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Educational interaction between Russia and the SCO countries has a long cultural and historical experience. The practice of such interaction is becoming more and more evident in obtaining more support and interest in the education system in Russia and the SCO countries. The modern social reality referring to the pandemic, changes in the geopolitical space of the world dictate new requirements for the formation of educational interaction models between the SCO countries. The trend of Russia’s refusal to participate in the Bologna process is also becoming one of the main directions of Russian educational policy. The major research objectives were to study the barriers that hinder the development of interaction between the SCOcountries in the educational space, to identify the advantages, disadvantages and problems of its implementation. The research methodology combined both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The primary data was collected using questionnaires (n= 560) and in-depth interviews (n=50). Students from the SCO countries studying at universities in Yekaterinburg (Russia) took part in the quantitative study The in-depth interviews with experts were conducted in order to identify key issues of educational interaction between the SCO countries. The research has investigated a number of barriers that prevent fruitful educational interactionbetween the universities of the SCO countries. They are as follows: objective circumstances of constantly changing geopolitical realities, technical difficulties in the implementation of educational interaction, insufficient readiness of the teaching staff to teach foreign students, financial risks, language barrier, cultural barrier, unfavourable infrastructure of universities, the specifics of educational programs and curricula. Our research has identified factors that will contribute to the development of educational interaction and overcoming barriers. They are as follows: personal factors, motivation to get education in Russian universities, the historically established cultural tradition of communication between the peoples of the SCO countries, the creation of uniform educational standards and organizations (similar to the SCO university).The study has identified barriers that prevent this interaction. They are as follows: objective circumstances of constantly changing geopolitical realities, technical difficulties in the implementation of educational interaction, insufficient readiness of the teaching staff to teach foreign students, financial risks, language barrier, cultural barrier, unfavourable infrastructure of universities, the specifics of educational programs and curricula. The study has revealed factors that promote the development of educational interaction and overcome barriers. They include: personal factors, motivation to get education in Russian universities, the historically established cultural tradition of communication between the peoples of the SCO countries,the creation of uniform educational standards, organizations (similar to the SCO university).

The processes of globalization lead to a constant increase in mobility. The changing society has long ceased to be a closed and limited system of nation-states. The aim of the research is to determine the conditions of social adaptation of students in multicultural environment in the period of distance learning. The problem of finding the concept that provides adaptability and sustainability of the personality, capable of successful development and interaction in the multicultural space of the Russian university is actualized. A series of sociological studies on the problems of interaction between Russian and Chinese students in the educational space of universities was conducted. In 2016, the project «Russian-Chinese dialogue: the way to meet each other» was implemented within the Program of development of student associations’ activities supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 2016-PSO-94 with our participation. A survey involved Chinese and Russian students from three universities in Yekaterinburg (500 Russian and 500 Chinese students participated in the survey). In 2019-2020 a survey was carried out among Russian universities according to the author’s methodology of the matrix of four bases (500 Chinese students). In 2020, we dealt with 2 focus groups with Chinese students. and administered in-depth interviews with Chinese professionals who graduated from Russian higher education (50 Chinese graduates of Russian universities). The geography of the research included the leading universities of Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk. The obtained data and coordination of the conclusions with a number of studies require creating a system for training multicultural educatorsto provide distance learning.

Objective: Inclusive education aims to offer comprehensive collaborative education to healthy and disabled children. The purpose of the study is to perform a comparative analysis of the learning results in healthy and disabled children from different groups with those who study remotely, and a similar analysis between students of higher education institutions. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018–19 in Moscow, Russia, involving 150 students with disabilities and 397 healthy students. Consideration was given to academic performance, psychophysical development and speech development. Results and Discussion: Among students with healthcare nosologies, students with vision impairments are considered the most promising. The number of underachievers is 4.9 times lower than their peers (p 0.001).The greatest success in e-learning was among students with health nosologies relative to a similar group of children. Conclusions: The number of outstanding students in the group with visual impairments exceeds those in the control group by 1.5 times (p≤0.05). Of the students with health nosologies, the most promising group is visually impaired students. High academic performance of students with visual impairments and disordered motor activity provides them with the opportunity to practice comprehensive education at universities, including inclusive education, which corresponds to current worldwide trends. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(4) 2021 p.801-808

Immunological testing for tuberculosis has been one of the most rapidly developing areas in the last decade. A new-generation immunological skin test, Diaskintest (DST), has been developed in the Russian Federation and successfully implemented into clinical practice since 2009. This article presents the results of a meta-analysis of publications reporting data on the use of the recombinant tuberculosis allergen DST (n = 121) from 2009 to 2019 included in Russian and international databases. The analysis included a total of 61 papers consistent with the study design, which cumulatively presented the results of 3,777,083 patients tested with DST (83.0%). The obtained data showed that the overall diagnostic sensitivity of the test in this population, regardless of age, was 86.0%, with 98.0% negative results. It was found that the intensity of the immune response of tuberculosis patients to specific ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antigens of DST may depend on the biological properties of the pathogen characteristic to various Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes, tuberculosis severity, and the presence of concomitant diseases. These factors are more prevalent in the adult population. In children, however, the test sensitivity reaches 100%. The proportion of positive DST results in HIV-positive patients tested for tuberculosis was 60.0%. The analysis showed that the accuracy (overall validity) of DST was 95.1% in the total studied population (95% confidence interval [CI]: 95.06–95.1) and 92.4% in HIV-positive patients (95% CI: 91.9–92.7).

Take-Home Message.This study provides a new diagnostic index based on the antibodies to mutated citrullinated vimentin concentration and the level of different B subsets. Determination of index over 5 Units proved to be characteristic of sarcoidosis, what might help to differentiate SD from TB.Abstract. In some cases there is a problem of differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis(SD) and tuberculosis(TB)because of the similarities in clinical, X-ray and laboratory features. The aim of this study was to search for new differential diagnostic criteria for sarcoidosis and tuberculosis by calculating the index, based on the level of autoantibodies to modified citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) and the level of B-cell subpopulations. These parameters were measured in patients with sarcoidosis (n = 93), tuberculosis (n = 40) and healthy donors (n = 40) using the ELISA and cytometry. The absence of a statistically significant difference when comparing the level of anti-MCV, the number of B-cells in SD and TB suggests that these changes may be characteristic of granulomatous diseases. The use of the formula Ds=([B-naïve%]\[B-memory%])*([B-CD38%]+[B-CD5%])/[anti-MCV] might allow to differentiate SD with an increase in the calculated index of more than 5 units with a sensitivity of 80.00% and specificity of 93.10% (AUC = 0.926).

Sarcoidosis (SC) is the granulomatous disease of an unknown origin, where the differential diagnosis with tuberculosis (TB) is challenging and vital for patients’ prognosis. The common neurological complication in SC is a small fiber neuropathy (SFN), that is considered to be the result of the chronic inflammation, and remains significantly understudied. There is no reliable data, whether such complication is observed in TB patients, where the systemic inflammation is also described. Aim: To identify the clinical and histological correlates of the small fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis patients.Materials and methods. A study was performed in 2018 – 2019 years and included 71 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (n=25), pulmonary tuberculosis (n=21), and healthy subjects (n=25). For the clinical verification of the SFN, the “Small fiber neuropathy screening list” (SFN-SL) was used. A punch biopsy of the skin was performed followed by the enzyme immunoassay analysis with PGP 9.5 antibodies.Results of the study: Up to 60% of sarcoidosis patients and 19% tuberculosis patients report the presence of at least one complaint, which may be associated with SFN. The most frequent complaints included dysfunctions of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal system and gastrointestinal tract. A negative, statistically significant correlation between the intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IEND) and SFN-SL score was revealed in both groups (Spearman coefficient, r = -0.3508, p = 0.0102, and r = -0.7382, p = 0.0064, respectively). Wherein, the density of small nerve fibers in the patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis was lower, compared to the patients with tuberculosis (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.0047). Conclusion: In patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, small fiber neuropathy may develop as a result of systemic immune-mediated inflammation. The most common symptoms of this complication were dysautonomia and mild sensory dysfunction. Wherein, in tuberculosis patients clinical and histological symptoms of the small fiber neuropathy were subsequently less prominent, which may represent the difference between the autoimmune and bacterial inflammation. The validated questionnaires and histologic verification of the diagnosis help to establish the severity of neuropathy of small fibers, to determine the prognosis, to plan the treatment strategн, and also may allude the possibility for the additional criteria of differential diagnosis between two diseases.

This article discusses the use of popular songs in English classes in high school as an effective method of mastering grammatical constructions and increasing students' motivation to learn the language. The article describes the key stages of the pedagogical experiment, during which the characteristic features of the perception of songs by students with different leading representative systems are singled out, as well as the effectiveness of selecting audio material based on the preferences of trainees. The importance of repeated repetition of grammatical construction with the help of key phrases of a song, as well as the use of living speech situations, reflected in the story line of the song, is revealed and confirmed.

The present study shows that, from 300 Lactobacillus strains isolated from the oral cavity and large intestine of 600 healthy people, only 9 had high antagonistic activity against pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. All antagonistic strains of lactobacilli have been identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and assigned to four species: Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei. In addition, these lactobacilli appeared to be nonpathogenic and had some probiotic potential: the strains produced lactic acid and bacteriocins, showed high sensitivity to broad-spectrum antibiotics, and were capable of forming biofilms in vitro. With the help of PCR and specific primers, the presence of genes for prebacteriocins in L. plantarum (plnEF, plnJ, plnN) and L. rhamnosus (LGG_02380 and LGG_02400) has been revealed. It was found that intestinal strains of lactobacilli were resistant to hydrochloric acid and bile. Lactobacilli isolated from the oral cavity were characterized by a high degree of adhesion, whereas intestinal strains were characterized by average adhesion. Both types of lactobacilli had medium to high rates of auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity and could coaggregate with pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, the ability of the lactobacilli strains to produce gasotransmitters, CH4, CO2, C2H6, CO, and NH3, has been revealed.

The development of cultural ties and cooperation between Russia and China in the field of education correlates with the current strategy of internationalization of Russian universities. Many Russian universities today tend to develop partnerships with Chinese universities. In particular, the number of Chinese students studying in Russian universities constantly increases; academic exchange programs are successfully implemented, the number of scientific contacts between representatives of universities of the two countries grows. The implementation of such cooperation is accompanied by problems of social and cultural interaction in the field of education of Russian and Chinese students. The general purpose of the study was to identify the axiological component in the interaction of Russian and Chinese students in the space of the Russian university. Chinese students who study in Yekaterinburg universities (390 people), Russian students who study/live with Chinese (500 people), 10 Chinese experts, 10 Russian experts in the field of education in Russia and China were interviewed. The results suggest that the Russian students find the values of hedonistic nature – love and pleasure – to be more important than the Chinese ones, while the Chinese students consider study and personal security to be most important (and this is determined by the goals of coming to Russia and the conditions of staying in the territory of a foreign country). Nevertheless, it cannot be said that the values of students from the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China differ radically and may interfere with the productive socio-cultural interaction between them. Besides, the great importance of such values as world peace and love of country for Chinese students can be the basis for attracting them to participate in the activities of patriotic and cultural student associations that already exist in the Ural universities. The practical significance of the results obtained is that the identified problems of socio-cultural interaction between Chinese and Russian students make it possible to develop technologies for optimizing the socio-cultural interaction of foreign students in Russian universities, which is especially important in the initial stages of their education in Russia. Among the recommendations for optimizing the process of entering Chinese students into Russian universities (in addition to Russian language classes) are joint Russian-Chinese leisure and holiday events, joint social student associations (volunteering, tourism, music, etc.), excursion programs aimed at acquaintance with the culture of the host country, the joint interaction of Russian and Chinese students in social networks and messenger apps.

Students as a special social group can be considered as a guide of interaction between the partner countries of Russia and China as representatives of different cultures and different mentalities. Interaction between Russian and Chinese universities in the scientific and educational sphere has specific features and reflects the general mechanisms of functioning in social and cultural environment. The socio-cultural context of such interaction is the life activity of megalopolis, regional features and it is related to the socio-cultural traditions of people relationship. The general purpose of the study was to identify changes in interaction between Russian and Chinese students studying in a Russian University. The study conducted in Russian and Chinese Universities. The research methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The primary data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Three hundred and ninety respondents – Russian students and five hundred respondents – Chinese students, were questioned on the basis of quota sampling. Depths interviews were conducted with 20 experts. The study has revealed some actual issues and tendencies of social interaction in the educational sphere. It has a temporal character and it is developed in a single educational environment of universities-partners of Russia and China. The study has identified the structure of social interaction, consisting of five levels: 1. At the level of connectivity, social relations between social and ethnic groups (in this case, Russian and Chinese students) are established on the basis of their values. 2. At the level of translation, understanding of the values of another (different) culture through the interpretation of cultural codes (cultural signs) takes place. 3. At the level of transcendence, transition from one’s cultural system to another, the development of positive experience and knowledge of another cultural system take place. 4. At the level of adaptation, an interiorization, application in behaviour and activity of values of other cultural system take place. 5. At the level of inter cultural dialogue, an organization of effective and fruitful cooperation between social and ethnic groups and their representatives based on an understanding of the universal values takes place. The five levels of social interaction identified by researches in the joint educational environment of Russian and Chinese universities allow not only to find out the content components of the structure of social and cultural interaction, but also to consider its dynamics and development. Our research has identified a set of factors that affect the functioning of the interaction between Russian and Chinese students structure: geopolitical situation, cost and quality of education, adaptation of training courses for foreigners, comfort of the educational environment of University, the complexity of learning of the host country language, the prestige of education. This model of interaction between social and ethnic groups of Russian and Chinese students being representatives of partner universities is confirmed by the real practice of scientific and educational cooperation between Russian and Chinese universities. Joint forms of University work have been successfully tested and activities that have become events of inter cultural dialogue have been organized.

Objective: To determine efficiency of treatment of XDR-TB with the use of therapy containing linezolid. Content and methods: in St-Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology from 2013 to 2015, 49 patients with XDR lung TB, from 18 to 60 have been treated. Linezolid was used in 24 patients with XDR-TB during the first 6 months of intensive phase of treatment in the dose - 600 mg per day intravenously, by drop infusion in combination with 5-6 anti TB drugs taking into account range of MBT drug resistance – Studied group (group I). Control group -group II(n=25), used 5-6 anti TB drugs without linezolid.We carried out statistical analysis with the use of the program Statistica 6.0. We applied the criterion chi-square(χ2). R esults: in 6 months of therapy symptoms of intoxication were not detected among all patients both in studied and control groups. Negative results of bacterial excretion were registered in I group significantly higher than in II group: 62.5%(14) against 36.0%(9),(p>0.05). Adverse drug reactions were noted with equal frequency in both groups(29.1%(7) vs 32.0%(8). In patients who used linezolid hepatotoxic reactions occurred in 4 of 7 patients, in 3 patients – leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia. In control group - hepatotoxic reactions(5 of 8), diarrhea(3 of 8). When symptomatic therapy was applied adverse drug reactions were resolved. Intensive phase of treatment in both groups lasted 8 months. Conclusion: inclusion of linezolid in combined anti TB therapy resulted in cessation of bacterial excretion in 6 months in twice more frequent cases vs therapy without linezolid. Incidence of adverse drug reactions when linezolid usage was not higher than occurred for standard therapy.