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2. ADAR1-dependent editing regulates human beta cell transcriptome diversity during inflammation

Author

Szymczak, F., Cohen-Fultheim, R., Thomaidou, S., Brachene, A.C. de, Castela, A., Colli, M., Marchetti, P., Levanon, E., Eizirik, D., and Zaldumbide, A.

Subjects
RNA editing, Adenosine Deaminase, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, RNA-Binding Proteins, T1D (type 1 diabetes), beta cell (beta cell), Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, inflammation, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Interferon Type I, Humans, RNA, Messenger, transcriptome, RNA, Double-Stranded
Abstract

IntroductionEnterovirus infection has long been suspected as a possible trigger for type 1 diabetes. Upon infection, viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is recognized by membrane and cytosolic sensors that orchestrate type I interferon signaling and the recruitment of innate immune cells to the pancreatic islets. In this context, adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) editing plays an important role in dampening the immune response by inducing adenosine mispairing, destabilizing the RNA duplexes and thus preventing excessive immune activation.MethodsUsing high-throughput RNA sequencing data from human islets and EndoC-βH1 cells exposed to IFNα or IFNγ/IL1β, we evaluated the role of ADAR1 in human pancreatic β cells and determined the impact of the type 1 diabetes pathophysiological environment on ADAR1-dependent RNA editing.ResultsWe show that both IFNα and IFNγ/IL1β stimulation promote ADAR1 expression and increase the A-to-I RNA editing of Alu-Containing mRNAs in EndoC-βH1 cells as well as in primary human islets.DiscussionWe demonstrate that ADAR1 overexpression inhibits type I interferon response signaling, while ADAR1 silencing potentiates IFNα effects. In addition, ADAR1 overexpression triggers the generation of alternatively spliced mRNAs, highlighting a novel role for ADAR1 as a regulator of the β cell transcriptome under inflammatory conditions.

Published
2022

3. INNODIA Master Protocol for the evaluation of investigational medicinal products in children, adolescents and adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes

Author

Dunger, David B., Bruggraber, Sylvaine F. A., Mander, Adrian P., Marcovecchio, M. Loredana, Tree, Timothy, Chmura, Piotr Jaroslaw, Knip, Mikael, Schulte, Anke M., Mathieu, Chantal, Mathieu, C., Gillard, P., Casteels, K., Overbergh, L., Dunger, D., Wallace, C., Evans, M., Thankamony, A., Hendriks, E., Bruggraber, S., Peakman, M., Tree, T., Morgan, N., Richardson, S., Todd, J., Wicker, L., Mander, A., Dayan, C., Alhadj Ali, M., Pieber, T., Eizirik, D., Cnop, M., Brunak, S., Pociot, F., Johannesen, J., Rossing, P., Legido Quigley, C., Mallone, R., Scharfmann, R., Boitard, C., Knip, M., Otonkoski, T., Veijola, R., Lahesmaa, R., Oresic, M., Toppari, J., Danne, T., Ziegler, A. G., Achenbach, P., Rodriguez-Calvo, T., Solimena, M., Bonifacio, E., Speier, S., Holl, R., Dotta, F., Chiarelli, F., Marchetti, P., Bosi, E., Cianfarani, S., Ciampalini, P., de Beaufort, C., Dahl-Jørgensen, K., Skrivarhaug, T., Joner, G., Krogvold, L., Jarosz-Chobot, P., Battelino, T., Thorens, B., Gotthardt, M., Roep, B., Nikolic, T., Zaldumbide, A., Lernmark, A., Lundgren, M., Costecalde, G., Strube, T., Schulte, A., Nitsche, A., von Herrath, M., Wesley, J., Napolitano-Rosen, A., Thomas, M., Schloot, N., Goldfine, A., Waldron-Lynch, F., Kompa, J., Vedala, A., Hartmann, N., Nicolas, G., van Rampelbergh, J., Bovy, N., Dutta, S., Soderberg, J., Ahmed, S., Martin, F., Agiostratidou, G., Koralova, A., Willemsen, R., Smith, A., Anand, B., Puthi, V., Zac-Varghese, S., Datta, V., Dias, R., Sundaram, P., Vaidya, B., Patterson, C., Owen, K., Piel, B., Heller, S., Randell, T., Gazis, T., Bismuth Reismen, E., Carel, J-C, Riveline, J-P, Gautier, J-F, Andreelli, F., Travert, F., Cosson, E., Penfornis, A., Petit, C., Feve, B., Lucidarme, N., Beressi, J-P, Ajzenman, C., Radu, A., Greteau-Hamoumou, S., Bibal, C., Meissner, T., Heidtmann, B., Toni, S., Rami-Merhar, B., Eeckhout, B., Peene, B., Vantongerloo, N., Maes, T., Gommers, L., Marcovecchio, M.L., Vela, J., Latres, E., Children's Hospital, and HUS Children and Adolescents

Subjects
Trials, Adult, Adolescent, SARS-CoV-2, Prevention, Beta-cell function, COVID-19, Medicine (miscellaneous), Beta-cell Function, C-peptide, Master Protocol, Phase 2, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Treatment Outcome, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis, Master protocol, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Child, Biomarkers
Abstract

Background The INNODIA consortium has established a pan-European infrastructure using validated centres to prospectively evaluate clinical data from individuals with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes combined with centralised collection of clinical samples to determine rates of decline in beta-cell function and identify novel biomarkers, which could be used for future stratification of phase 2 clinical trials. Methods In this context, we have developed a Master Protocol, based on the “backbone” of the INNODIA natural history study, which we believe could improve the delivery of phase 2 studies exploring the use of single or combinations of Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs), designed to prevent or reverse declines in beta-cell function in individuals with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Although many IMPs have demonstrated potential efficacy in phase 2 studies, few subsequent phase 3 studies have confirmed these benefits. Currently, phase 2 drug development for this indication is limited by poor evaluation of drug dosage and lack of mechanistic data to understand variable responses to the IMPs. Identification of biomarkers which might permit more robust stratification of participants at baseline has been slow. Discussion The Master Protocol provides (1) standardised assessment of efficacy and safety, (2) comparable collection of mechanistic data, (3) the opportunity to include adaptive designs and the use of shared control groups in the evaluation of combination therapies, and (4) benefits of greater understanding of endpoint variation to ensure more robust sample size calculations and future baseline stratification using existing and novel biomarkers.

Published
2022

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