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The processing of oil refining waste is essential from economic and environmental points of view. An important issue is the processing of soapstock to extract fatty acids, which are raw materials for various industries. The two-stage method of fatty acids obtaining from soapstock using saponification with sodium hydroxide solution and decomposition with sulfuric acid is investigated. The peculiarity of the work is the study of the influence of soapstocksaponification conditions on the key efficiency indicators of fatty acid extraction: yield and neutralization number. A sample of soapstock was obtained as a result of alkaline neutralization of sunflower oil. Soapstock quality corresponds to DSTU5033 (CAS68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 68.5%, fatty acids – 62.6%, neutral fat – 5.9%. Rational saponification conditions were determined: duration (85min.) and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (45%). After saponification, the soapstock was subjected to decomposition with sulfuric acid under the following conditions: temperature 90°C, duration 40min. Under the rational saponification conditions, the yield of fatty acids (91.8%) and the neutralization number (187.1mgKOH/g) were determined. The obtained fatty acids correspond to the first-grade fatty acids according to DSTU4860 (CAS61788-66-7). Acid indicators: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 1.5%, mass fraction of total fat – 98.0%, cleavage depth – 69.2% oleic acid. The use of the soapstock saponification stage before decomposition leads to an improvement in the quality indicators and an increase in the neutralization number of fatty acids by 4%, yield – by 16.2%. The results of the study make it possible to produce fatty acids from soapstock by two-stage technology with high yield and neutralization number

As a result of alkaline neutralization of oils, a significant amount of soapstock is formed, the utilization of which creates an environmental and economic problem. The production of fatty acids from soapstock using sulfuric acid decomposition is investigated in this work. The peculiarity of the work is the determination of regression dependences of the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids on the soapstock processing conditions: temperature and duration. Soapstock obtained after neutralization of sunflower oil was used as raw material. Soapstock indicators: mass fraction of moisture – 15.4%, total fat – 71.9%, fatty acids – 64.5%, neutral fat – 7.4%. Rational conditions of soapstock processing are determined: temperature (90–95)°С, duration 40min. Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 79.0%, the neutralization number is 180.0mgKOH/g. Quality indicators of the obtained fatty acids: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 1.8%, mass fraction of total fat – 97.0%, cleavage depth – 64.5% of oleic acid, the presence of mineral acids – no. Fatty acids correspond to fatty acids of the first grade according to DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7). An increase in the temperature and duration of soapstock contact with sulfuric acid increases the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. This is due to a decrease in the viscosity of the reaction medium, an increase in the depth of cleavage of soapstock soaps with sulfuric acid, an increase in the intensity and duration of mass transfer. The developed rational conditions allow obtaining fatty acids from soapstock, which correspond in composition to fatty acids from refined deodorized sunflower oil. The results allow solving a number of economic and environmental problems associated with soapstock utilization and can be implemented in oil refineries and fatty acid production

The graphical dependence of the washing capacity of ethanol-containing soapstock on the concentration in an aqueous solution and the temperature of interaction with the polluted material has been determined. It is proposed to use a 40% aqueous solution of ethanol-containing soapstock in the hand cleaning paste technology. This soapstock solution has a washing capacity of 92–98% at the temperature of interaction with the polluted material of 25–40°C. The regularity of the effect of the structurant content on the consistency of hand cleaning paste was investigated using an approximating polynomial. This made it possible to substantiate the effective concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (0.4...0.6%) and cetysltearyl alcohol (1.8...2.0%) in the formulation. The obtained regression equation is useful for adjusting the content of structurants in the formulation, depending on the consumer's requirements for the viscosity of the developed detergent. A comparison of the quality indicators of the developed hand cleaning paste based on ethanol-containing soapstock with a sample of similar “Primaterra Automotive” commercial hand cleaning paste was carried out. The quality indicators of the developed paste are as follows: effective viscosity at 20...22°С – 32.0Pa∙s; foaming capacity – 23mm, foam stability – 62.0%; washing ability – 92.0%. It was determined that these quality indicators do not differ significantly in the developed detergent and commercial analogue. The data obtained indicate the prospects of processing ethanol-containing soapstock into the hand cleaning paste based on natural surfactants. The developed detergent due to the content of ethanol, glycerin and hydrogen peroxide has antiseptic properties, which is a competitive advantage among analogues. Such utilization of ethanol-containing soapstock makes the process of oil neutralization environmentally safe and economically viable

Production of waxes from spent perlite, which is a waste of sunflower oil winterization, is studied. Winterization is characterized by significant losses of oil with filter powders, and waste utilization is an environmental and economic problem. At the same time, winterization waste contains valuable components – wax and oil, which can be used in different ways. The content of waxes in spent perlite using hexane (18%), as well as the quality indicators of the obtained wax: melting point 70°C, saponification number 115mg KOH/g, acid number 2.6mg KOH/g, mass fraction of moisture 0,82% are determined. Spent perlite was treated with a solution of sodium chloride during boiling, settling of the obtained mass, washing and drying of wax. The dependence of the yield and melting point of the extracted waxes on the processing parameters: the concentration of sodium chloride solution, temperature and duration of settling is found. Rational conditions for spent perlite processing are determined: the concentration of sodium chloride solution – 7.5%, settling temperature – 20°C, settling duration ‑ 10hours. The experimentally determined wax yield at this point is 14.3%. Quality indicators of the wax sample obtained under rational conditions are studied: melting point 68°С, saponification number 110mg KOH/g, acid number 2.8mg KOH/g, mass fraction of moisture 0.85%. These values correlate with the data for wax extracted using hexane, as well as with reference data on the quality of beeswax and sunflower wax. The data obtained allow recycling spent perlite without organic solvents, which makes the process more environmentally friendly and cost-effective, as well as solves environmental problems associated with the utilization of winterization waste

The analysis of the main methods of increasing the nutritional and biological value of wheat flour has been conducted. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of adjusting the protein content in flour due to additives. The relevance of improving the amino acid composition of flour protein is emphasized. The feasibility of comprehensive studies for the development of food system formulations with a balanced amino acid composition based on wheat flour and oilseed meal is substantiated. The amino acid content has been experimentally determined and the biological value of raw materials proteins for food systems which are sunflower and soybean meal has been calculated. The mixture composition of sunflower and soybean meal with an improved amino acid composition has been scientifically substantiated. It has been found that the protein composition of the meal mixture is maximally close to the reference in terms of the content of leucine, lysine and the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine, cystine). The score of isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine in the protein composition of oilseed meal is 1.1–1.47times higher than the reference. The amino acid composition has been calculated and the biological value of the protein of food systems containing 80–90% wheat flour and 10–20% composition of soybean and sunflower meal with improved amino acid composition has been determined. It has been found that the formulation of the food system containing 20% of the composition of meal mixture and 80% of wheat flour has the greatest biological value in comparison with wheat flour. In this food system, the limited amino acids – lysine and sulfur-containing (methionine and cystine) are the closest to the reference one and are 67.68% and 70.12%. The fatty acid composition has been experimentally determined. The biological effectiveness of the fats of the developed food systems has been calculated. The closest to the fatty acid ratio recommended by nutritionists is the food system with a ratio of meal mixture: wheat flour of 20:80. The resulting formulations of food systems will be useful in technologies of flour products with high biological value

The study reported here has established patterns in the intensive technology for making a biologically active component (the sprouts of legumes) whose germination involved natural fruit acids (citric, malic, grape). The choice of high-quality and safe stimulants is important for the germination of different grain raw materials. Such substances are the fruit acids of natural origin. Their application has made it possible to obtain a high-value component for healthy foods, namely, the sprouts of a variety of legumes. The experimental research has proven the effectiveness of using fruit acids as the effective intensifiers and disinfectants for the process of obtaining the legume sprouts. It has been shown that their use makes it possible not only to intensify the germination of legumes but also contributes to the more active formation of sprouts, and disinfects the seedbed. Thus, the use of aqueous solutions of fruit acids at the concentration of 0.25–1.25% led to an increase in the following indicators: the germination energy, by 4–7%; the ability to germinate, by 5–8%; the length of the sprouts, by 3–11mm; the weight of the sprouts, from 1 to 12% depending on the crop. In addition, the composition of the sprouts has been investigated, which confirmed the biological usefulness and rationality of their introduction to the composition of food products as a biologically active component. The reported study has shown that they contain the elevated content of amino acids (by 3–50% depending on the amino acid), vitamins(В1, В2, В3, В6, В12, РР, Е, С, А), the high content of protein (32%) and extractive substances (44%). This testifies to the biological and nutritional value of the sprouts obtained using intensive technology. The investigated technology for making legumes sprouts is innovative. The sprouts obtained can become highly nutritious components for new health food products

The features of the intensive technology of getting food sprouts with organic acids as an intensifier of germination were studied. The aim was to establish the features of the intensive technology of producing sprouts of different crops with using organic acids at germination (butanedioic, 3-pyridine carbonic, pteroylglutamic). It is important to search new and safe germination stimulators of universal use. Such substances are just the studied organic acids, because positive changes of quality parameters of a ready product are traced at their use in the sprout technology. There was studied the sprout technologies that includes washing, disinfection, step-by-step air-water soaking of grains from different crops and their germination. As a disinfectant and growth stimulator at the stage of grain material soaking, there were used water solutions of the organic acids in the concentration diapason from 0.025 to 2.5g/l. Due to their use, it became possible to get high-quality healthy food products, namely sprouts of different crops. Organic acid solutions stimulate the germination process and allow to get an essentially higher amount of high-quality sprouts in shorter terms without chemical toxic admixtures. The research results of the influence of the mentioned organic acids on germination indices of different grains materials are presented. Optimal values of concentrations of active substances in solutions have been established. Comparing with the classic technology of using these acids as a growth stimulator for sprouts allows to decrease the total duration of material germination in 1.5–2times. Due to that it becomes possible to initiate the industrial production of sprouts. The experimental studies proved the effectiveness of using organic acids at getting living sprouts. It is demonstrated, that their use allows not only to intensify grains germination, but also favors more active formation of sprouts. The presented technology of producing sprouts of different crops is innovative. The obtained grain raw materials may be used independently or as an important component of new food products.

This study has established patterns in the plasmochemical activation of technological solutions in the process of malt production. Of importance is the application of innovative technologies to purify water and technological solutions used at malt enterprises that consume large quantities of water resources. A promising technology is the plasmochemical treatment of water and technological solutions in order to purify them and, partially or completely, destroy pathogenic microflora. Due to the use of plasmochemical activation, it has become possible not only to improve the malting process but also to reduce the consumption of water resources for technological purposes by 2‒3 times. This is achieved by improving the technological malting process and by the possibility of reuse of wastewater after its filtering and plasmochemical treatment. The experimental laboratory tests have proven the effectiveness of using plasmochemical activation of technological solutions in order to improve the qualitative indicators of wastewater and the possibility of reuse of such solutions after their plasmochemical activation. Applying the proposed method for treating technological solutions decreased the level of contamination of wastewater from malt production. Sewage contamination after activation decreased. Thus, pollution indicators decreased as follows: per dry residue – by 65‒95 %; the content of suspended substances – by 33‒66 %; residue after roasting – by 58‒79 %; total nitrogen – by 58‒80 %; P2O5 (phosphorus) – by 75‒88 %; K2O (potassium) – by 75‒ 92 %; CaO (calcium) – by 81‒92 %; Na2O – by 67–83 %; Cl- – not detected; oxidation – by 78‒95 %; BOC5 (biochemical oxygen consumption) ‒ by 92‒97 %; pH became alkaline. In plasmochemical treatment, there is a disinfection of wastewater, namely, during an activation mode of 60 min the phytopathogenic microflora (Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor) were destroyed. This indicates the effectiveness of the purification and decontamination of technological solutions. Its application is the key to the environmental safety of malt production when all its stages meet the requirements of "green" technologies, Проведенными исследованиями установлены особенности плазмохимической активации технологических растворов в процессе производства солода. Важным является использование инновационных технологий очистки воды и технологических растворов, которые используются на солодовых предприятиях, поскольку они являются потребителями большого количества водных ресурсов. Перспективной технологией является плазмохимическая обработка технологических растворов с целью их очистки и полного уничтожения патогенной микрофлоры. Благодаря использованию плазмохимической активации стало возможным не только совершенствование процесса солодращения, а и значительное сокращение потребления водных ресурсов на технологические цели в 2–3 раза. Это достигается путем совершенствования технологического процесса солодоращения и возможности повторного использования сточных вод после их фильтрации и плазмохимической обработки. Экспериментальными лабораторными исследованиями доказана эффективность использования плазмохимической активации технологических растворов, с целью улучшения качественных показателей сточных вод и возможность повторного использования таких растворов после их плазмохимической активации. При использовании предложенного метода обработки технологических растворов понизился уровень загрязненности сточных вод солодового производства. Загрязнение сточных вод после активации уменьшилось. Так показатели загрязнения уменьшились на: сухой остаток – 65–95 %; содержание завислых веществ – 33–66 %; остаток после прожаривания – 58–79 %; общий азот – 58–80 %; P2O5 (фосфор) – 75–88 %; K2O – 75‑92 % (калий); CaO (кальций) – 81–92 %; Na2O – 67–83 %; Cl- – не обнаружено; окисляемость – 78–95 %; БПК5 (биохимическое потребление кислорода) 92–97 %; рН стало щелочным. При плазмохимической обработке наблюдается обеззараживание сточных вод, а именно, при режиме обработки 60 мин., полностью уничтожается фитопатогенная микрофлора (Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor). Это свидетельствует об эффективности очистки и обеззараживания технологических растворов. Ее использование – залог экологический безопасности солодового производства, а все его этапы отвечают требованиям «зеленых» технологий, Проведеними дослідженнями встановлені особливості плазмохімічної активації технологічних розчинів в процесі виробництва солоду. Важливим є застосування інноваційних технологій очищення води та технологічних розчинів, які використовуються на солодових підприємствах, оскільки вони є споживачами великої кількості водних ресурсів. Перспективною технологією є плазмохімічна обробка води та технологічних розчинів з метою їх очищення і часткового або повного знищення патогенної мікрофлори. Завдяки використанню плазмохімічної активації стало можливим не тільки вдосконалити процес солодорощення, а й скоротити споживання водних ресурсів на технологічні цілі в 2–3 рази. Це досягається шляхом удосконалення технологічного процесу солодорощення та можливості повторного використання стічних вод після їх фільтрування та плазмохімічної обробки.Експериментальними лабораторними дослідженнями доведена ефективність використання плазмохімічної активації технологічних розчинів з метою покращення якісних показників стічних вод та можливості повторного використання таких розчинів після їх плазмохімічної активації. При використанні запропонованого методу обробки технологічних розчинів знизився рівень забрудненості стічних вод солодового виробництва. Забруднення стічних вод після активації зменшилося. Так, показники забруднення знизились на: сухий залишок – 65–95 %; вміст завислих речовини н – 33–66 %; залишок після прожарювання – 58–79 %; загальний азот – 58–80 %; P2O5 (фосфор) – 75–88 %; K2O – 75‑92 % (калій); CaO (кальцій) – 81–92 %; Na2O – 67–83 %; Cl- – не виявлено; окиснюваність – 78–95 %; БСК5 (біохімічне споживання кисню) 92–97 %; рН стало лужним.При плазмохімічній обробці спостерігається знезараження стічних вод, а саме, при режимі активації 60 хв, повністю знищується фітопатогенна мікрофлора (Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor).Це свідчить про ефективність очистки та знезараження технологічних розчинів. Її використання є запорукою екологічної безпеки солодового виробництва, а всі його етапи відповідають вимогам «зелених» технологій

Development of a new generation of functional antiage cosmetics is a most important area of cosmetic industry development. An integral part of such products are biologically active substances (BAS) with essential oils, being among the sources of which. Each essential oil is characterized by a well balanced unique composition of biologically active substances. Development of new cosmetic products consists of correct selection of the required composition of components with required properties and selection of a suitable package, preserving product properties throughout its shelf life. During production of cosmetic products in aerosol package a number of issues are solved, unlike with antiage-products in form of creams in customary tubes. The degree of oxidation-reduction reactions, having negative impact on the properties of essential oils, is substantially reduced. The concentration providing for the optimum degree of evacuation and excess pressure in the packaging are essential issues. The aim of this research is to determine the degree of evacuation of the contents, excess pressure, and mass fraction of a propellant in the product test samples to find the samples of aerosol package with optimum parameters. A number of tests to determine the degree of evacuation of the contents from aerosol package, excess pressure and a mass fraction of a propellant have been performed. The greatest degree of evacuation of products was observed with mass fraction of propellant of 13.79%. Based on the results of the tests for excess pressure in aerosol packaging, it has been found, that with mass fraction of a propellant of 13.79% excess pressure is 0.4 MPa, which was taken as an optimum value. The test showed that the mass of a propellant of 16 g evacuates the product from aerosol package to the maximum extent and does not exceed the acceptable limits for excess pressure (0.2–0.6 MPa)

Проведено дослідження щодо нехімічної стабілізації олій, призначених для термічної обробки. Встановлено, що для сумішей, які відповідають вимогам щодо органолептичних показників, стійкість до окислення в порівнянні з початковими оліями збільшувалася: для суміші соняшникової олії і пальмового олеїну (70%: 30%) в 1,2 рази, а для суміші соєвої олії і пальмового олеїну (70%: 30%) в 1,26 рази. Проведені дослідження показали ефективний шлях нехімічної стабілізації олій, призначених для термічної обробки.