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Omar MM, Eleraky NE, El Sisi AM, Ali Hasan O. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:4413–4430. The Editor and Publisher of Drug Design, Development and Therapy wish to retract the published article. Concerns were raised regarding the alleged image manipulation of the TEM micrograph shown in Figure 2. It appears several of the small spherical vesicles shown in the figure are duplicates of each other. The authors did not respond to our queries and the decision was made to retract the article. The authors were notified of this. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”. This retraction relates to this paper

Rania S Abdel-Rashid,1 Doaa A Helal,2 Mahmoud M Omar,3,4 Amani M El Sisi51Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; 2Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; 3Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, El-Minia, Egypt; 4Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; 5Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, BanÄ« Suwayf, EgyptObjective: Intraocular pressure has always been a great challenge for topical ophthalmic drugs. The study aimed to develop ocular surfactant based nanovesicles (NVs) carried in mucoadhesive nanogel providing efficient topical delivery of acetazolamide (ACZ).Methods: For the sake of optimizing formulation parameters, the effect of the type of edge activator and its ratio to sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) on the mean particle size, entrapment efficiency (%EE), and zeta potential (ZP) of produced NVs was investigated.Results: The selected formulation composed of Span 60:sodium deoxycholate with ratio 80:20 showed an average diameter of 202.90 nm, %EE of 90.2%, and ZP of −38.1 mV with a spherical and smooth surface. The ACZ loaded nanovesicles (ACZ-NVs) were embedded in different concentrations of Chitosan–sodium tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanogels. The nanogel prepared using 1.5% CS showed the most promising viscosity, adhesion time, and rheological behavior (118,246 cP, 290 min, and thixotropic behavior, respectively). The in vitro release of ACZ showed a controlled release profile after incorporation in nanogels. The in vivo irritation test showed minimal irritation for the nanogel formulation compared to ACZ topical suspension. The effect of intraocular pressure lowering was significantly prolonged using ACZ-NV nanogels compared to ACZ oral

Mahmoud M Omar,1,2 Omiya Ali Hasan,1,2 Amani M El Sisi3 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University, El-Minia, Egypt; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; 3Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt Aim: To develop the topical gel containing transferosomal lidocaine as alternative to painful local anesthetic injection. Materials and methods: The transfersomes were prepared by film hydration technique using soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. The prepared transfersomes were evaluated for the morphology, drug loading, %EE, particle size and in vitro release. The transferosomal gel of lidocaine was prepared using HPMC k15 as gelling agent and propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and polyamidoamine dendrimer third generation (PAMAM G3) solutions were used as permeation enhancer. The formulated gels were evaluated for pH, viscosity, drug content and ex-vivo permeation of the gel. The analgesic effect of the formulation was tested using tail flick test. Results: The transfersomes showed that transfersomes (F4) had the highest entrapment efficiency (%EE) approaching 79.87±2.35, low particle size 179.5 nm, and zeta potential of -43.5±4.74 mV. According to the rat tail flick test, the AUC0–90 minutes of the control formulation (lidocaine solution, A) was 352.32±5.87 seconds minutes. While the maximum AUC0–90 minutes value was found to be 570.5±6.81 seconds minutes for gel formulation (F) containing transfersomal lidocaine with PAMAM G3 dendrimer as permeation enhancer. In this case, the local anesthetic efficacy was increased by 1.62-folds as compared to control formulation. Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that the topical gel loaded with transfersomal lidocaine shows enhanced skin permeation effect along with increase in local anesthetic action of lidoc

This paper has been retracted.Mahmoud M Omar,1,2 Nermin E Eleraky,3 Amani M El Sisi,4 Omiya Ali Hasan1,2 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University, El-Minia, Egypt; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt; 4Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, EgyptCorrespondence: Mahmoud M OmarPharmaceutics and Industrial Department, Deraya University, Deraya Square Street, Minia, New-Minia 61768, EgyptTel +20 10 0933 2419Email mahmoudmomar@hotmail.comBackground: Sumatriptan succinate (SUT) is a potent drug used for relieving or ending migraine and cluster headaches. SUT bioavailability is low (15%) when it is taken orally owing to its gastric breakdown and bloodstream before reaching the target arteries.Aim: The aim of the study was to enhance SUT bioavailability through developing an intranasal transferosomal mucoadhesive gel.Methods: SUT-loaded nanotransferosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method and characterized for various parameters such as vesicle diameter, percent entrapment efficiency (%EE), in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. The in-situ gels were prepared using various ratios of poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, and carrageenan and characterized for gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, and rheological properties.Results: The prepared transferosomes exhibited percent entrapment efficiencies (%EE) of 40.41±3.02 to 77.47±2.85%, mean diameters of 97.25 to 245.01 nm, sustained drug release over 6 hours, and acceptable ex vivo permeation findings. The optimum formulae were incorporated into poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188-based thermosensitive in-situ gel using carrageenan as a mucoadhesive polymer. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed that the prepared in-situ gel of SUT-loaded nano-transferosomes gave enhanced bioavailability, 4.09-fold, as compared to oral d