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Namen tega diplomskega dela je čim bolj celovit oris vloge astronomije v načrtovanju in gradnji mest na področju Mezoamerike. Predstavljene so dosedanje raziskave na področju arheoastronomije in poglavitne orientacije stavb proti astronomskim pojavom na obzorju. V drugem delu je izpostavljenih šest primerov mest s celotne Mezoamerike (Teotihuacan, Monte Albán, El Mirador, Calakmul, Uxmal in Tulum), v katerih se pojavljajo tako astronomske poravnave monumentalnih stavb kot tudi povezave med temi stavbami v posameznem mestu. Prav te povezave med stavbami, ki so zahtevale izredno načrtovanje pri postavitvi samih zgradb v prostoru in ki so zaznamovale samo podobo mesta, pa tudi prikazujejo vlogo nebesnih teles kot krajinskih elementov na gradnjo ne le posameznih stavb v mestu, temveč na gradnjo in končno podobo celih mest. The purpose of this thesis is to encapsulate the role of astronomy in the planning and construction of Mesoamerican cities. Divided into two parts, the first presents previous findings in the field of archaeoastronomy as well as the main orientation points on the horizon, towards which the astronomically functional monumental buildings are oriented, whereas the second part presents six examples of cities (Teotihuacan, Monte Albán, El Mirador, Calakmul, Uxmal, and Tulum) from all over the Mesoamerican geo-cultural landscape. These particular examples of astronomically aligned monumental buildings in these cities, as well as the connections between these aforementioned buildings, provide an insight to the impact of celestial bodies as landscape elements in the extraordinary planning and construction of cities in different regions of Mesoamerica.

This article undertakes a palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the Middle Bronze Age on the basis of a study of the small mammals from level MIR 4 of El Mirador Cave. The chronology of the level under study is 3,720-3,140 cal. yr BP. The palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that it represents the period of transition between the Subboreal and the Subatlantic, during which prevailed a very humid habitat, dominated by woodland and wet meadows. Otherwise, the palaeoclimatic analysis, carried out using the Mutual Climatic Range method (MCR), reveals that level MIR 4 falls within an interval in which the temperatures were very similar to present-day ones, while mean annual precipitation was notably higher than at present, i.e. 485 mm above the present level for Burgos. Cet article propose une reconstitution paléoenvironnementale et paléoclimatique de l’Âge du Bronze moyen à partir de l’étude des petits mammifères du niveau MIR 4 de la grotte El Mirador. La chronologie du niveau étudié est comprise entre 3 720-3 140 ans cal. BP. L’analyse paléoenvironnementale indique qu’il s’agit d’une période de transition entre le Subboréal et le Subatlantique, où prédomine un habitat très humide, dominé par la forêt et les prairies humides. Par ailleurs, l’analyse paléoclimatique, basée sur la méthode du Domaine Climatique Commun (MCR) révèle que le niveau MIR 4 appartient à un intervalle dans lequel les températures sont similaires aux températures actuelles, alors que les précipitations moyennes annuelles étaient notablement supérieures, i.e. 485 mm au dessus des moyennes actuelles pour Burgos.

International audience; "During the Classic period, El Mirador had a resettlement in many of the main architectural compounds built in the Preclassic, forming new residential units with concentric patterns. During the Tepeu 2 phase, the political center of El Mirador was located in the Danta Complex, finding monumental architecture and other objects belonging to elite groups. At the same time, inside and around the ancient city, multiple structures were built reflecting a high range in hierarchy among that society. From the settlement patterns studies, the establishment forms, the territorial organization and the material life of the population will be discussed as also their cultural features that will allow us to get inside the history of the Classic times at this enigmatic city."(source éditeur); voir le lien vers l'association Tikal pour lire le texte en ligne ou télécharger le document.

International audience; "The Mirador Basin is notable for its extensive network of inter-regional and intra-site causeways. Re-cent archaeological investigations and environmental studies conducted by the Mirador Basin project have brought to light new evidence that suggests practical, multi-functional aspects of the system such as its social importance and ceremonial functions. This paper considers how the ancient inhabitants of El Mirador, the principal city of the Basin, utilized the inter-site and intra-site causeways for commerce, communication, transport, military movements, and regional political control. The function of hydraulic control consisted in the ability to impound and regulate rainwater on a regional level across seasonal wetlands known locally as bajos, as well as the probable diversion and control of water for agricultural uses. Infrastructure projects and construction on a grand scale, which included inter-site and intra-site causeways, served to regulate and restrict access of citizens and elites within their new built-environment. Monuments, altar-stela complexes, and decorative art associated with the causeways suggests their past use for public rituals as well as private events of commemorative nature related to the history of creation known as the Popul Vuh." (source éditeur); voir le lien vers l'association Tikal pour lire le texte en ligne ou télécharger le document.

International audience; "Multidisciplinary studies over nearly three decades in the Mirador Basin have revealed data on its settlement, interaction and trade, politics, economy, and ecology, which help to understand some of the cultural and natural processes in this complex zone during the Preclassic and Classic periods. A synthesis of archaeological, geological, epigraphic, botanical, biological, ceramic, and topographic studies in the area demonstrates the cultural splendor associated with the origins, development, and cultural process of the first Maya state and cultural and environmental consequences of its precocious flowering in the Preclassic. The result of this development and abandonment in the zone had a strong impact on much of the Maya world. Preservation measures have been implemented at the cultural and natural level, and the intense collaboration arising between local communities and national and international institutions gives new optimism for the preservation integral to the cultural and natural system of the zone. " (source éditeur); Voir le site de l'association Tikal pour lire le document en ligne ou télécharger le document.

International audience; "The archaeological studies in the Mirador Basin have focused on understanding the origin, development and collapse of the Preclassic Maya civilization, together with the conservation and preservation of the archaeological sites and their natural surroundings. This presentation will introduce the studies of the 2004 season that increased our knowledge of these natural and cultural processes. The mapping of the site’s central section continued using a total station. This offered a site perspective never seen before. Also, part of the archaeological work consisted of testing sites in the West Group in which there is data showing some evidence for the site’s collapse happening at the end of the Late Classic period. Furthermore, excavation pits at the main steps of Structure 34 show the singular importance of this building in the past and indicates the importance of implementing new means of conserving and consolidating Preclassic buildings. Excavations carried out at La Muerta, El Mirador, include final work on Structures A1 and A2 where important information was obtained relating to the building’s architecture. Structure A2 was confirmed as being Early Classic with a network of passages allowing access to the innerfunerary rooms for subsequent generations. Furthermore, the existence of a third level to the building was proved, smaller in dimension but with the same system of passages. Structure A1, beside A2, revealed important information about its function such as the existence of heads modeled in stucco in the upper room of the building. The presence of these heads suggests a representation of faces of Preclassic ancestors, implying a ritual function relating the location of these two structures in La Muerta.The 2004 field season also produced final results in the consolidation and restoration accomplished in El Mirador, rescuing Preclassic and Classic buildings that were in imminent danger of collapse. The final process of architectural consolidation work at El Mirador implemented a vanguard methodology for the conservation of the buildings as well as the stucco artwork which allows at the same time the showing of Preclassic Maya architecture for educational and tourism purposes. This methodology proposes unique measures to date, using the samePrehispanic techniques and material, following a rigorous program of execution and monitoring.The preliminary results have shown very satisfactory evidence." (source éditeur); Voir le site de l'association Tikal pour lire le document en ligne ou télécharger le document.

International audience; "El sitio arqueológico El Mirador se encuentra en el norte de Petén, en una cuenca definida por una sierra kárstica en tres lados. Está rodeado por una gran cantidad de bajos o pantanos boscosos que identifican esta zona. El sitio se conecta a otros en la cuenca por una red de calzadas, formando un sistema de interacción poco conocido en el Preclásico. Investigaciones arqueológicas entre 1978 y 1983, organizadas por la Universidad Católica de Washington y la Universidad de Brigham Young, determinaron la fuerte presencia de una ocupación Preclásica. Parte de estas investigaciones incluyeron la excavación de la Estructura 34, ubicada en el Complejo Tigre del Grupo Oeste de El Mirador. Para evaluar los resultados obtenidos por las investigaciones anteriores, e iniciar un programa de desarrollo turístico, además de iniciar programas de consolidación y conservación, el Proyecto Cuenca Mirador efectuó una investigación sistemática del sitio como la primera etapa durante la temporada de 2003. Para comprobar la extensión de la ocupación Preclásica, uno de los primeros esfuerzos de la temporada fue colocar sondeos de prueba para determinar la extensión y cronología de lugares desconocidos en el sitio. " (source éditeur); Voir le site de l'association Tikal pour lire le document en ligne ou télécharger le document.

Naranja, Municipio de Zacapu, Michoacán. Du promontoire d'El Mirador. Naranja, vue vers le Nord-Ouest et la ciénaga