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The authors present the cases of two young patients, a man and a woman, who presented with myocardial infarction, in the absence of ischemic heart disease or stenosis of the coronary arteries. The woman was known to have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for the past 3 years (the immunoglobulin M [IgM] anticardiolipins antibodies were positive), without a history of coronary risk factors. Suddenly she presented with acute chest pain on rest that lasted 4 hours and culminated in anterior wall myocardial infarction. She was admitted to the coronary care unit, where no thrombolysis was given. She did not have echocardiographic evidence of Libman-Sacks endocarditis, but myocardial infarction was evident at the electrocardiogram (ECG) . The young man had SLE (the IgM anticardi olipins were absent, but he was positive for lupus anticoagulant antibodies), he was hyperlipidemic, was a moderate smoker and moderately obese, and had no history of ischemic heart disease. He suddenly presented with an acute myocardial infarction docu mented by ECG, enzymes, and gammagraphy. In both patients, coronary angiography findings were normal and myocardial biopsy did not show evidence of arteritis. The relevance of these cases is the rare association of ischemic heart disease in SLE, with normal coronary arteries and without evidence of arteritis or verrucous endocarditis.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the possible parameters that lead to the devel opment of what is a rare event—acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during pregnancy and puerperium. Through the Index Médicus, 109 publications on the subject were obtained. Since the first well-documented case by Katz in 1922, 136 patients have been reported, and from these reports the following data have been gathered: the average age was 32.1 years. This event is more frequent during the third trimester and puerperium of the first and second pregnancies. In 42.6% of the patients no coronary risk factors were observed, but when present, hypertension and cigarette smoking were the most common. The anterior wall along or in combination with any other anatomic area was affected in 73% of cases. Coronary angiograms, when taken, appeared normal in 47%. The maternal mortality rate was 26/136 (19.1%) and was higher during the third trimester, labor, and puerperium. Eight patients (8/26) (30.7%) had sudden death. In 5 of these, (62.5%) coronary thrombosis was found. In 18/26 deaths, an autopsy was performed; 9/18 (50%) had coronary thrombus formation and in 7/18 (39%) variable degrees of atherosclerosis were detected. On the other hand, the fetal mortality rate was 16.9%; however, in only 52% was death coincidental with that of the mother. Coronary artery spasm associated with a probable hypercoagulability state was the most likely mechanism in the majority of these patients, followed by atherosclerotic heart disease and coronary dissection—the last being secondary most likely to hormonal changes. During the AMI these patients should be studied by a medical team composed of a cardiologist, gynecologist, and anesthesiologist. A complete cardiologic work-up should be made to decide individually about further pregnancies.

A sixty-two-year-old white woman with a 14.5 cm (145 mm) silent giant left atrial enlargement secondary probably to rheumatic heart disease is presented. Aside from mild progressive shortness of breath during the past year, the patient had been asymptomatic all her life. Her clinical picture was manifested for the first time by syncope secondary to slow atrial fibrillation, for which a permanent pacemaker was required. The correct diagnosis of the enlarged chamber was not possible through the routine chest roentgenogram. In this case, the echocardiogram, nuclear angiogram, and computed tomography were the pertinent studies needed to reach the diagnosis.

The authors report a case of a forty-three-year-old woman with an extensive iatrogenic dissection of the aorta, from the iliac artery to the ascending aorta, not associated with atherosclerosis or previous aortic dissection, as a complication of retrograde arterial catheterization. The authors emphasize the need to take all cautions in performing this procedure to avoid serious complications such as the present one.

The authors present a case of a thirty-nine-year-old white man in good health who developed episodes of ventricular tachycardia as a first manifestation of a right ventricular myxoma, which was diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardio gram and then resected with no complications and total disappearance of the cardiac arrhythmia. After reviewing the literature they consider the present case as a rare manifesta tion of an infrequent location of an uncommon disease.

The authors present a forty-year-old man, with a history of dermatomyositis for the past twelve years, managed intermittently with prednisone. During an exacerbation of his illness he developed an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries. A literature review indicates this represents a rare association.

A twenty-four-year-old, white, athletic woman, free of heart disease, experienced an episode of fear when she was assaulted in the street without physical injury while under going twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring. She developed an important sympathetic response in which, besides the symptoms characterized by palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, asthenia, dizziness, nausea, and profuse cold sweating, she had an episode of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. The causes and mechanism of this not well-documented event in humans are discussed.

In this report the authors present a case with right coronary ostium agenesis with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from an ectasic circumflex artery, which, according to the literature review, they consider to be a unique case.

The authors present 2 cases: 1 of a thirty-two-year-old woman and another of a thirty- eight-year-old woman, both Hispanic and athletic, with no identifiable precipitating or coronary risk factors, such as previous heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hyperlipoproteinemia, oral contraceptive use, coagulation disorders, thyroid disease, collagen tissue disorder, or family history of premature myocardial infarc tion, who both developed an acute posteroinferior wall myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries, one during pregnancy, from which normal twin girls were born, and another, during the postpartum period. After reviewing the literature the authors consider the present cases as unique due to the rare association of pregnancy with intrapartum and postpartum acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries in athletic women.

A 24-year-old white man had a knife chest wound, and four months after this event, manifested progressive dyspnea. A false aneurysm of the left ventricle was diagnosed by 2D echocardiogram. Surgical resection of the aneurysmal sac with closure of the orifice of the lateral wall of the left ventricle was performed successfully.

The authors present a case of a seventeen-year-old white male who suffered from a knife chest wound and secondarily developed a traumatic coronary arteriovenous fistula communicating the left main coronary artery to the pulmonary artery, associated with pulmonary valvular insufficiency and endocarditis.

One hundred consecutive female patients with active systemic lupus erythe matosus (SLE) were studied from the cardiovascular point of view by means of non invasive methods. Seventy percent of the cases presented some type of car diovascular anomaly. Seventy four percent of the resting electrocardiograms were abnormal as well as 72% of the M mode echocardiograms and 55% of the cardiac X ray series. The most frequent observed complications were: pericar ditis and or pericardial effusion (39%), arterial hypertension (22%), ischemic heart disease (16%), myocarditis (14%), congestive heart failure (10%), pulmo nary hypertension (9%), valvular heart disease (9%), pleural effusion (7%) and cerebro vascular accident (3%). We analized each one of these complications and found of special interest the high incidence of ischemic heart disease which is more frequent than has been hitherto reported. Ischemic heart disease was observed in two types of patients: a) Those with long term steroid therapy. In these, the mechanism seems to be an atherosclerotic disease probably induced by the chronic use of steroids. The management of these cases do not differ from other types of coronary heart disease due to atherosclerosis. b) Those with frank episodes of vasculitis in whom the basic mechanism is an inflammatory process of the coronary arteries and its treatment is fundamentally that of the vasculitis. We consider necessary to study routinely all patients with SLE through non invasive cardiological methods.

Although it is well known that a myocardial and a cerebral infarction may be coincident, the nature of this association is not clear. The problem is further complicated because the myocardial infarction may be silent. This is a report of 3 patients with cerebral infarct in whom a silent recent myocardial infarction was found. All patients with cerebrovascular disease should be screened for a possible myocardial lesion.

Many difficulties are encountered by clinicians in attempting to diagnose pheochromocytomas. We describe several patients with unusual clinical features. These include sudden death, cerebral hemorrhage, refractory con gestive heart failure, acute abdominal pain, and hypercalcemia. In 2 patients, the rare association of this tumor and pregnancy was observed. Two subjects had sudden death, 1 during a pneumoencephalogram and another during an epidural block. The clinicians should be aware of these manifestations of pheochromocytomas.

A forty-five-year-old woman with a history of dermatomyositis for the past fifteen years developed sick sinus syndrome during an exacerbation of her illness. This association has not been previously described in the literature, as far as the author can determine.

Myocardial infarction secondary to nonpenetrating chest trauma is rare. We present the case of a sportsman who developed an acute transmural posteroinferior wall myocardial infarction due to chest trauma by a football. The angiographic study revealed total obstruction of the proximal right coronary artery.

The authors describe the first reported case of type IV Takayasu's arteritis with pulmonary valve stenosis. After thirty months under corticosteroid therapy the disappearance of the pulmonary valve stenosis signs was observed in the patient. In the same patient coarcta tion of the aorta, aortic insufficiency, stenosis of both pulmonary arteries, and left coronary artery stenosis were observed. This case illustrates the extensive cardiovascular involvement that can occur in Takayasu's arteritis and suggests that pulmonary valvular stenosis could be secondary to the same inflammatory process.