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В статье раскрывается тема использования приемов мнемотехники в развитии связной речи детей дошкольного возраста. Авторы приходят к выводу, что использование приёмов мнемотехники дает очень хорошие результаты в обучении детей с различными нарушениями речи.

In the soft coral Sinularia leptoclados, 30 molecular species belonged to 4 glycerophospholipid classes, including 8 ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (PE), 13 choline glycerophospholipid (PC), 3 serine glycerophospholipid (PS) and 6 inositol glycerophospholipid (PI) molecular species were identified. PE 18:1e/20:4, PC 18:0e/20:4, PS 18:0e/24:5 and PI 18:0/24:5 are the most abundant species with value of 69.94%, 45.57%, 68.55% and 68.18%, respectively. The PE, PC, and PS classes are reported to contain alkylacylphospholipid; meanwhile, a considerable level of diacylphospholipid is found in PI. A large portion of C20:4n polyunsaturated fatty acid was found in PE and PC; meanwhile, C16, C18, C22, and C24 fatty acids were reported at a minor level. The most dominant polyunsaturated fatty acid in PI and PS is tetracosapolyenoic C24. In the presence of fatty acids specific for the biosynthesis of zooxanthellae18:4n and 22:6n, PC is the most influenced class by the lipid composition of symbiotic microalgae. The PC 16:0e/18:4 and PC 18:1e/22:6 molecular species with recorded content of 1.69% and 8.05% are the evidence for lipid transportation from zooxanthellae to host corals. The PE, PS, and PI classes exhibit the lipid composition of the host coral; also, they are less affected by zooxanthellae lipids.

To assess the biodiversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) in hydrocorals, we compared the molecular species compositions of four SD lipid classes such as diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) in Millepora dichotoma and M. platyphylla collected in shallow waters of Vietnam. A statistical analysis showed significant differences in the SD lipid composition between the hydrocoral species. These differences were influenced rather by the lipid molecules of outer membrane (DGCC and DGDG) than by the lipids of chloroplast and thylakoid membranes in SD (MGDG and SQDG). As for the fatty acid (FA) composition of lipid molecules that allow discrimination of hydrocoral SDs, the medium-chain FA 18:4 was characteristic of M. dichotoma, while the long- and very-long-chain FAs (20:5, 22:6, and 28:8) were characteristic of M. platyphylla. Thus, two different Millepora species hosted different SD groups, which had similar thylakoid lipidomes, different lipid profiles of outer membrane, and different activities in biosynthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs. The lipidomic approach has shown that the M. dichotoma population is heterogenic, and about 10% of its colonies can be infected with SDs that are common for M. platyphylla.

In shallow tropical seas, hydrocoral colonies are locally abundant and important reef-framework builders. Hydrocorals are rich in lipids, which play an essential role in their physiology, but no data on seasonal variations in lipids of hydrocorals are available to date. In the present study, the profiles of total lipids, fatty acids (FA), storage and structural lipids classes, and molecular species of structural lipids in symbiotic dinoflagellates and the host of the hydrocorals Millepora dichotoma and M. platyphylla were analyzed each month throughout the year. In both hydrocoral species, the twofold increase in total lipids in the summer coincided with the water temperature rise and was caused primarily by the considerable accumulation of storage lipids with insignificant variations in structural lipids. The FA markers confirmed the year-round hydrocorals’ predation on zooplankton and indicated that M. dichotoma can consume more diatoms than M. platyphylla during October–January. The polar lipidomes of the two Millepora species were similar. The remodeling of alkyl and sphingosine groups in three structural lipid classes rather than unsaturation degree of their FA groups may be considered as a seasonal adaptive response of host biomembranes in Millepora. The symbiotic dinoflagellates of the hydrocorals kept the galactolipid ratio stable throughout the year but significantly increased the levels of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and betaine lipid in winter. The FA markers of the symbionts correlated negatively with galactolipids, thus, indicating a higher transfer of the symbiotic FA to the host in winter. Throughout the year, symbionts controlled their lipid class composition, but their lipid molecular species composition varied in a random manner. The considerable amounts of digalactosyldiacylglycerols with C20–22 polyunsaturated FA distinguished M. platyphylla from M. dichotoma and suggested that different hydrocorals contain different symbiont species. Data on seasonal variations of the lipidomes provide new background information for future studies of ecology, physiology, and biochemistry of hydrocorals.

The present study demonstrates that synaptamide (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine), an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, when administered subcutaneously (4 mg/kg/day, 14 days), exhibits analgesic activity and promotes cognitive recovery in the rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. We analyzed the dynamics of GFAP-positive astroglia and S100β-positive astroglia activity, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), and two subunits of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A) in the hippocampi of the experimental animals. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of DCX. Analysis of N-acylethanolamines in plasma and in the brain was performed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that synaptamide (1) reduces cold allodynia, (2) improves working memory and locomotor activity, (3) stabilizes neurogenesis and astroglial activity, (4) enhances the expression of NGF and NMDAR1, (5) increases the concentration of Ca2+ in astrocytes, and (6) increases the production of N-acylethanolamines. The results of the present study demonstrate that synaptamide affects the activity of hippocampal astroglia, resulting in faster recovery after CCI.

The search for methods of cognitive impairment treatment and prevention in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases is an urgent task of modern neurobiology. It is now known that various diseases, accompanied by dementia, exhibit a pronounced neuroinflammation. Considering the significant docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic polyunsaturated fatty acids’ therapeutic potential, we decided to investigate and compare anti-inflammatory activity of their N-acylethanolamine derivatives. As a result, we found that both N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) and N-eicosapentaenoylethanolamine (EPEA) prevents an LPS-mediated increase in the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 production in the SIM-A9 microglia culture. In an in vivo experiment, synaptamide reversed an increase in LPS-mediated hippocampal TNF-α and IL-1β, but EPEA did not. However, both compounds contributed to the microglia polarization towards the M2-phenotype. Synaptamide, rather than EPEA, inhibited the Iba-1-positive microglia staining area increase. However, both synaptamide and EPEA prevented the LPS-mediated astrogliosis. A study of BDNF immunoreactivity showed that synaptamide, but not EPEA, reversed an LPS-mediated decrease in BDNF production. Despite the more pronounced anti-inflammatory activity of synaptamide, both compounds were effective in maintaining a normal level of hippocampal long-term potentiation in neuroinflammation. The results indicate a high therapeutic potential for both compounds. However, some tests have shown higher activity of synaptamide compared to EPEA.

Summary We carried out photocatalytic treatment of a lignin-free solution of rice husk alkaline hydrolysate [pH of 2, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 12.8 g/L] using photo-Fenton process in the ultraviolet (UV, wavelength of 365 nm) and visible spectrum. Oxidation of lignin was performed at a constant mass ratio of COD:H2O2 as 1:2 and Fe2+ concentration of 80 mg/L. It was established that for the destruction of alkaline lignin, exposure to visible or UV radiation was necessary. Decolorization efficiency of a lignin-free solution depends on the dilution rate of the solution. The advanced oxidative photo-Fenton process (UV/Н2О2/Fe2+) made it possible to reduce the color of lignin-free solution at a dilution ratio of 1:5 by 94% of decolorization efficiency, 87% of phenolic compound and 79% of COD. With the help of gas chromatography, the products of lignin destruction were low-toxic and usable.

The present work studies the destruction of a silica-free solution of alkaline hydrolysate of rice husk (pH 7.25, COD = 22.8O g·L−1) using the photo-Fenton process in the UV layer at a wavelength of 365 nm. Oxidation of lignin was carried out at a constant mass ratio of COD:H2O2 = 1:2 in the solutions with different dilution times (1:10, 1:50) and with varying iron(II) concentrations in the range from 10 to 100 mg·L−1. It was established that the oxidative degradation of alkaline lignin effectively proceeds in the UV layer when the solution is diluted 50 times, at an iron(II) concentration from 50 to 70 mg·L−1. Color, the content of polyphenols and chemical oxygen demand in the silica-free solution with a dilution ratio of 1:50, after oxidation, is reduced by several tens of times. The products of lignin degradation were identified using gas chromatography.

One of the ways to reduce age-related changes can be a diet correction by adding biologically active substances. We studied the effect of a diet including alkyl glycerol ethers (AGs) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrate isolated from the hepatopancreas of Berrytheuthis magister squid on hematological parameters and plasmalogens level in the liver of elderly rats. The senile animals showed decrease in hemoglobin, a three-fold decrease in leukocytes, a three-fold increase in platelet count, and a double decrease of blood coagulation time in the peripheral blood. Age-related changes in rats were characterized by the development of anemia, hypercoagulation, and a decrease in the number of immunocompetent cells. AGs, both separately and in combination with n-3 PUFAs, induced an increase in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, a decrease in the number of platelets, and an immunostimulating activity. Under the action of AGs and n-3 PUFAs, the concentration of plasmalogens and docosahexaenoic acid in the rat liver increased 2- and 1.5 folds, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study showed that the combined use of AGs and n-3 PUFAs improves the rheological properties of the blood and the state of the immune system during aging. The enrichment of diet with dietary supplements, whose structure contains AGs and n-3 PUFAs can increase the content of plasmalogens in the body.

The review is devoted to the chemical diversity of steroids produced by soft corals and their determined and potential activities. There are about 200 steroids that belong to different types of steroids such as secosteroids, spirosteroids, epoxy- and peroxy-steroids, steroid glycosides, halogenated steroids, polyoxygenated steroids and steroids containing sulfur or nitrogen heteroatoms. Of greatest interest is the pharmacological activity of these steroids. More than 40 steroids exhibit antitumor and related activity with a confidence level of over 90 percent. A group of 32 steroids shows anti-hypercholesterolemic activity with over 90 percent confidence. Ten steroids exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and 20 steroids can be classified as respiratory analeptic drugs. Several steroids exhibit rather rare and very specific activities. Steroids exhibit anti-osteoporotic properties and can be used to treat osteoporosis, as well as have strong anti-eczemic and anti-psoriatic properties and antispasmodic properties. Thus, this review is probably the first and exclusive to present the known as well as the potential pharmacological activities of 200 marine steroids.

Coral polyps host intracellular symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD). The loss of SD (referred as bleaching) under stressful environmental conditions is the main reason of coral reef destruction, and therefore, intensively studied over the world. Lipids are the structural base of biomembranes and energy reserve of corals and are directly involved in the coral bleaching. In order to establish a relationship between coral tissue morphology, physiological processes and lipidome dynamics during bleaching, the soft coral Sinularia heterospiculata was exposed to experimental heat stress (33 °C) for 72 h. A chlorophyll content, structure of cells, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and molecular species of storage and structural lipids were analyzed. After 24 h of heat exposure, the level of ROS-positive SD cells did not increase, but the host tissues lost a significant part of SD. The removal of SD cells by exocytosis were suggested. Exocytosis was presumed to prevail at earlier stages of the soft coral bleaching. Symbiophagosomes with degenerative SD were observed in the stressed coral host cells. After 24 h, the content of phosphatidylinositols, which involved in apoptosis and autophagy, was significantly decreased. The innate immune response was triggered, and SD were digested by the coral host. After 48 h, a degradation of SD chloroplasts and a decrease in the specific monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species were detected that confirmed a disruption of lipid biosynthesis in chloroplasts. At the end of coral bleaching, the appearance of oxidized phosphatidylethanolamines, indicating damage to the host membranes, and the degradation of the coral tissues were simultaneously observed. Thus, a switch between dominant mechanisms of the SD loss during bleaching of S. heterospiculata was found and proved by certain variations of the lipidomic profile. Lipidomic parameters may become indicators of physiological processes occurring in the symbiotic coral organism and may be used for assessing anthropogenic or natural destructive effects on coral reefs.

This study examines the fatty acid (FA) composition in eight species of deposit feeders, including holothurians, echiurans, sipunculan, polychaete and bivalve mollusc from the Kuril Basin of the Sea of Okhotsk. Most of the FAs in the species studied have been described previously for abyssal deposit feeders, but 20:2(n-12), 22:4(n-8), and 22:5(n-5) were new among megabenthic invertebrates. Principal component analysis indicated sample separation of the deposit feeders into three groups. The first group included subsurface deposit feeders, and the other two consisted of surface deposit feeders. All groups differed in the ratio of 20:5(n-3) to 20:4(n-6). This ratio was 0.2–0.4 in the subsurface deposit feeder Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 (group I) and 0.6–0.9 in the surface deposit feeding echiuran Pseudoikedella achaeta (Zenkevitch, 1958) and the elasipodid holothurian Psychropotes raripes Ludwig, 1893 (group II). In the second group of surface deposit feeders (group III), this ratio was a little larger in the polychaete Travisia sp. (1.3) and was much larger (2.1–2.5) in the echiuran Alomasoma nordpacificum Zenkevitch, 1958, the sipunculan Golfingia margaritacea (Sars, 1851), and the holothurian Peniagone dubia (D′yakonov and Savel'eva in D′yakonov et al., 1958). Unlike previous data, we found that the most abundant megabenthos species in the basin are subsurface deposit feeders and two groups of surface deposit feeders.

The present study demonstrates that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) injected subcutaneously leads to recovery of locomotor functions observed within 5 weeks after traumatic spinal cord injury. This activity is confirmed by improving of BBB locomotor rating scale indicators. We assume that this activity is related to (1) enhancement of remyelination process, (2) proliferative activity, (3) antioxidant activity, (4) increase in GFAP staining and (5) enhancement of vimentin expression. In general, the results of the study show that DHA has a complex effect on post-traumatic central nervous system recovery, indicating its high therapeutic potential.

Neuropathic pain manifested by a number of sensory symptoms is often accompanied by disorders of higher nervous activity, such as memory impairment, depression, anxiety, anhedonia, etc. This emphasizes the involvement of supraspinal structures including the hippocampus in neuropathic pain pathogenesis. In the present study, we focused on the impact of chronic neuropathic pain on hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial state. In addition, we test the effect of alkyl glycerol ethers on hippocampal neuronal and microglial plasticity as well as behavioral parameters. Neuropathic pain was induced using the model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury. We found an impairment of working memory and locomotor activity in animals with neuropathic pain, which was prevented by alkyl glycerol ethers treatment. Sciatic nerve ligation in mice contributed to the decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis intensity. Alkyl glycerol ethers administration significantly reduced this effect. Neuropathic pain-associated neurogenesis reduction was accompanied by an increased percentage of Iba1-labeled area in the CA1 hippocampal region on the 14th and 28th days after surgery. In addition, we observed a decrease in hippocampal pro-inflammatory microglia marker CD86 immunostaining on day 28 after surgery in alkyl glycerol ethers-treated mice with sciatic nerve ligation. These results are consistent with data on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in the hippocampus. Alkyl glycerol ethers administration increased IL-10 and decreased IL-1β hippocampal expression in animals with neuropathic pain. Taken together, these data suggest that neuropathic pain-behavior in rodents is accompanied by changes in microglia polarization, thereby contributing to neurogenesis impairment and cognitive disturbances. Alkyl glycerol ethers prevented M1 microglial activation, contributing to the maintenance of normal neurogenesis levels within the hippocampus and normalizing working memory.

The adaptogenic properties of alkylglycerols (AGs) after 1 month's treatment were investigated in a rat model of acute immobilization stress (AIS). The animals receiving AGs 157 mg/kg showed a body weight (BW) decrease in addition to a more pronounced increase in the adrenal glands index under stress conditions. Also, AGs at this dose prevented AIS-induced catalase inhibition. In addition, antiulcerative AG effects were already detected at a dose of 15 mg/kg. The data indicate that AGs promote adrenal gland activation in AIS. At the same time, AGs neutralize some of negative effects of stressful conditions, which include restoration of the oxidation-reduction balance, reduction of gastric mucosal stress lesion formation.LAY SUMMARYThe effect of alkylglycerols, ether lipids from marine organisms, was studied in stressed animals. AGs have antioxidant activity and can be useful in the complex therapy of stomach lesions.

Coral bleaching is caused by complete or partial loss of coral endosymbionts in response to increased sea surface temperature and solar radiation. A thermal stress leads to formation of reactive oxygen species resulting in a disturbance of coral cell membranes. Lipids are an essential component of cell membranes. The lipidome of the hard coral Acropora cerealis and its alteration under thermal stress were studied. The features of A. cerealis lipids were trace amounts of monoalkyldiacylglycerols, a high content of triacylglycerols with 18:3 and 22:6 fatty acids and а high content of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate. A short-term exposure of coral fragments at 33 °C caused significant changes in lipids. Among the storage lipids, the content of triacylglycerols decreased after 12-h exposure. Among the structural lipids, contents of ethanolamine-, choline-, and inositolglycerophospholipids decreased; the most pronounced changes were observed in the composition of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol after 24-h exposure.

Polycyclic endoperoxides are rare natural metabolites found and isolated in plants, fungi, and marine invertebrates. The purpose of this review is a comparative analysis of the pharmacological potential of these natural products. According to PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) estimates, they are more likely to exhibit antiprotozoal and antitumor properties. Some of them are now widely used in clinical medicine. All polycyclic endoperoxides presented in this article demonstrate antiprotozoal activity and can be divided into three groups. The third group includes endoperoxides, which show weak antiprotozoal activity with a reliability of up to 70%, and this group includes only 1.1% of metabolites. The second group includes the largest number of endoperoxides, which are 65% and show average antiprotozoal activity with a confidence level of 70 to 90%. Lastly, the third group includes endoperoxides, which are 33.9% and show strong antiprotozoal activity with a confidence level of 90 to 99.6%. Interestingly, artemisinin and its analogs show strong antiprotozoal activity with 79 to 99.6% confidence against obligate intracellular parasites which belong to the genera Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Leishmania, and Coccidia. In addition to antiprotozoal activities, polycyclic endoperoxides show antitumor activity in the proportion: 4.6% show weak activity with a reliability of up to 70%, 65.6% show an average activity with a reliability of 70 to 90%, and 29.8% show strong activity with a reliability of 90 to 98.3%. It should also be noted that some polycyclic endoperoxides, in addition to antiprotozoal and antitumor properties, show other strong activities with a confidence level of 90 to 97%. These include antifungal activity against the genera Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus, as well as anti-inflammatory activity. This review provides insights on further utilization of polycyclic endoperoxides by medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and the pharmaceutical industry.

A complete or partial loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) by the corals in response to thermal stress has been described as coral bleaching. A stress damages the photosynthetic apparatus of SD and their thylakoid membranes, and symbiotic alga cells disappear via exocytosis and/or apoptosis resulting in a disturbance of host cell membranes. Lipids play an essential role in coral metabolism and constitute the basis of membranes. At present, studies of coral bleaching typically deal with long-term lipid indices, such as total lipids and fatty acids (FAs), while short-term dynamics of lipidome (full range of all lipid molecular species) has not been considered in the context of bleaching mechanism. To evaluate the lipidomic approach to characterizing coral bleaching, the soft coral Sinularia sp. was exposed to a short-term experimental thermal stress (33 °C). The dynamics of chlorophyll level, the composition of total FAs, the amounts of total lipids and major lipid classes (such as wax esters (WE), triacylglycerols (TAG), and monoalkyldiacylglycerols (MADAG), glycolipids, ethanolamine-, choline-, serine-, inositolglycerophospholipids (PE, PC, PS, PI), and ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP)) and the variations in the content of lipid molecular species were studied during a 36-h heat exposure. >160 molecular species were identified by tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. Under the short-term stress, a considerable decline in the levels of chlorophylls, glycolipids, and FA markers of SD was detected, whereas the variations in the content of total lipids, total phospholipids, and major FAs were not significant. The heat exposure immediately disturbed the daily cycle of the composition of glycolipid molecular species. Among the storage lipids, the content of TAG and MADAG decreased, whereas the content of polyunsaturated WE molecular species increased under the stress. The following effects were recorded for the structural lipids: a depletion in the PE, PC, and PI amounts, a conversion of PE into their lyso and oxidized derivatives, an appearance of diacyl form of PE, and a disturbance of transfer of some polyunsaturated FAs from SD to the host. The content of PS was relatively stable. Probably, PE molecular species are a primary target of thermal stress in the Sinularia host. The most dramatical changes in the Sinularia lipidome were detected between 24 h and 36 h of the exposure. A lipidomic approach is important for studies of dynamics of the coral symbiotic association and a resistance of different coral taxa during short-term bleaching events.

1-O-alkylglycerols (AKG) are a class of natural ether lipids derived from 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols by deacylation. In this study, 1-O-alkylglycerol (AKG) composition was investigated in the hepatopancreas lipids of the crab Paralithodes camtschaticus and the liver lipids of the squid Berryteuthis magister and the skate Bathyraja parmifera. One of the principal AKG in marine organisms was 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycerol (AKG 16:0). To assess AKG influence on melanoma, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative actions of natural AKG 16:0 and synthetic 1-O-octyl-sn-glycerol (AKG 8:0) on three human melanoma cell lines SK-Mel-5, SK-Mel-28, and RPMI-7951. Natural AKG 16:0 in concentration up to 20 µM was not toxic to all cell lines. AKG 8:0 showed no toxicity to cells SK-Mel-5 and SK-Mel-28 in concentrations up to 20 µM but had moderate cytotoxicity to RPMI-7951 cells with an IC

Biological active compounds, 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerols (AG), were isolated from liver oil of the squid Berryteuthis magister. The main components of the initial lipids were 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols (38.50 %) and triacylglycerols (24.26 %). The first step of separation was the alkaline hydrolysis of oil to form a lipid mixture consisting of AG, free fatty acids and cholesterol. AG were separated by double recrystallization from acetone at -20 °C and 1 °C. A simple procedure is proposed for obtaining AG with a purity of 99.22 %, the main component of which is chimyl alcohol (94.39 %). Purity and structure of the obtained products were confirmed by GC and GC-MS technique. Isolated AG may be used in nutrition and cosmetics.

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6 n-3) acids were extracted from processing wastes of the liver of the squid Berryteuthis magister. The process included three steps: concentration of the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with urea; separation of individual FA by iodolactonization method, and obtainment of highly purified EPA and DHA by preparative HPLC. Concentration of the acids with urea was carried out at a ratio of urea/FA 3:1 at temperatures of 0 and −20°C, this allowed us to raise the concentration of EPA and DHA from 7.8 and 6.5% to 32.5 and 32.0%, respectively. The iodolactonization reaction was used to obtain from the concentrate individual preparations with concentrations of 93.4% for EPA and 95.6% for DHA; the total yields of the original FA were 50.7 and 41.7%, respectively. Differences in the rates of formation of γ- and δ-iodolactones made a sequential extraction possible, first of DHA from the total PUFA, then of EPA from the remaining acids. Purification of the obtained PUFA products to more than 99% purity was conducted by preparative HPLC. Practical applications: The proposed three-step procedure for separating EPA and DHA is designed to produce n-3 PUFA concentrates and highly purified EPA and DHA. The obtained products can be recommended for scientific experiments in vitro. The proposed three-step procedure for separating EPA and DHA is designed to produce n-3 PUFA concentrates and highly purified EPA and DHA.

1-O-alkylglycerols (AKG) are a class of natural ether lipids derived from 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols by deacylation. In this study, 1-O-alkylglycerol (AKG) composition was investigated in the hepatopancreas lipids of the crab Paralithodes camtschaticus and the liver lipids of the squid Berryteuthis magister and the skate Bathyraja parmifera. One of the principal AKG in marine organisms was 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycerol (AKG 16:0). To assess AKG influence on melanoma, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative actions of natural AKG 16:0 and synthetic 1-O-octyl-sn-glycerol (AKG 8:0) on three human melanoma cell lines SK-Mel-5, SK-Mel-28, and RPMI-7951. Natural AKG 16:0 in concentration up to 20 µM was not toxic to all cell lines. AKG 8:0 showed no toxicity to cells SK-Mel-5 and SK-Mel-28 in concentrations up to 20 µM but had moderate cytotoxicity to RPMI-7951 cells with an IC50 of 13 µM. Both investigated substances inhibited the proliferation, formation, and growth of cell colonies of RPMI-7951. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: AKG exhibit a variety of biological activities, including anticancer effects. In this study, the liver lipids of the skate B. parmifera and the hepatopancreas lipids of crab P. camtschaticus were shown to be sources of AKG. Our data showed that AKG can be used to prevent the formation of new colonies of malignant cells in combination therapy against melanoma. The results will be useful for future studies involving marine ether lipids and the examination of their anticancer properties against malignant cells.

Monoalkyldiacylglycerol (MADAG) is an important lipid class in mollusks, corals, starfishes, and some species of zooplankton. Up to 80% of liver oils of squids and sharks are comprised of MADAG. Except for one fish species, there are no data on the composition of MADAG molecular species of marine organisms. The molecular species of MADAG obtained from digestive glands of the deep-sea squid Berryteuthis magister were identified. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were applied. The mass spectra of each molecular species contained positive quasi-molecular ion [M+H]+ with fragment ions [M–R′CO2]+, [M–R′′CO2]+, and [M–OR′′′]+, as well as negative cluster ion [M + 2H2O H]− without fragments. The exact masses of the negative ions allowed determination of the molecular formulas and the number of double bonds; the positive fragment ions were used to determine the location of acyl and alkyl groups in MADAG molecules. Ninety molecular species of MADAG were revealed. The regiospecific composition was identified for 72 individual molecular species. Eleven pairs of positional isomers of acyl groups were found. Four molecular ions were produced by a mixture of acyl/alkyl isomers. Most of molecular species contained 16:0e or 18:1e alkyl groups in the sn-1 position, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly esterified the sn-2 position of MADAG from B. magister. These structural features are supposed to be characteristic for biologically active MADAG.