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An efficient column chromatography of the CH2Cl2/MeOH crude extract from the soft coral Litophyton mollis (Macfadyen, 1936) yielded seven steroids, including five 4α-methylated steroids (1–5) and two 19-oxygenated steroids (6–7). Notably, both compounds 3 and 7 are new, identified as (22E)-4α,24-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-22,24(28)-dien-3β,8β-diol (3) and (22E,24R)-7β-acetoxy-24-methyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3β,19-diol (7). The chemical structures and relative configurations were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HRESIMS analysis. The cytotoxicity of metabolites 1–7 was evaluated against three cancer cell lines: MCF-7, HepG2, and NCI-1299. Remarkably, metabolites 6 and 7 exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, with IC50 values of 8.6 and 8.4 μM, respectively, while also showing moderate effects against NCI-1299, with IC50 values of 15.7 and 15.1 μM, respectively. Additionally, steroids 4 and 5 displayed weak cytotoxicity against all three cell lines, with IC50 values in the ranges of 34.7–37.5 and 30.8–46.3 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical examination of the soft coral Sclerophytum levi collected from the Red Sea led to isolation and structurally elucidation of a new mono- acyl glycerol ester, [(2 R )-2,3-dihydroxypropyl] (2 R )-2-hydroxypentadecanoate (1) , along with myristyl palmitate (2) , (Z)-2-(9-octadecenyloxy) ethanol (3) , 24-methylene cholesterol ( 4 ) and 23-demethylgorgosterol (5) . The chemical composition of the isolated metabolites was determined via optimised spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The new mono alkyl glycerate (m-AG) showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans microbial strains using agar well diffusion method and recorded a weak in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.

The reaction of 3-aryl-2,4-dicarboethoxy-5-hydroxy-5-methylcyclohexanones 1 with benzalacetone, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, and 4-benzal-1-phenyl-3-methyl pyrazolone has been investigated to give Michael compounds 2-5 . hydrolysis of the dioxo derivative 4 afforded1,5-dicarbonyl derivative 6 which On condensation with hydrazine and/or substituted hydrazine and hydroxylamine produced1,2-diazepine and 1,2-oxazepine derivatives 7,8 respectively. Reaction of β-Keto ester 1 with 1,3-diphenylacetone afforded 9 . The structures of the hitherto unknown compounds have been confirmed by analytical and spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds have been screened to test their antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

N-acyl derivative 4 was prepared via the reaction of methyl anthranilate with ethyl bromoacetate then refluxing the formed amino ester 3 with acetic anhydride. Cyclization of 4 in presences of sodium methoxide and methanol forming 2,4-pyrrolidindione derivative 5 . 2,4-Quinolidinone 6 was obtained via cyclization of 4 in dry toluene and sodium hydride. On the other hand, indolinone derivative 8 was obtained by cyclization of 4 in toluene and free from alcohol due to retro Diekmann-condensation. On treatment of 8 with sodium hydride, refluxing toluene and in presences of Crown ether gave tricyclic compound 9 . Also, treatment of 2-pyrrolidinone with trimethylene chlorobromide produced 10 which cyclized using base and solvent to the bridged ring derivatives 11 . The acidic hydrolysis of 11 afforded the corresponding amino acid 13 . Whereas derivative 14 was obtained by the reaction of 2-pyrrolidinone with ethyl 3-bromopropionate which on cyclization gave azabicyclo[3,2,1]octan-4,8-dione derivative 15 . Compound 15 underwent acidic hydrolysis to the amino ketone derivative azepanone hydrochloride 17 .

Reaction of 4-amino-3-phenyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-thiazole-2-thione with phenylisothiocyanate gave (2) which when boiled with acetic acid gave (3). Treatment of (2) with monochloroacetic acid resulted in the formation of thiazolidinone derivative (4). Reaction of (2) with malonic acid gave (5). Condensation of (1) with aromatic aldehydes afforded Schiffe base derivatives (6a,b). Treatment of (1) with malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate and acetonitrile resulted the formation of pyridine derivatives (7a,b,c). The reaction of (1) with urea and thiourea gave compound (8). Condensation of (1) with o-phenylenediamine and o-aminophenol gave compound (9). Reaction of (1) with nitrous acid followed by coupling with ethylacetoacetate afforded (10). Bromination of (10) gave bromo derivative (11). The structures of the hitherto unknown compounds have been confirmed by analytical and spectral methods. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial activity.