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Toxoplasmosis is an obligate intracellular, food borne parasite disease with variable clinical presentation. Although the neurological presentation of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients is uncommon, broad differential diagnosis should be kept in consideration when attending to similar patients. Twenty years old man with no known co-morbid conditions presented with fever and unilateral limb weakness for three weeks. It increased gradually, associated with altered level of consciousness for the last five days, diagnosed as acute toxoplasmosis. MRI Brain showed multiple ring enhancing lesions in frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Serology for toxoplasmosis denoted raised IgM levels 36IU/mL (cut off value > 18IU/mL). This case report describes the clinical presentation and management of neurological toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patient. Early diagnosis and prompt management can resolve the symptoms at an earlier stage.

To determine the safety and effectiveness of biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in type 2 diabetes subjects switched from biphasic human insulin 30 (BHI 30) in the Pakistani subgroup of the multinational, prospective, non-interventional A1chieve study.Subjects who switched therapy from BHI 30 to BIAsp 30 were included in this analysis. Serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs, including major hypoglycaemia) and effectiveness parameters (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c], fasting plasma glucose [FPG], postprandial plasma glucose [PPPG], systolic blood pressure [SBP]) and body weight were evaluated at the end of 24 weeks.A total of 152 subjects (79 males, 73 females; mean age, 53.4 +/- 10.3 years; BMI, 28.4 +/- 5.8 kg/m2) with an average diabetes duration of 11.2 +/- 4.8 years switched therapy from BHI 30 to BIAsp 30. The mean pre-study BHI 30 dose was 0.66 +/- 0.25 IU/kg and the mean starting BIAsp 30 dose was 0.65 +/- 0.23 U/kg, titrated up to 0.77 +/- 0.22 U/kg after 24 weeks. No SADRs were reported. From baseline to Week 24, overall hypoglycaemia did not change and no major hypoglycaemia was reported at Week 24. HbA1c levels decreased significantly from 9.1 +/- 1.1% at baseline to 7.4 +/- 0.7% (57 +/- 8 mmol/mol) at Week 24 (p0.001). Significant improvements in FPG, post-breakfast PPPG and SBP were reported (p0.001).Switching from BHI 30 to BIAsp 30 was well tolerated and improved glucose control without an increased incidence of hypoglycaemia in this Pakistani cohort.

To identify the frequency of risk factors in various subtypes of acute ischemic stroke according to TOAST criteria.Cross-sectional, observational study.Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, from January to December 2007.Patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled. Studied variables included demographic profile, history of risk factors, physical and neurological examination, and investigations relevant with the objectives of the study. Findings were described as frequency percentages. Proportions of risk factors against subtypes was compared using chi-square test with significance at p0.05.Out of the 100 patients with acute ischemic stroke, mean age at presentation was 63.5 years. Risk factor distribution was hypertension in 85%, Diabetes mellitus in 49%, ischemic heart disease in 30%, dyslipedemia in 22%, smoking in 9%, atrial fibrillation in 5%, and previous history of stroke in 29%. The various subtypes of acute ischemic stroke were lacunar infarct in 43%, large artery atherosclerosis in 31%, cardioembolic type in 8%, stroke of other determined etiology in 1% and stroke of undetermined etiology in 18%. Hypertension and Diabetes were the most important risk factors in both large and small artery atherosclerosis. In patients with cardio-embolic stroke significant association was found with ischemic heart disease (p=0.01).Importance and relevance of risk factors evaluated for subtypes rather than ischemic stroke as a whole should be reflected in preventive efforts against the burden of ischemic stroke.

To compare awareness of hypertension among patients attending Primary Health Care Centre (PHC) and outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.Cross sectional survey of patients more than 18 years of age without any complication of hypertension in a squatter settlement of Karachi through non-probability convenient sampling.A total 202 patients were approached, 49 (24%) were males and 153 (76%) were females. Majority of the patients attending tertiary care OPD (80%) and 56% from PHC group believed that hypertension could lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). On inquiring the duration of taking antihypertensive drugs, 61% from tertiary care OPD group and 31% of PHC group said they are taken only for few months (p0.001). Over two-third (77%) of patient of tertiary OPD were not doing exercise and not avoiding oily and heavy food to keep their weight under control. Large number of OPD patients (91%) used oil for cooking in comparison to PHC group (78%) who utilized ghee (p0.001).This study showed a marked difference in awareness regarding hypertension in urban slum and middle class community, which can be attributed to the level of education. This outcome reveals need for more awareness campaigns especially in the squatter settlement with special emphasis on lifestyle modifications along with pharmacological therapy for the better control of hypertension.

To detect the presence of esophageal motor disorders in diabetic patients, and to establish whether there is any difference between patients with and without neuropathy.Fifty-six diabetic patients admitted at Department of Medicine at Ziauddin Medical University Hospital, Karachi were selected to observe if manometeric findings were different in diabetic patients with and without diabetic neuropathy.Poor glycemic control was observed amongst patients with diabetic neuropathy as compared to those without neuropathy. Double peaked peristalsis and failure of peristalsis was more common in patients with diabetic neuropathy as compared to those without neuropathy. High amplitude and broader wave peristalsis and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter was found in patients without neuropathy. Aperistalsis and multiple peaked waves were equally prevalent in patients with and without neuropathy.Poor glycemic control was found in patients with diabetic neuropathy, double peaked and failed peristalsis was the most common manometric abnormality among them.

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a common medical problem. Delay in diagnosis is associated with increased mortality. Variety of conditions can lead to ARF. Many factors can influence the outcome of ARF. This study was done to find the predictive factors related to outcome of ARF.One hundred adult patients of acute renal failure admitted to Ziauddin Hospital were studied. Certain factors related to outcome of ARF were identified and analyzed.Among such factors oliguria, levels of urea, creatinine and potassium were found significant poor prognostic predictors on univariate analysis as far as outcome of treatment modality is concerned. The multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of oliguria is the only significant independent predictor (P0.001) for good outcome with dialysis.Oliguria was found to be the major predictor of non recovery of renal function.

To see the presence of esophageal motor disorders in diabetic patients and compare it with controls at the Department of Medicine Ziauddin Medical University Hospital, Karachi.Diabetic patients admitted at Ziauddin Medical University Hospital, Karachi were taken as study subjects, whereas age and sex matched healthy volunteers not suffering from any disease neither taking any medication for dyspepsia were taken as controls Esophageal manometry was done to see the motility disorders in diabetic patients and controls.Resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter in diabetics was similar to controls. Percentage of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter was low in diabetics. Amplitude of esophageal peristalsis and duration of contraction was similar in both the groups. Propulsive velocity of peristalsis was slower in diabetics. Parameters of upper esophageal sphincter were similar in diabetics and controls. Abnormal peristaltic waves like aperistalsis of the esophageal body, high amplitude and broader waves, absent contraction and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter were seen in diabetics only.Poor relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and slow propulsive velocity were noted in diabetics. Abnormal peristaltic waves like aperistalsis of the esophageal body, high amplitude and broader waves, absent contraction and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter were seen in diabetics only.