess the prevalence and pattern of isolated fungi from patients with lung cancer at the time of diagnosis. In this prospective cross-sectional observational study, patients with suspected lung tumors were subjected to fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) for biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with its culture for fungal growth. After a pathological diagnosis, 100 cases of confirmed lung cancer were entered into the study analysis. The prevalence and type of isolated fungi have been determined and compared to the characteristics of the participants and cell types of lung cancer. Results Fungi were isolated from 68% of the studied lung cancer cases. The most common isolated fungi were Candida albicans (32%), Aspergillus niger (28%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (8%). Fungi were isolated with a higher frequency in lung cancer cases with the following characteristics: males (p = 0.008), current or ex-smokers (p = 0.002), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) association (p = 0.01). In comparison to lung cancer cases with negative fungal culture, detection of fungal colonization was more associated with increasing severity of clinical presentation: higher grades of dyspnea (grade 1 vs. grade 2, p 0.001), a higher cough score (score 1 versus score 3, p 0.001), a higher chest pain score (score 0 versus score 1, p 0.001), and higher scores of hemoptysis (score 0 versus score 3, p 0.001). Otherwise, no difference was detected regarding age, frequency of comorbidities, chest computed tomography (CT) findings, lung cancer cell type, and staging in lung cancer patients with fungal colonization (p > 0.05). Conclusion Fungi were isolated in more than two thirds of lung cancer cases at the time of diagnosis with higher frequency among males, smokers, and those having associated COPD. This may negatively affect the response to treatment and prognosis of lung cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 05575388).

Objective:The lack of objective documentation of pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) tumour margins is a major constraint in performing safe breast conserving surgery (BCS) in patients with breast cancer. Using a novel method of marking pre-NACT tumour margins with indigenous silver wire markers, this retrospective observational study attempted to assess the feasibility of safe BCS in breast cancer patients by performing excision wide of the marked pre-NACT margins.Materials and Methods:This retrospective observational study was conducted on breast cancer patients who were attending our oncology centre between May, 2015 and April, 2022. All patients had received NAC followed by surgery as recommended by our multidisciplinary team. All the patients had a primary operable solitary breast cancer. We used radiopaque metallic rods made from silver to localize tumour margins prior to NAC.Results:Sixty-four breast cancer patients were included; none had marker-related complications. Following NAC, BCS could be easily performed in 60 patients guided by the silver markers, which were used as temporary implants and removed during surgery. Only 2 patients were seen with positive margins and were converted to mastectomy.Conclusion:Breast cancer localization using sterile silver markers before the initiation of NAC is safe, easy, inexpensive, and effective, causing no morbidity or significant pain to the patients.

Abstract Background Multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMNs) became more prevalent as the population aged and medical technology progressed. The purpose of this research was to review the findings of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in synchronous renal cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Results 31 individuals with synchronous renal cell carcinoma and additional solid cancers were included in this retrospective analysis. CT scanning was carried out using 64 MDCT scanners. All sixty-two malignancies were undergoing pathological assessment. Out of 685 patients with renal cell carcinoma, 31 individuals were identified with another primary solid cancer that occurred concurrently. All of our instances were pathologically verified. In all 31 individuals, clear renal cell carcinoma was found. The most frequent extra-renal malignancies were hepatocellular carcinoma (10/31), followed by breast carcinoma (4/31), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4/31), bronchogenic carcinoma (3/31), colonic carcinoma (3/31), prostatic carcinoma (2/31), urinary bladder carcinoma (1/31), periampullary carcinoma (1/31), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1/31) and skin squamous cell carcinoma (1/31) as well as malignant hemangioendothelioma (1/31). Conclusion MDCT scanning was an accurate imaging method for diagnosing synchronous renal cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Even in the face of numerous cancers, the goal of therapy in cancer patients must always be curative. During the pretreatment examination, the potential of synchronous double malignancies with renal cell carcinoma should be explored.

Introduction: Groundwater demand has been considerably heightened due to rapid urban growth, specifically in arid areas that rely primarily on groundwater. This study aims to utilize remote sensing and aeromagnetic data, combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based GIS, to evaluate potential groundwater zones in the Sohag area, Egypt. Methods: Nine thematic layers, including soil moisture, rainfall, lithology, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), drainage density, lineament density, slope, and land use/land cover, were developed using various remote sensing datasets. Besides the remote sensing-derived thematic layers, a geophysics-derived thematic layer represented by the RTP aeromagnetic map was included. The aeromagnetic data were analyzed and interpreted to outline the subsurface structure affecting groundwater storage and flow. Also, the aeromagnetic data analysis helps estimate the basement depth that constitutes the Nubian Aquifer's base and identifies regions with considerable thick sedimentary deposits and significant water reserves. Results and discussion: The groundwater potentiality map was consistent with production wells in the area, and sites for drilling new wells were predicted, especially in the Nile Valley around the Tahta, El-Hamimia, and west Sohag cities. The most promising sites are clustered along the Nile Valley, and the study area's northwestern and northeastern parts. The results indicate that the predominant magnetic structural trends are NW-SE, NE-SW, N-S, and E-W, which contribute to the formation of a series of subsurface horsts (H) and grabens (G). Three main basins (A, B, and C) were identified as the most profound areas. These basins represent the most promising areas for groundwater accumulation, making them attractive for future hydrogeological exploration. This integrated approach strongly offers a powerful and effective tool to assist in developing an appropriate plan to manage groundwater in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The presentation of synchronous multiple primary tumors is rare. The aim of this report was to report an uncommon series of cases diagnosed with synchronous gastrointestinal tract carcinoma and other solid malignancies by multidetector computed tomography. Case presentation Our report included 34 patients with synchronous gastrointestinal tract carcinoma and other solid malignancies from November 2009 to September 2019. They were 14 men and 20 women (mean age, 65.5 year; range, 52–82 years). The highest number of GIT cases were colonic carcinomas detected in 70% (24/34) of the patients. The most frequent extra-gastrointestinal primary malignancy sites were renal cell and breast carcinomas, 17.6% (6/34) of each. Conclusions Careful preoperative evaluation is recommended to detect this pattern of synchronous extra-gastrointestinal tumors. More reports of such cases should help to clarify the pathogenesis of this phenomenon and may lead to a new treatment strategy for synchronous gastrointestinal malignancy and other solid malignancies.

Abstract Background This is a prospective study evaluating oncologic outcomes of early glottic carcinoma treated with transoral laser micro-laryngeal (TLM) surgery in two tertiary referral hospital. Patients who underwent TLM for early glottic carcinoma at the Otolaryngology Department and National Cancer Institute-Cairo University during the period between January 2016 and July 2019 who met inclusion criteria were included in the study. Operative and postoperative complications were assessed. Patients were followed up to assess loco-regional control. Results Thirty-three patients were included in the study. There were no operative complications. Median postoperative pain score was 3. Median duration of procedure was 15 min. None of the patients experienced postoperative bleeding or airway complications. There was no return to hospital within 30 days for complications. Median follow-up was 24 months. Disease-free survival was 97%. Overall survival was 100%. Conclusion Transoral laser microsurgery is a secure and successful choice for the treatment of glottic carcinomas, related to negligible morbidity and great local control.

Investigating the modification factors as a critical seismic design tool, delineating the anticipated level of inelastic behavior within structural systems during seismic events. Both damping and ductility are included in this factor, particularly at movement nearing maximum capacity. Moreover, it offers valuable insights into buildings' response during earthquakes and the anticipated behavior of structures compliant with building codes during design earthquakes. Essentially, it mirrors the structure's capacity to dissipate energy via an inelastic mechanism. In this research, the infill (RC) structures with various structural irregularities were focused. The selected irregularities included dimension, elevation, and mass. Infill location, number of bays, and seismic zone were the expected R factors for RC frames. Non-linear static pushover analysis was adopted in numerical simulation. The available data gathered from the literature was used to validate the outcomes of the developed models. Additionally, the effects of different types of soil were taken into consideration, and the research results demonstrated that the value of the modification factor (R) for change in stiffness and mass of high-rise buildings for bare and infill (RC) structures is less compared to irregular (RC) structures. It was concluded that the same structure with different types of soil and different parameters has a great effect on the value of R for bare and infill regular and irregular (RC) structures. Furthermore, recommendations for accurate R estimation for RC structures were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) lesion is acidic, and changing this acidic pH may affect growth of TB bacilli and response to therapy. We aimed to assess the effect of adjuvant inhalation of sodium bicarbonate (SB) 8.4% on clinical, radiological, and microbiological responses in patients with sputum-positive drug-sensitive pulmonary TB. Patients and methods One hundred and three patients with pulmonary TB completed the study, and they were classified into two groups: group I included 55 patients who received standard anti-TB regimen plus SB inhalation, and group II included 48 patients who received anti-TB regimen only. The responses in both groups were evaluated clinically, microbiologically, and radiologically. Results There was no statistically significant difference between both groups in baseline bacillary load, clinical picture, and radiology. Both groups improved clinically 1 month after start of therapy. In group I only, there was a statistically significant improvement in chest radiograph after 1 month (P

Background: Computerized tomography-guided celiac plexus neurolysis has become almost a safe technique to alleviate abdominal malignancy pain. We compared the single needle technique with changing patients’ position and the double needle technique using posterior anterocrural approach. Methods: In Double Needles Celiac Neurolysis Group (n = 17), we used two needles posterior anterocrural technique injecting 12.5 mL phenol 10% on each side in prone position. In Single Needle Celiac Neurolysis Group (n = 17), we used single needle posterior anterocrural approach. 25 mL of phenol 10% was injected from left side while patients were in left lateral position then turned to right side. The monitoring parameters were failure block rate and duration of patient positioning, technique time, Visual Analog Scale, complications (hypotension, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, neurological damage and infection) and rescue analgesia. Results: The failure block rate and duration of patient positioning significantly increased in double needles celiac neurolysis vs. single needle celiac neurolysis (30.8% vs. 0%; 13.8 ± 1.2 vs. 8.9 ± 1; p = 0.046, p ≤ 0.001 respectively). Also, the technique time increased significantly in double needles celiac neurolysis than single needle celiac neurolysis (24.5 ± 5.1 vs. 15.4 ± 1.8; p ≤ 0.001). No significant differences existed as regards Visual Analog Scale: double needles celiac neurolysis = 2 (0–5), 2 (0–4), 3 (0–6), 3 (2–6) and single needle celiac neurolysis = 3 (0–5), 2 (0–5), 2 (0–4), 4 (2–6) after 1 day, 1 week, 1 and 3 months respectively. However, Visual Analog Scale in each group reduced significantly compared with basal values (p ≤ 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences as regards rescue analgesia and complications (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Single needle celiac neurolysis with changing patients’ position has less failure block rate, less procedure time, shorter duration of patient positioning than double needles celiac neurolysis in abdominal malignancy. Resumo: Introdução: A neurólise do plexo celíaco guiada por tomografia computadorizada tornou-se uma técnica relativamente segura para aliviar a dor abdominal maligna. Comparamos a técnica de agulha única mudando o posicionamento do paciente e a técnica de agulha dupla usando a abordagem anterocrural posterior. Métodos: No grupo designado para neurólise celíaca com agulha dupla (n = 17), a técnica de abordagem anterocrural posterior foi utilizada com duas agulhas para injetar 12.5 mL de fenol a 10% de cada lado em decúbito ventral. No grupo designado para neurólise celíaca com agulha única (n = 17), a abordagem anterocrural posterior foi utilizada com uma única agulha para injetar 25 mL de fenol a 10% do lado esquerdo com o paciente em decúbito lateral esquerdo e posteriormente virado para o lado direito. Os parâmetros de monitorização foram a taxa de falha dos bloqueios e a duração do posicionamento dos pacientes, o tempo da técnica, os escores da escala visual analógica, as complicações (hipotensão, diarreia, vômitos, hemorragia, dano neurológico e infecção) e a analgesia de resgate. Resultados: A taxa de falha dos bloqueios e a duração do posicionamento dos pacientes aumentaram significativamente na neurólise celíaca com o uso de agulha dupla vs. agulha única (30.8% vs. 0%; 13,8 ± 1.2 vs. 8,9 ± 1; p = 0,046, p ≤ 0,001, respectivamente). Além disso, o tempo da técnica foi significativamente maior na neurólise celíaca com agulha dupla que na neurólise celíaca com agulha única (24,5 ± 5,1 vs. 15,4 ± 1,8; p ≤ 0,001). Não houve diferença significativa em relação aos escores da escala visual analógica: neurólise celíaca com agulha dupla = 2 (0-5), 2 (0-4), 3 (0-6), 3 (2-6) e neurolise celíaca com agulha única = 3 (0-5), 2 (0-5), 2 (0-4), 4 (2-6) após um dia, uma semana, um e três meses, respectivamente. No entanto, os escores da escala visual analógica para cada grupo foram significativamente menores comparados aos valores basais (p ≤ 0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à analgesia de resgate e complicações (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A neurólise celíaca com o uso de agulha única e a alteração do posicionamento do paciente apresenta uma taxa menor de falha do bloqueio, menos tempo de procedimento e menor duração do posicionamento do paciente que o uso de duas agulhas para neurólise celíaca em malignidade abdominal. Keywords: Celiac neurolysis, Computerized tomography, Patient position, Single needle, Double needle, Palavras-chave: Neurólise celíaca, Tomografia computadorizada, Posição do paciente, Agulha única, Agulha dupla

Background Smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) represents 42% of PTB cases and is responsible for ∼20% of tuberculosis (TB) transmission cases. Early recognition of TB cases is important to limit TB transmission. This study was planned to assess validity and safety of bronchoscopic transbronchial cryobiopsy in diagnosis of patients with smear-negative PTB. Patients and methods Patients with smear-negative PTB were enrolled. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial cryobiopsy were taken. BAL was sent for microbiological examination (Ziehl–Neelsen for acid-fast bacilli and TB culture). Results A total of 24 patients were included in the study. BAL Ziehl–Neelsen staining result was positive in four (16.7%) patients, and TB culture finding was positive in five (20.8%) patients. Among those who had a positive cryobiopsy result, the probability of TB disease was 100% (no false-positive results). Among those who had a negative cryobiopsy result, the probability of being TB free was 89.5%. So, sensitivity of transbronchial cryobiopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary TB was 85% and specificity was 100%. Conclusion Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is rapid and safe procedures in diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary TB. However, further studies on a large number of patients are recommended.

The wheat crop in Egypt is a major source of food for a large population. There is a deficit in bridging the food gap. Egypt imports wheat with its domestic production. Egypt currently suffers from 50% self-sufficiency in wheat. The Port Said Governorate is considered one of the governorates of Egypt in which the Peace Canal contributes to the increase of land and Egypt from the wheat importing countries, which means that the economics of this crop have not been expanded in Zarattha in such a way that makes a significant contribution to filling the deficit and achieving self-sufficiency rates. The study aims to study the general time trends of the main changes associated with the estimation of the supply response of the wheat crop, which includes both the cultivated area of the crop, the agricultural price and the net yield of the crop. It also aims to identify the most important changes affecting the cultivated area, In agriculture The study was based on data from the Department of Agricultural Statistics in the Directorate of Agriculture in Port Said Governorate and the Agricultural Statistics Bulletin issued by the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics and some researches related to the subject of the study. The study used some descriptive and quantitative statistical methods such as simple regression method and multiple regression method to estimate the supply response functions of wheat yield in Port Said Governorate in the linear image. The results of the study on estimating general time equations for some of the economic indicators related to estimating the supply response of wheat yield during the period 2000-2016 in the cultivated area, the agricultural price and the net yield of the studied crop showed that there is an increasing general trend In both cultivated area and farm price and net return, 727, 24.82, 288.18 respectively and the significance of the model was established at the level of 0.05. What is for the results of the restoration of the supply of accounting? The study of the full linear model was overseen by the models for the response of the wheat yield in Port Said Governorate where it is clear from the full linear model that includes all the explanatory variables referred to that the model is significant. It is worth mentioning the significance of all the variables studied, (T-1), T-1 wheat price, T-1 wheat net yield (T-1), T-1 net, yield formula from wheat to clover (T-1) ), The stability of price policies, and the percentage of wheat / rice yield (T-1) 1% of the changes occurring in the area cultivated with wheat to the previous factors of the Immunization Heif order . As shown in the previous equation, there is a positive relationship between six factors and area cultivated wheat in the year, meaning that the increase of cultivated area of the year following the cultivation by 50 acres. The increase in the agricultural price was an incentive for farmers to increase the cultivated area of the crop studied in the year The net yield from wheat may lead to an increase in the cultivated area by 3.54 feddans, and the price ratio between the wheat crop / barley crop in the previous year was estimated at an area of about 91.56 feddans and the net yield from wheat to barley. Cultivated by 26848 feddans, a factor of inverse relation with the cultivated area of agricultural engineering, this factor may lead to a decrease in the cultivated area of wheat 8282.2 feddans on the cultivated area in the wheat province of Port Said Governorate. The elasticity of the supply response to the variable of crop area (X1) in the previous year, agriculture price (X2) in the previous year, (X4) net weight/ net wheat/barley yield in the previous year and (X6) previous 0.65, 2.8, 1.7, 1.58, respectively. If there is a change in the capacity of 1% in the area cultivated with wheat there is a change in the area cultivated in the previous year by 0.65%, and there is a change in the previous years farm price increased by 2.8% and wheat net/net barley yield has change by 1.7% and the wheat/ barley price ratio has change by 1.58%, respectively. The results showed that the model for the wheat yield response were the logarithmic model. This is evident from the value of (F) (R2).

Background: Stem cells therapy is a new therapeutic approach for pulmonary emphysema. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is effective in tissue regeneration through mobilization of stem cells to different organs. So, in this study we compared the effect of filgrastim (175 amino acid recombinant human G-CSF) versus bone marrow mononuclear cells on apoptosis and repair of air spaces in lipopolysaccharide induced emphysema in C57Bl/6 mice. Methods: The mice were classified into 4 groups: group A: mice not received any treatment, group B: mice received intranasal instillation of lipopolysaccharide repeated three times per week for 8 weeks, group C: mice received a dose of intravenous bone marrow mononuclear cells (0.3 ml of cell suspension at a concentration of 2 × 106 cells/ml) after instillation and evaluated 5 weeks later and group D: mice received subcutaneous filgrastim three subcutaneous injections a week for 7 weeks (100 microgram/kg/injection) after lipopolysaccharide instillation. Imaging analysis was done using imagej program. Results: Concerning the mean of air space equivalent diameter (D0) and (D1), no differences were observed between the bone marrow mononuclear cells treated mice and filgrastim treated mice. As regard apoptotic index, no significant difference was found between filgrastim and BMMNCs treated groups. Conclusion: These results indicate nearly similar effectiveness of both filgrastim and BMMNCs in treatment of lipopolysaccharide induced pulmonary emphysema.

Abstract Objectives Early diagnosis of lung cancer carries a good prognosis. The aim of the present study was early detection of lung cancer among heavy smokers using immunohistochemical staining and chest computed tomography (CT). Patients and methods This descriptive cross-sectional study comprised 80 heavy smokers with smoking index more than 40 pack-years. They were recruited from the Smoking Cessation Clinic, Mansoura University Hospital. All participants were subjected to (a) chest radiography followed by high-resolution chest CT, (b) sputum sample collection, and (c) fiberoptic bronchoscopy evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial mucosal biopsies from suspicious areas. All pathological samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin followed by immunostaining using antibodies for p53 and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences, version 16. Results The majority of heavy smokers were male, withamean age of 53.42±11.30 years. A solitary pulmonary nodule was detectedin1.3%of cases withchest radiographyandin5%with high-resolution CT. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of sputum, BAL, and mucosal biopsies was positive for premalignant changes in 35, 27, and 17.56%of cases, respectively. Sputum, BAL, and mucosal biopsies showed expression of p53 in 30, 37.8, and 35.1% of cases, respectively. Sputum, BAL, and mucosal biopsy showed expression of TTF-1 in 12.5, 10.8, and 14.9% of cases, respectively. Conclusion The immunohistochemical technique using p53 and TTF-1 is useful in the early detection of bronchial mucosal changes in heavy smokers. There is still need for a largescale study to highlight its validity and acceptability. Meanwhile, chest CT is beneficial for the detection of peripheral small lesions.

Introduction: In small biopsies standard morphology cannot specifically subtype the tumor. Histologic subtyping of lung cancer is mandatory for treatment. Immunohistochemical staining is a valuable tool for diagnosis of lung cancer. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of minimal panel of Napsin A, CK 5/6 and CD 56 versus H&E of lung cancer in small biopsies. Methods: 84 small sized tissue samples were obtained. Seventy samples were obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB) and 14 samples were obtained with transothoracic CT guided trucut needle. All samples were stained with H&E for morphologic diagnosis, then the same samples were stained with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining including 3 antibodies (Napsin A, CK 5/6 and CD 56), then we compared the diagnostic yield of both methods. Results: After H&E staining, according to WHO 2004 classification: 40 cases were adenocarcinoma (AC), 10 were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 22 were large cell carcinoma (LCC) and 12 were neuroendocrine tumors (NET). After IHC; 54 (64.3%) were AC, 11 (13.1%) were SCC, 11 (13.1%) were NET and 8 (9.5%) were non small cell lung cancer not otherwise specified NSCLC NOS (Counterpart of large cell carcinoma in 2004 WHO classification). Napsin A was expressed in 98% (53/54) and CK 5/6 in 90.9% (10/11) of SCC. CD 56 in 100% (11/11) of neuroendocrine tumors. Conclusion: IHC with Napsin A, CK 5/6 and CD 56 has a more diagnostic value in precise typing of different cell types of lung cancer than H&E in small biopsies.