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Raghdaa Shrief,1 Amira H El-Ashry,2 Rasha Mahmoud,3 Rasha El-Mahdy2 1Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; 2Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; 3Internal Medicine Department, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptCorrespondence: Rasha El-Mahdy, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt, Tel +20 10 0532 9819, Email rashaamr@mans.edu.egPurpose: The increasing multi-drug carbapenem resistance among Enterobacterales are a severe health problem limiting therapeutic options and worsen the prognosis. This study characterizes carbapenemase genes and integrons among uropathogenic carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates recovered from Mansoura University Hospitals and evaluates the effect of colistin, fosfomycin and meropenem-vaborbactam on these isolates.Patients and Methods: A total of 200 Enterobacterales isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. Colistin susceptibility was tested using the broth microdilution method and fosfomycin and meropenem/vaborbactam susceptibility were tested by MIC Test Strips. Carbapenem resistant isolates were screened for carbapenemase activity phenotypically using the modified carbapenem inactivation method and EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method and genotypically by multiplex PCR. Integrons class 1 and 2 and fosA gene were assayed by PCR. Data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. The Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare groups, as appropriate.Results: Ninety-two Enterobacterales isolates were resistant to meropenem (46%); 52 E. coli and 40 K. pneumoniae strains. All CRE isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Sensitivity of CRE isolates to colistin, fosfomycin and meropenem/vaborbactam were 67.4%, 82.6% and 58.7%, respectively. Carbapenemase genes were detected by multiplex PCR in 69.6% of CRE isolates (Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales (CPE) mainly blaNDM (37%). CPE isolates were significantly more resistant to meropenem/vaborbactam than non-CPE isolates; 51.6% vs 17.8%, respectively (P = 0.003) especially blaNDM carrying isolates (70.6%). Class 1 integrons and fosA gene were detected in 91.3% and 11.9% of CRE isolates, respectively.Conclusion: This study revealed that about half of the uropathogenic Enterobacterales isolates were MDR CRE. Carbapenemase gene blaNDM was the main gene among CRE isolates. Meropenem/vaborbactam sensitivity was significantly higher on non-CPE than CPE isolates and limited by the predominance of blaNDM.Keywords: Enterobacterales, carbapenemases, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, colistin, fosfomycin, meropenem-vaborbactam

Parasites are known for their modulatory effects on the immune response. The impact of toxoplasmosis on the immune response towards H. pylori is being studied in terms of IL-10 levels. This study included 110 patients suffering from persistent dyspepsia and 50 apparently healthy controls. Stool samples were collected and tested for H. pylori using colloidal gold one step test. Sera were examined for anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG using ELISA. IL-10 was also tested in the sera using ELISA. We found that Toxoplasma IgM and IgG tested positive in 1.8 % and 40 % of H. pylori positive patients, respectively. H. pylori-infected patients displayed higher IL-10 levels than the healthy controls (84 versus 0.59 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.001). Classification of H. pylori positive patients according to Toxoplasma IgG titers yielded three groups: negative (58, 52.7 %), equivocal (8, 7.3 %), and positive (44, 40 %) groups, with the highest IL-10 levels detected in the double positive than the negative and the equivocal group (215 pg/ml versus 43 and 112.5 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.001). There was strong positive correlation between Toxoplasma IgG titers and IL-10 levels (rs = 0.82, P < 0.001). Toxoplasma enhances IL-10 production in response to H. pylori infection. This could ameliorate the inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa, and subsequently more colonization with the H. pylori is achieved, resulting in persistent infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that are abundantly expressed in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. The mechanism of miRNAs in breast cancer oncogenesis is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine if there was a link between the miR-423 rs6505162 gene variation and breast cancer susceptibility among Egyptian patients., Methods: This was a case control study that included 120 female patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 120 healthy controls. The patients and controls were genotyped for miR-423 rs6505162 polymorphism by real time PCR. The association of breast cancer patients' genotypic variant and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed., Results: Breast cancer patients showed significantly higher AA and CA genotypes frequencies when compared to controls. This was translated as higher risk to develop breast cancer in patients harboring these genotypic variants (OR = 3.28, p= 0.002; OR = 2.11, p= 0.011, respectively). The frequencies of Her2 positive and advanced stage disease were significantly increased in the AA genotype variant (p<0.001)., Conclusion: Our data suggest that miR-423 rs6505162 polymorphism could be a potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of breast cancer among Egyptian population.

Background: Th-17 cells, a proinflammatory subset of CD4 T lymphocytes, have been suggested as a possible cause of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related immunological injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between IL-17F (rs763780) polymorphism and the susceptibility to and outcomes of COVID-19 infection and to determine the clinical and laboratory predictors of COVID-19 death., Methods: This case-control study included 132 COVID-19 patients and 135 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The participants were tested for IL-17F rs763780 polymorphism via TaqMan-based genotyping and for the expression of IL-17 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study also investigated the predictors for COVID-19 mortality., Results: A non-statistically significant association was observed between IL-17F alleles and genotypes with COVID-19 ( P =0.309, P =0.138, respectively). Moreover, no significant difference in the IL-17F genotypes was observed between non-survivors and survivors ( P =0.482). In the multivariate analysis, the participants with the following characteristics had 17.7-, 11.2-, 8-, and 17.9-fold higher odds of exhibiting in-hospital mortality, respectively: (1) hypertension, (2) age of >57 years, (3) WBC count of >12.6 × 10 3 /mm 3 , and (4) D-dimer of >0.9 ng/ml. The ROC curve analysis showed that IL-17 at a cutoff point of >46 pg/ml was a perfect discriminator of COVID-19 patients from control subjects (AUC = 1.0)., Conclusion: The findings indicate that the IL-17F H161R variant does not influence the risk of COVID-19. However, the IL-17 level is a perfect discriminator of COVID-19 infection. Hypertension, age of >57 years, white blood cell count of >12.6 × 10 3 /mm 3 , and D-dimer of >0.9 ng/ml are the independent predictors for death among COVID-19 patients., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Manal M. El-Desoky et al.)

Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (BCNIE) poses a significant challenge in determining the best antibiotic regimen for this life-threatening infection, which should be treated with as specific and effective a regimen as feasible. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of BCNIE among definite infective endocarditis (IE) cases and to study the impact of a molecular and serological diagnostic approach in defining the microbiological origin of BCNIE. This study included 94 definite IE cases. Serum and blood samples from BCNIE patients were tested using serological, broad-range PCR, and sequencing assays. Valve tissue sections obtained from 42 operated patients were subjected to culture and molecular studies. BCNIE accounted for 63 (67%) of the cases. Of these cases, blood PCR followed by sequencing could diagnose 11 cases. Zoonotic infective endocarditis was detected in 7 (11%) patients by serology and PCR (four Brucella , two Bartonella , and one Coxiella ). Sequencing of valve PCR bands revealed 30 positive cases. Therefore, the percentage of BCNIE with unidentified etiology was reduced from 67% to 27.7% through a combination of all diagnostic procedures utilized in our study. Blood and valve PCR and sequencing assays are valuable techniques for the etiological diagnosis of BCNIE, especially in cases with previous antibiotic therapy. However, these tests should be used as part of a larger diagnostic strategy that includes serology, microscopy, and valve culture. The use of an automated blood culture system, and proper blood culture collection before ordering antibiotics, will guide IE etiological diagnosis.

The pks genotoxic K. pneumoniae has recently triggered a widespread alarm. DNA damage and higher virulence have been linked to colibactin, a genotoxin expressed by the pks genomic island. Little is known about its molecular epidemiology in clinical isolates from Egypt. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the microbiological and clinical features of pks harboring hospital-acquired K. pneumoniae isolates from Egypt. Eighty-seven hospital-acquired K. pneumoniae isolates from various specimen types were screened for pks colibactin island markers clbB , clbQ , clbA , and clbN by PCR. The pks -positive hvKp isolates were classified to one of the capsular types K1 and K2 using multiplex-PCR targeting K -serotype wzi and rmpA genes. The prevalence of pks + strains was 27.6% (24/87). K1 capsular type, phenotypic, and genotypic hypervirulent isolates were significantly higher among pks + strains than pks - strains ( P < 0.001), while pks + K. pneumoniae strains were found to be significantly less resistant to 8 of the antibiotic compounds tested than pks - strains. Carriage of K1 capsular type and mucoviscosity-associated rmp A gene and diabetes mellitus were identified to remain independent risk factors having a substantial association to pks -positivity by multivariate regression analysis. In conclusion, Hospital-acquired K. pneumoniae isolates in Egypt had an increased prevalence of the pks colibactin genotoxin. The significant occurrence of hypervirulent determinants in pks + K. pneumoniae highlighted the genotoxin's possible pathogenicity combined with its distribution in several specimen types, which necessitates clinical attention and epidemic tracking., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.)

Our study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of the sonication tool for the microbiological diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections (CIEDIs). The extracted cardiac implants of 52 patients were assessed: 19 with CIEDI and 33 with elective generator replacement or revision without clinical infection. Sonication fluid culture of explanted CIEDs yielded higher numbers of microorganisms than pocket tissue or swab cultures. The sensitivity of sonication fluid culture was significantly higher than that of pocket swab and tissue culture for microbiological diagnosis of CIEDI. The microorganisms isolated most frequently via sonication of explanted CIEDs were Gram-positive cocci (70%), of which 50% was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Sonication fluid culture detected colonization in 36.4% of the non-infected patients. Sonication fluid culture represents a promising diagnostic strategy with increased sensitivity compared to conventional culture methods for microbiological diagnosis of cardiac devices associated with infection and colonization., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)