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Background: Egypt has the highest global prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, particularly of genotype 4. The development of a prophylactic vaccine remains crucial for HCV eradication, yet no such vaccine currently exists due to the vaccine development challenges. The ability of Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) to mimic the native virus and incorporate neutralizing and conformational epitopes, while effectively engaging both humoral and cellular immune responses, makes them a promising approach to addressing the challenges in HCV vaccine development., Methods: Lentiviral-based vectors were constructed and employed to integrate the full-length sequence of Core, E1, E2, and P7 genes of HCV genotype 4 into the genome of Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293T). Upon the expression, HCV structural proteins can oligomerize and self-assemble into VLPs mimicking the structure of HCV native virus. VLPs were purified and characterized for the development of a potential VLPs-based vaccine., Results: In this study, mammalian cells were successfully engineered to stably express HCV structural proteins and generate non-infectious VLPs for HCV genotype 4. The expression of HCV-integrated genes resulted in a successful production of HCV structural proteins, which oligomerized and self-assembled into two layers enveloped VLPs. Electron microscopy analysis of purified VLPs revealed spherical particles with an average diameter of 60-65 nm, closely resembling mature HCV virions. These results highlighted the potential of these VLPs as a vaccine candidate for HCV genotype 4., Conclusions: HCV genotype 4 remains an underexplored target in vaccine development, despite its significant public health burden, especially in Egypt. The successful generation of VLPs for this genotype represents a promising avenue for further vaccine development. The established system provides a robust platform for the production and study of VLP-based vaccines targeting HCV genotype 4., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: All authors declare no financial competing interests. However, two patent applications (EG/P/2024/176 and EG/P/2024/568) have been submitted to the Egyptian Patent Office (EGPO, Cairo, Egypt) to secure the rights for the generated HCV4a-VLPs and HCV4a-HEK293T stable cell line. This action aims to protect the intellectual property of the authors and the interests of the STDF funding authority., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Although direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the management of chronic HCV, the debatable association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence/recurrence has raised major concerns about their long-term use, especially in cirrhotic cases. The role of epithelial tight junction proteins (TJPs) in hepatocarcinogenesis has been highlighted; however, the association of their expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with HCC has rarely been reported. This study aimed to explore the role of peripheral claudin (Cldn)1 in liver pathogenesis and its crosstalk with soluble immune mediators in HCC prognosis., Methods: The study population included six independent subgroups: healthy controls, cirrhotic/non-cirrhotic treatment-naïve HCV patients, DAA-SVR patients, and anticancer treatment-naïve de novo HCC patients. The laboratory tests included serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, liver transaminases, total bilirubin, and CBC profiling. The serum levels of soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD)163, IL-10, and IL-12 were estimated by corresponding ELISA kits, whereas the levels of Cldn1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in PBMCs were quantified using quantitative PCR (qPCR)., Results: Serum sCD163, IL-10, and IL-12 levels were significantly higher in the HCC patient group than in the control and non-malignant patient groups (P < 0.0001). No significant difference was detected in the serum levels of the three markers between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients, whereas their levels were significantly different between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the transcriptional levels of peripheral Cldn1 and TGF-β were significantly higher in patients with HCC and non-malignant cirrhosis than in patients without cirrhosis (P = 0.0185-<0.0001 and 0.0089-<0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between all the abovementioned markers and HCC (P = 0.0303 to < 0.0001), which was further confirmed by the results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which revealed an area under the curve (AUC) value ranging from 0.883 to 0.996. The calculated cutoff values demonstrated remarkable prognostic capacity, with ranges of 88-99.41% and 82.14-97.92% and positive/negative predictive values ranging from 84.62 to 98.3% and 92-98%, respectively., Conclusion: The proposed HCC predictors are novel non-invasive HCC biomarkers that maintain their predictive power under different pathological conditions and circumvent the drawbacks of conventional prognostic markers in patients with mild cirrhosis and/or normal AFP, albumin, and/or platelet counts., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethical approval This observational study involving human participants was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the National Research Centre (Cairo-Egypt) (Approval NO: 04130124) in strict compliance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written consent, including patient approval for participation and publication, was obtained from all participants after a full explanation of the aim and procedures of the study. Consent for publication In this study, data were used with permission from the relevant authorities. The privacy and confidentiality of the obtained data were ensured for all participants. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immunogenic profile of a chimeric DNA-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine candidate encoding the full-length viral core-E1-E2 (HCV-CE) fragment. The vaccine candidate was designed to uniformly express the HCV genotype 4 core-E1-E2 protein. The recombinant HCV-CE protein was bacterially expressed in C41 (DE3) cells, and then BALB/c mice were immunized with different combinations of DNA/DNA or DNA/protein prime/boost immunizations. The proper construction of our vaccine candidate was confirmed by specific amplification of the encoded fragments and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) results of the nucleotide sequence, which revealed a high degree of similarity with several HCV serotypes/genotypes. The platform for bacterial expression was optimized to maximize the yield of the purified recombinant HCV-CE protein. The recombinant protein showed high specific antigenicity against the sera of HCV-infected patients according to the ELISA and western blot results. The predicted B- and T-cell epitopes showed high antigenic and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induction potential, in addition to cross-genotype conservation and population coverage. The mice antisera further demonstrated a remarkable ability to capture 100% of the native viral antigens circulating in the sera of HCV patients, with no cross-reactivity detected in control sera. In conclusion, the proposed HCV vaccination strategy demonstrated promising potential regarding its safety, immunogenicity, and population coverage., (Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.)

Background: Although E. coli is generally a well-opted platform for the overproduction of recombinant antigens as heterologous proteins, the optimization of expression conditions to maximize the yield of functional proteins remains empirical. Herein, we developed an optimized E. coli (BL21)-based system for the overproduction of soluble immunoreactive HCV core/envelope proteins that were utilized to establish a novel immunoassay for discrimination of active HCV infection., Methods: The core/E1-E2 genes were amplified and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) in the absence/presence of glycylglycine. The antigenic performance of soluble proteins was assessed against 63 HCV-seronegative (Ab - ) sera that included normal and interferent sera (HBV and/or chronic renal failure), and 383 HCV-seropositive (Ab + ) samples that included viremic (chronic/relapsers) and recovered patients' sera. The color intensity (OD4 50 ) and S/Co values were estimated., Results: The integration of 0.1-0.4M glycylglycine in the growth media significantly enhanced the solubility/yield of recombinant core and envelope proteins by ~ 225 and 242 fold, respectively. This was reflected in their immunoreactivity and antigenic performance in the developed immunoassay, where the soluble core/E1/E2 antigen mixture showed 100% accuracy in identifying HCV viremic sera with a viral RNA load as low as 3800 IU/mL, without cross-reactivity against normal/interferent HCV-Ab - sera. The ideal S/Co threshold predicting active viremia (> 2.75) showed an AUC value of 0.9362 (95% CI: 0.9132 to 0.9593), with 87.64, 91.23% sensitivity and specificity, and 94.14, 82.11% positive and negative predictive values, respectively. The different panels of samples assayed with our EIA showed a good concordance with the viral loads and also significant correlations with the golden standards of HCV diagnosis in viremic patients. The performance of the EIA was not affected by the immunocompromised conditions or HBV co-infection., Conclusion: The applicability of the proposed platform would extend beyond the reported approach, where glycylglycine, low inducer concentration and post-induction temperature, combined with the moderately-strong constitutive promoter enables the stable production of soluble/active proteins, even those with reported toxicity. Also, the newly developed immunoassay provides a cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic tool for active HCV viremia that could be useful in resource-limited settings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide pandemic challenge spreading enormously within a few months. COVID-19 is characterized by the over-activation of the immune system causing cytokine storm. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway can regulate the immune response via interaction with various implicated cytokines. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) has been shown to promote inflammation. Given the fact that coronavirus infections induce cytokines secretion leading to inflammatory lung injury, it has been suggested that H-FABP levels are affected by COVID-19 severity. Moreover, endotrophin (ETP), the cleavage product of collagen VI, may be an indicator of an overactive repair process and fibrosis, considering that viral infection may predispose or exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, including pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to assess the prognostic capacity of circulating IGF-1, HFABP, and ETP, levels for COVID-19 severity progression in Egyptian patients., Methods: The study cohort included 107 viral RNA-positive patients and an equivalent number of control individuals with no clinical signs of infection. Clinical assessments included profiling of CBC; serum iron; liver and kidney functions; inflammatory markers. Circulating levels of IGF-1; H-FABP, and ETP were estimated using the corresponding ELISA kits., Results: No statistical difference in the body mass index was detected between the healthy and control groups, while the mean age of infected patients was significantly higher (P = 0.0162) than the control. Patients generally showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers including CRP and ESR concomitant with elevated serum ferritin; D dimer and procalcitonin levels, besides the COVID-19 characteristic lymphopenia and hypoxemia were also frequent. Logistic regression analysis revealed that oxygen saturation; serum IGF-1, and H-FABP can significantly predict the infection progression (P < 0.001 each). Both serum IGF-1 and H-FABP as well as O 2 saturation showed remarkable prognostic potentials in terms of large AUC values, high sensitivity/specificity values, and wide confidence interval. The calculated threshold for severity prognosis was 25.5 ng/mL; 19.5 ng/mL, 94.5, % and for IGF-1, H-FABP, and O 2 saturation; respectively. The calculated thresholds of serum IGF-1; H-FABP, and O 2 saturation showed positive and negative value ranges of 79-91% and 72-97%; respectively, with 66-95%, 83-94% sensitivity, and specificity; respectively., Conclusion: The calculated cut-off values of serum IGF-1 and H-FABP represent a promising non-invasive prognostic tool that would facilitate the risk stratification in COVID-19 patients, and control the morbidity/mortality associated with progressive infection., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with progressive liver inflammation which in turn leads to cirrhosis and finally causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By different escape mechanisms, the virus succeeds to evade the innate and acquired immune responses to establish chronic infection., Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the level of chemokine CXCL9 and its correlation with some biochemical parameters in different subjects of HCV patients., Materials and Methods: A total of 83 persons participated in this study including healthy subjects without both HCV antibodies and HCV RNA (22.9%), HCV treated responders accomplished SVR post treatment, with HCV antibodies and absence of HCV RNA (24.1%), spontaneous or natural clearance patients, with positive HCV antibodies and negative HCV RNA without treatment (26.5%) and chronic HCV-patients, with both positive HCV antibodies and HCV RNA with no treatment (26.5%). HCV RNA was quantitated by real time PCR and serum CXCL9 level was measured by ELISA commercial kit pre-coated with human MIG/CXCL9 antibody. Assessment of biochemical and hematological parameters was carried out., Results: Data showed that, the level of CXCL9 was significantly increased in chronic individuals (627.1 pg/ml) (P< 0.001) than spontaneous clearance (107.76 pg/ml) and responder subjects (117.28 pg/ml) (P⩽ 0.05). No correlation has been found between CXCL9 level and viral load. Furthermore, CXCL9 levels correlated variably with some biochemical and hematological parameters according to each subject., Conclusion: Serum Chemokine CXCL9 level is associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV and response to HCV treatment, which may be identified as a predictive marker among HCV patients.

Background and Objective: Hepcidin is the key regulator of iron metabolism and is a significant biomarker for systemic inflammatory states. Vitamin D is a powerful immunomodulator and plays a significant role in the inflammatory responses and fibrosis occurring due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study assessed the level of vitamin D and serum hepcidin and its expression in peripheral blood of children with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and correlated them with other serum markers to reflect iron metabolism and liver disease severity., Methods: A total of 100 children were included in this study: 50 with HCV infection and 50 healthy controls. Biochemical parameters together with vitamin D, hepcidin, and its expression were all measured., Results: The level of hepcidin and its expression together with vitamin D and hepcidin-to-ferritin (H/F) ratios were significantly reduced in patients, but the iron and ferritin levels were higher ( P <0.001). Serum hepcidin level showed significant positive correlation with hepcidin expression, HCV titer, iron, ferritin, and H/F ratio ( r = 0.43, 0.31, 0.34, 0.28, and 0.91, respectively) but significant negative correlation with vitamin D ( r = -0.37). Both hepcidin and ferritin were higher in patients with Child Pugh scores B and C than those with score A ( P <0.001)., Conclusion: Measuring serum hepcidin and its expression together with vitamin D levels in patients may have a prognostic value and is promising in the follow-up of the severity of liver disease., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors report no conflict of interests

Recently a dramatic development of the cancer drug discovery has been shown in the field of targeted cancer therapy. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors offer a promising approach to enhance the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy. Accordingly, in this study many pyrimidine-benzimidazole conjugates were designed and twelve feasible derivatives were selected to be synthesized to investigate their activity against Chk2 and subjected to study their antitumor activity alone and in combination with the genotoxic anticancer drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on breast carcinoma, (ER+) cell line (MCF-7). The results indicated that the studied compounds inhibited Chk2 activity with high potency (IC 50  = 5.56 nM - 46.20 nM). The studied candidates exhibited remarkable antitumor activity against MCF-7 (IG 50  = 6.6  μM - 24.9 μM). Compounds 10a-c, 14 and 15 significantly potentiated the activity of the studied genotoxic drugs, whereas, compounds 9b and 20-23 antagonized their activity. Moreover, the combination of compound 10b with cisplatin revealed the best apoptotic effect as well as combination of compound 10b with doxorubicin led to complete arrest of the cell cycle at S phase where more than 40% of cells are in the S phase with no cells at G2/M. Structure-activity relationship was discussed on the basis of molecular modeling study using Molecular modeling Environment program (MOE)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The development of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has been an ongoing and attractive objective in drug discovery. In this study, twenty-one feasible pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates were synthesized to study their effect against Chk2 activity using Checkpoint Kinase Assay. The antitumor activity of these compounds was investigated using SRB assay. A potentiation effect of the synthesized Chk2 inhibitors was also investigated using the genotoxic anticancer drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on breast carcinoma, (ER+) cell line (MCF-7). In vivo Chk2 and antitumor activities of 8d as a single-agent, and in combination with doxorubicin, were evaluated in breast cancer bearing animals induced by N-methylnitrosourea. The effect of 8d alone and in combination with doxorubicin was also studied on cell-cycle phases of MCF-7 cells using flow cytometry analysis. The results revealed their potencies as Chk2 inhibitors with IC 50 ranges from 9.95 to 65.07 nM. Generally the effect of cisplatin or doxorubicin was potentiated by the effect of most of the compounds that were studied. The in vivo results indicated that the combination of 8d and doxorubicin inhibited checkpoint kinase activity more than either doxorubicin or 8d alone. There was a positive correlation between checkpoint kinase inhibition and the improvement observed in histopathological features. Single dose treatment with doxorubicin or 8d produced S phase cell cycle arrest whereas their combination created cell cycle arrest at G2/M from 8% in case of doxorubicin to 51% in combination. Gold molecular modelling studies displayed a high correlation to the biological results., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Activated checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is a tumor suppressor as one of the main enzymes that affect the cell cycle. 2-Biarylbenzimidazoles are potent selective class of Chk2 inhibitors; the structure-based design was applied to synthesize a new series of this class with replacing the lateral aryl group by substituted pyrazoles. Ten pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates from the best fifty candidates according to docking programs have been subjected to chemical synthesis in this study. The activities of the conjugates 5-14 as checkpoint kinase inhibitors and as antitumor alone and in combination with genotoxic drugs were evaluated. The effect of compounds 7 and 12 on cell-cycle phases was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. Antitumor activity of compounds 7 and 12 as single-agents and in combinations with doxorubicin was assessed in breast cancer bearing animals induced by MNU. The Results indicated that compounds 5-14 inhibited Chk2 activity with high potency (IC 50 52.8 nM-5.5 nM). The cytotoxicity of both cisplatin and doxorubicin were significantly potentiated by the most of the conjugates against MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 7 and 12 and their combinations with doxorubicin induced the cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, compound 7 exhibited marked higher antitumor activity as a single agent in animals than it's combination with doxorubicin or doxorubicin alone. The combination of compound 12 with doxorubicin was greatly effective on animal than their single-dose treatment. In conclusion, pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates are highly active Chk2 inhibitors that have anticancer activity and potentiate activity of genotoxic anticancer therapies and deserve further evaluations., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene A (MICA) is an antigen induced by stress and performs an integral role in immune responses as an anti-infectious and antitumor agent. This work was designed to investigate whether (SNP) rs2596542C/T in MICA promoter region is predictive of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or not. Forty-seven healthy controls and 94 HCV-infected patients, subdivided into 47 LC and 47 HCC subjects were enrolled in this study. SNP association was studied using real time PCR and soluble serum MICA concentration was measured using ELISA. Results showed that heterozygous genotype rs2596542CT was significantly ( P  = 0.022) distributed between HCC and LC related CHC patients. The sMICA was significantly higher ( P  = 0.0001) among HCC and LC. No significant association ( P  = 0.56) between rs2596542CT genotypes and sMICA levels was observed. Studying SNP rs2596542C/T association with HCC and LC susceptibility revealed that statistical significant differences ( P  = 0.013, P  = 0.027) were only observed between SNP rs2596542C/T and each of HCC and LC, respectively, versus healthy controls, indicating that the rs2596542C/T genetic variation is not a significant contributor to HCC development in LC patients. Moreover, the T allele was considered a risk factor for HCC and LC vulnerability in HCV patients (OR = 1.93 and 2.1, respectively), while the C allele contributes to decreasing HCC risk. Therefore, SNP (rs2596542C/T) in MICA promoter region and sMICA levels might be potential useful markers in the assessment of liver disease progression to LC and HCC.

Aim: Assessment of the neutralizing activity of human monoclonal antibodies against HCV and also study their safety in experimental small animals (Swiss mice)., Materials and Methods: Assessment of neutralizing activity of human monoclonal antibodies against HCV envelope regions (E1, E2) by two methods: by HCV cc infectious system 1) and by using positive HCV positive serum as source of HCV particles genotype 4a (neutralizing assay 2). Dot ELISA was used to study the activity of the generated antibodies. Safety and toxicity of the generated human antibodies were tested by assessing the changes in the biochemistry of liver function and kidney function tests, Complete blood counts (CBC) and studying the pathological changes with different concentrations of purified human antibodies were carried out.., Results: Human Abs # 5 & 11 showed neutralizing activity by (neutralizing assay 2) but were not neutralizing by HCV cc assay. Human Abs # 12 & 15 showed neutralizing activity by the two methods i.e our generated human antibodies Abs# 5 &11 & 12 & 15 were neutralizing for HCV genotype 4a and Abs # 12 & 15 were neutralizing for HCV genotypes 4a and 2a. Liver and kidney functions and CBC results indicated that doses of 10 μg, 100 μg were safe. The histopathological results indicated that the dose of 10 μg of purified human monoclonal antibodies per mouse body weight was safe., Conclusion: The generated human monoclonal antibodies can be used to develop potent immunotherapy agents that can be administrated for the post-transplantation patients to prevent the recurrence of HCV infection. Also, the monoclonal antibodies can be used to develop a candidate vaccine against HCV.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem worldwide particularly in Egypt. The humoral immune response has an important function in the control of HCV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of neutralizing antibodies in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) clearance in infected individuals., Methods: This study was carried out on apparently healthy blood donors (n = 200). Detectable HCV antibodies were assessed by commercial ELISA and specific human immunoglobulins targeting peptides derived from HCV E1/E2 glycoproteins were measured in donors' blood using an in house optimized ELISA. Human IgG purification was carried out from positive HCV RNA and negative HCV RNA samples in order to evaluate its neutralizing activity in vitro using Huh 7 cells., Results: The studied cohort included 96/200 subjects who tested positive for HCV antibodies, among which 56/96 (58%) samples were positive for HCV RNA (Group 1) and 40/96 (42%) samples had undetectable HCV RNA (Group 2). ELISA results showed that Human HCV immunoglobulin (HHI) targeting HCV E1 synthetic peptide (a.a. 315 - 323) was detectable in 63/96 (66%) and HHI targeting HCV E2 (a.a. 412 - 419) tested positive in 14/96 (15%) while 19/96 (20%) were positive for HCV E2 (a.a. 517 - 531). HHI higher than the cutoff level against peptide HCV E1 (a.a. 315 - 323) was detected in 22/63 (35%) in Group 2 and positive in 41/63 (65%) in Group 1. HHI against peptide HCV E2 (a.a. 412 - 419) was positive in 7 (50%) blood donors in Group 2 and also positive in 7 (50%) of Group 1. While HHI targeting HCV E2 (a.a. 517 - 531) was positive in 11 (60%) in Group 2 compared with 8 cases (40%) in Group 1. Purified human antibodies from cases positive for HCV antibodies and negative for HCV RNA showed in vitro neutralization at concentrations 30 and 10 µg/mL while the same concentration of purified human IgG from cases positive for HCV RNA showed no viral neutralization., Conclusions: The tested epitope(s) derived from HCV envelope E1 and E2 are important for viral clearance and hence can be used for HCV vaccine development.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of genetic variants of oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10774671 at the exon 7 splice acceptor site on liver fibrosis progression and hepatitis C virus (HCV) outcome in Egyptian HCV genotype 4 patients. In this study, 195 subjects were enrolled; 60 controls and 135 chronic HCV genotype 4 patients with different fibrosis grades. All subjects were genotyped for OAS1 SNP rs10774671 polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. There was an increasing trend of liver fibrosis progression as 52.9% GG, 73.6% GA, and 83.3% AA genotypes were detected in late fibrosis patients (p = 0.025). The AA genotype was higher in the late fibrosis group than in the early fibrosis group (83.3% vs. 16.7%) (p = 0.001). The A allele was significantly affecting the liver fibrosis progression rate, more than the G allele (p = 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that the OAS1 GA and AA genotypes were independent factors associated with liver progression (p = 0.009, odds ratio [OR] 3.467, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.273-7.584). In addition, the A allele was associated with liver fibrosis progression (p = 0.014, OR 2.525, 95% CI 1.157-4.545). The polymorphism at OAS1 exon 7 rs3741981 might be a potential genetic marker and can be useful in the assessment of liver fibrosis progression and disease outcome in HCV-infected patients.

To evaluate the frequency of single-nucleotide polymorphism at the -88 myxovirus resistance (MxA) gene promoter region in relation to the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) progression and response to combined interferon (IFN) in chronic HCV Egyptian patients. One hundred ten subjects were enrolled in the study; 60 HCV genotype 4-infected patients who underwent combined IFN therapy and 50 healthy individuals. All subjects were genotyped for -88 MxA polymorphism by the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. There was an increasing trend of response to combined IFN treatment as 34.9% of GG, 64.3% of GT, and 66.7% of TT genotypes were sustained responders (P=0.05). The T allele was significantly affecting the response rate more than G allele (P=0.032). Moreover, the hepatic fibrosis score and hepatitis activity were higher in GG genotypes compared with the GT and TT genotypes. The multivariate analysis showed that the MxA GG genotype was an independent factor increasing the no response to IFN therapy (P=0.04, odds ratio [OR] 3.822, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.056-11.092), also MxA G allele (P=0.0372, OR 2.905, 95% CI 1.066-7.919). MxA -88 polymorphism might be a potential biomarker to predict response to IFN and disease progression in chronic HCV-infected patients.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms of HCV-associated carcinogenesis are unknown. We aim to investigate the alteration of the total nuclear DNA content (ploidy) in different histopathological liver tissues infected with HCV and their relation to the seropositivity of HCV RNA., Methods: Blood and liver tissues were collected from 26 patients. Diagnosis was carried out according to clinical and pathological examinations by specialized physicians. HCV RNA was detected in patients' sera and tissue samples by RT-PCR. To examine nuclear DNA ploidy, liver tissues were stained with blue Fulgen using the image analysis techniques. Finally, the patients' DNA content was examined by histochemical analysis depending on the optical density of DNA from liver biopsies using the grey image menu in each specimen., Results: The HCV RT-PCR results demonstrated that 13/26 (50%) patients had detectable HCV RNA in their sera samples while 18/26 (69%) had detectable HCV RNA in liver tissues. The DNA content from those patients measured by image cytometry showed a high level of alteration of nuclear DNA ploidy and proliferation in liver tissues with HCC, less alteration of nuclear DNA ploidy in cirrhotic patients, and least proliferation nearly normal in liver fibrosis patients. Moreover, the results of histochemical analysis confirmed the DNA image cytometry results and showed that positive HCV RNA liver tissues had more DNA ploidy than negative HCV RNA liver tissues with statistical significance (p-value < 0.05)., Conclusions: HCV positive liver tissue had alterations in DNA content (ploidy) which may lead to liver disease progression, malignant transformation of the liver cells and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

This article aims at testing several in vitro systems with various viral sources and cell lines for propagation of HCV to evaluate goat antibodies raised against three E2 epitopes in viral neutralization experiments. Four human cell lines (Huh-7, Huh-7.5, HepG2, and CaCo2) were tested using two different HCV viral sources; Genotype 4 infected sera and J6/JFH HCV cc particles. Neutralization capacity of goat Abs against conserved E2 epitopes; p412 (a.a 412-419), p517 (a.a 517-531), and p430 (a.a 430-447) were examined in the above mentioned in vitro systems. Although infection with patients' sera seems to mimic the in vitro situation, it has limited replication rates as compared with HCV cc particularly in Huh7.5 cells. Non-HCV adapted Huh-7 cells were also found susceptible for transfection with J6/JFH virus but at much slower kinetics. The results of the neutralization assay showed that anti p412 and anti p517 were highly neutralizing to HCVcc. Our data demonstrate that antibodies directed against the viral surface glycoprotein E2 reduced the infectivity of the J6/JFH virus and are promising agents for immunotherapy and HCV vaccine development.

We characterized viral neutralization by a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb315) developed against conserved E1 specific epitope aa 315-323 at pre- and post-binding steps of infection into Huh7 cells. Detection of native virus in infected Huh7 cells by mAb315 were demonstrated by immunostaining. Inhibitions of viral entry by three different concentrations of mAb315 were measured by intracellular amplification of HCV RNA post infection. HCV RNA positive sera from 24 patients were used to infect Huh7 cell line in absence or presence of mouse monoclonal antibody produced in Balb/c mice or culture supernatant of mouse hybrid cells. Monoclonal Ab mAb315 could detect synthetic peptide p315 adsorbed on peripheral human lymphocytes by flow cytometry and showed high immuno reactivity to E1 viral antigen in infected Huh7 cells by immunostaining. Antibody-mediated neutralization assays demonstrated the ability of mAb315 to block HCV binding/entry to target cells at 0.73 mg/mL ascitic fluid or 250 µg/mL culture supernatant of mouse hybrid cells. Sixteen of 24 infected sera could infect Huh7 cells (67%). Binding/entry of HCV was completely blocked by mAb315 in 11/16 cases (69%). These findings suggest that mAb315 can induce HCV neutralization in vitro, which makes it a candidate for developing HCV therapeutic antibodies.

Anti HCV vaccine is not currently available and the present antiviral therapies fail to cure approximately half of the treated HCV patients. This study was designed to assess the immunogenic properties of genetically conserved peptides derived from the C-terminal region of HVR-1 and test their neutralizing activities in a step towards developing therapeutic and/or prophylactic immunogens against HCV infection. Antibodies were generated by vaccination of goats with synthetic peptides derived from HCV E2. Viral neutralizing capacity of the generated anti E2 antibodies was tested using in vitro assays. Goats immunized with E2 synthetic peptides termed p412 [a.a 412-419], p430 [a.a 430-447] and p517 [a.a 517-531] generated high titers of antibody responses 2 to 4.5 fold higher than comparable titers of antibodies to the same epitopes in chronic HCV patients. In post infection experiments of native HCV into cultured Huh7.5 cells anti p412 and anti p 517 were proven to be neutralizing to HCV genotype 4a from patients' sera (87.5% and 75% respectively). On the contrary anti p430 exhibited weak viral neutralization capacity on the same samples (31.25%). Furthermore Ab mixes containing anti p430 exhibited reduced viral neutralization properties. From these experiments one could predict that neutralization by Abs towards different E2-epitopes varies considerably and success in the enrichment of neutralization epitope-specific antibodies may be accompanied by favorable results in combating HCV infection. Also, E2 conserved peptides p517 and p412 represent potential components of a candidate peptide vaccine against HCV infection.

The reason(s) why human antibodies raised against hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 epitopes do not offer protection against multiple viral infections may be related to either genetic variations among viral strains particularly within the hypervariable region-1 (HVR-1), low titers of anti E2 antibodies or interference of non neutralizing antibodies with the function of neutralizing antibodies. This study was designed to assess the immunogenic properties of genetically conserved peptides derived from the C-terminal region of HVR-1 as potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic vaccines against HCV infection. Goats immunized with E2-conserved synthetic peptides termed p36 (a.a 430-446), p37(a.a 517-531) and p38 (a.a 412-419) generated high titers of anti-p36, anti-p37 and anti-P38 antibody responses of which only anti- p37 and anti- p38 were neutralizing to HCV particles in sera from patients infected predominantly with genotype 4a. On the other hand anti-p36 exhibited weak viral neutralization capacity on the same samples. Animals super-immunized with single epitopes generated 2 to 4.5 fold higher titers than similar antibodies produced in chronic HCV patients. Also the studied peptides elicited approximately 3 fold increase in cell proliferation of specific antibody-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from immunized goats. These results indicate that, besides E1 derived peptide p35 (a.a 315-323) described previously by this laboratory, E2 conserved peptides p37 and p38 represent essential components of a candidate peptide vaccine against HCV infection.

The performance of polyclonal monospecific rabbit anti-sera raised against synthetic peptides derived from conserved HCV sequences of genotype 4 was evaluated for efficient detection of viral core and E1 antigens in circulating immune complexes (ICs) precipitated from 65 serum samples of HCV patients. The infection was established in those patients by the presence of HCV RNA in their sera. A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of HCV core and E1 antigen in serum samples. Western blot analyses were used to demonstrate the presence of the core and E1 target antigen in serum samples. The mean OD readings of both core and E1 antigens were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among the viremic patients when compared to controls. Also a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05, r = 0.98) between the values of both core and E1 was recorded. Western blot analysis based on monospecific antibodies against core and E1 recognized the 38-kDa and 88 -kDa bands respectively in the sera of all infected patients. No specific reaction was observed with the sera from uninfected individuals. Interestingly the results of core and E1 antigen levels displayed no positive correlation with the HCV copy number as measured by bDNA. Liver enzymes (ALT and AST) showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.44 and 0.47 respectively) with the viral core antigens level. The same trend holds true for E1 (r = 0.43 and 0.64 for ALT and AST respectively). HCV load in infected patients revealed extremely poor correlation with serum ALT and AST levels (r = 0.022 and 0.002 respectively). In conclusion we present a new combination of serological tools correlating with liver enzyme levels that could be utilized as supplemental tests to viral load testing. Also, a sensitive and specific immunoassay was developed for the detection of HCV core and E1 in human serum. This test can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of HCV infection.

Aim: To establish a cell culture system with long-term replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and expression of viral antigens in vitro., Methods: HepG2 cell line was tested for its susceptibility to HCV by incubation with a serum from a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Cells and supernatant were harvested at various time points during the culture. Culture supernatant was tested for its ability to infect naive cells. The presence of minus (antisense) RNA strand, and the detection of core and E1 antigens in cells were examined by RT-PCR and immunological techniques (flow cytometry and Western blot) respectively., Results: The intracellular HCV RNA was first detected on d 3 after infection and then could be consistently detected in both cells and supernatant over a period of at least three months. The fresh cells could be infected with supernatant from cultured infected cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed surface and intracellular HCV antigen expression using in house made polyclonal antibodies (anti-core, and anti-E1). Western blot analysis showed the expression of a cluster of immunogenic peptides at molecular weights extended between 31 and 45 kDa in an one month old culture of infected cells whereas this cluster was undetectable in uninfected HepG2 cells., Conclusion: HepG2 cell line is not only susceptible to HCV infection but also supports its replication in vitro. Expression of HCV structural proteins can be detected in infected HepG2 cells. These cells are also capable of shedding viral particles into culture media which in turn become infectious to uninfected cells.