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Let $(R,m,k)$ be a Golod ring. We show a recurrent formula for high syzygies of $k$ interms of previous ones. In the case of embedding dimension at most $2$, we provided complete descriptions of all indecomposable summands of all syzygies of $k$.

For an ideal $I$ in a Noetherian ring $R$, the Fitting ideals $\textrm{Fitt}_j(I)$ are studied. We discuss the question of when $\textrm{Fitt}_j(I)=I$ or $\sqrt{\textrm{Fitt}_j(I)}=\sqrt{I}$ for some $j$. A classical case is the Hilbert-Burch theorem when $j=1$ and $I$ is a perfect ideal of grade $2$ in a local ring.

Using the connection between hyperelliptic curves, Clifford algebras, and complete intersections $X$ of two quadrics, we describe Ulrich bundles on $X$ and construct some of minimal possible rank., Comment: 29 pages, proof of the main theorem corrected

The Burch index is a new invariant of a local ring $R$ whose positivity implies a kind of linearity in resolutions of $R$-modules. For example, if $R$ has depth zero and Burch index at least $2$, then any non-free 7th $R$-syzygy contains the residue field as a direct summand. We also compute the Burch index in various cases of interest.

Schemes defined by residual intersections have been extensively studied in the case when they are Cohen-Macaulay, but this is a very restrictive condition. In this paper we make the first study of a class of natural examples far from satisfying this condition, the rank 1 loci of generic $2\times n$ matrices. Here we compute their depths and many other properties. These computations require a number of novel tools., Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure

We study monomial ideals with linear presentation or partially linear resolution. We give combinatorial characterizations of linear presentation for square-free ideals of degree 3, and for primary ideals whose resolutions are linear except for the last step (the "almost linear" case). We also give sharp bounds on Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity and numbers of generators in some cases. It is a basic observation that linearity properties are inherited by the restriction of an ideal to a subset of variables, and we study when the converse holds. We construct fractal examples of almost linear primary ideals with relatively few generators related to the Sierpi\'nski triangle. Our results also lead to classes of highly connected simplicial complexes $\Delta$ that can not be extended to the complete $\dim \Delta$-skeleton of the simplex on the same variables by shelling.

If I is an ideal in a Gorenstein ring S and S/I is Cohen-Macaulay, then the same is true for any linked ideal I'. However, such statements hold for residual intersections of higher codimension only under very restrictive hypotheses, not satisfied even by ideals as simple as the ideal L_n of minors of a generic 2 x n matrix when n>3. In this paper we initiate the study of a different sort of Cohen-Macaulay property that holds for certain general residual intersections of the maximal (interesting) codimension, one less than the analytic spread of I. For example, we prove that if K is the residual intersection of L_n by 2n-3 general quadratic forms in L_n, then S/K is integrally closed with isolated singularity and I^{n-3} S/K is a self-dual Maximal Cohen-Macaulay module over S/K with linear free resolution over S. The technical heart of the paper is a result about ideals of analytic spread 1 whose high powers are linearly presented.

We study the Tate resolutions and the maximal Cohen-Macaulay approximations of Cohen-Macaulay modules over Gorenstein rings. One consequence is an extension of a well-known result about linkage of complete intersections.

We describe the Macaulay2 package TateOnProducts and its capabilities, which include computing cohomology tables and Beilinson monads of sheaves on products of projective spaces and the derived category pushForward of a sheaf under a morphism from a projective scheme to a projective space., Comment: 12 pages

Let $S$ be a regular local ring with residue field $k$ and let $M$ be a finitely generated $S$-module. Suppose that $f_1,\dots ,f_c\in S$ is a regular sequence that annihilates $M$, and let $E$ be an exterior algebra over $k$ generated by $c$ elements. The homotopies for the $f_{i}$ on a free resolution of $M$ induce a natural structure of graded $E$-module on ${\rm Tor}^{S}(M,k)$. In the case where $M$ is a high syzygy over the complete intersectionR:=S/(f_{1},\dots,f_{c})$ we describe this $E$-module structure in detail, including its minimal free resolution over $E$. Turning to ${\rm Ext}_{R}(M,\, k)$ we show that, when $M$ is a high syzygy over $R$, the minimal free resolution of ${\rm Ext}_{R}(M,\, k)$ as a module over the ring of CI operators is the Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand dual of the $E$-module ${\rm Tor}^{S}(M,\,k)$. For the proof we introduce \emph{higher CI operators}, and give a construction of a (generally non-minimal) resolution of $M$ over $S$ starting from a resolution of $M$ over $R$ and its higher CI operators., Comment: To appear in the Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS)

This paper initiates the study of a class of schemes that we call correspondence scrolls, which includes the rational normal scrolls and linearly embedded projective bundle of decomposable bundles, as well as degenerate K3 surfaces, Calabi-Yau 3-folds, and many other examples.

We describe the equations and Gr\"obner bases of some degenerate K3 surfaces associated to rational normal scrolls. These K3 surfaces are members of a class of interesting singular projective varieties we call correspondence scrolls. The ideals of these surfaces are nested in a simple way that allows us to analyze them inductively. We describe explicit Gr\"obner bases and syzygies for these objects over the integers and this lets us treat them in all characteristics simultaneously.

This introduces Rees algebras and some of their uses with illustrations via version 2.0 of the Macaulay2 package ReesAlgebra.m2.

We describe the Tate resolution of a coherent sheaf or complex of coherent sheaves on a product of projective spaces. Such a resolution makes explicit all the cohomology of all twists of the sheaf, including, for example, the multigraded module of twisted global sections, and also the Beilinson monads of all twists. Although the Tate resolution is highly infinite, any finite number of components can be computed efficiently, starting either from a Beilinson monad or from a multigraded module.

Paper has been accepted for publication in the Journal f\"ur die reine und Angewandte Mathematik. This version contains the corrections and additional references made in the Galley proofs.

Matrix factorizations of a hypersurface yield a description of the asymptotic structure of minimal free resolutions over the hypersurface. We introduce a new concept of matrix factorizations for complete intersections that allows us to describe the asymptotic structure of minimal free resolutions over complete intersections.

We find explicit formulas for the Hilbert series of residual intersections of a scheme in terms of the Hilbert series of its conormal modules. In a previous paper we proved that such formulas should exist. We give applications to the dimension of secant varieties of surfaces and three-folds.

We bound the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity and syzygies of the ideal of the singular set of a plane curve, and more generally of the conductor scheme of certain projectively Gorenstein varieties., Comment: 17 pages

Using the possibility of computationally determining points on a finite cover of a unirational variety over a finite field, we determine all possibilities for direct Gorenstein linkages between general sets of points in P^3 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. As a consequence we show that a general set of d points is glicci (that is, in the Gorenstein linkage class of a complete intersection) if d <= 33 or d=37,38. Computer algebra plays an essential role in the proof. The case of 20 points had been an outstanding problem in the area for a dozen years., Comment: 22 pages, one figure, hyperrefs added

Considering finite extensions K[A] \subseteq K[B] of positive affine semigroup rings over a field K we have developed in [1] an algorithm to decompose K[B] as a direct sum of monomial ideals in K[A]. By computing the regularity of homogeneous semigroup rings from the decomposition we have confirmed the Eisenbud-Goto conjecture in a range of new cases not tractable by standard methods. Here we first illustrate this technique and its implementation in our Macaulay2 package MonomialAlgebras by computing the decomposition and the regularity step by step for an explicit example. We then focus on ring-theoretic properties of simplicial semigroup rings. From the characterizations given in [1] we develop and prove explicit algorithms testing properties like Buchsbaum, Cohen-Macaulay, Gorenstein, normal, and seminormal, all of which imply the Eisenbud-Goto conjecture. All algorithms are implemented in our Macaulay2 package., Comment: 6 pages. Package may be downloaded at http://www.math.uni-sb.de/ag/schreyer/jb/Macaulay2/MonomialAlgebras/html/

We formulate, and in some cases prove, three statements concerning the purity or, more generally the naturality of the resolution of various rings one can attach to a generic curve of genus g and a torsion point of order l in its Jacobian. These statements can be viewed an analogues of Green's Conjecture and we verify them computationally for bounded genus. We then compute the cohomology class of the corresponding non-vanishing locus in the moduli space R_{g,l} of twisted level l curves of genus g and use this to derive results about the birational geometry of R_{g, l}. For instance, we prove that R_{g,3} is a variety of general type when g>11 and the Kodaira dimension of R_{11,3} is greater than or equal to 19. In the last section we explain probabilistically the unexpected failure of the Prym-Green conjecture in genus 8 and level 2., Comment: 35 pages, appeared in Invent Math. We correct an inaccuracy in the statement of Prop 2.3

We present a robust categorical foundation for the duality theory introduced by Eisenbud and Schreyer to prove the Boij-S\"oderberg conjectures describing numerical invariants of syzygies. The new foundation allows us to extend the reach of the theory substantially. More explicitly, we construct a pairing between derived categories that simultaneously categorifies all the functionals used by Eisenbud and Schreyer. With this new tool, we describe the cone of Betti tables of finite, minimal free complexes having homology modules of specified dimensions over a polynomial ring, and we treat many examples beyond polynomial rings. We also construct an analogue of our pairing between derived categories on a toric variety, yielding toric/multigraded analogues of the Eisenbud-Schreyer functionals., Comment: 33 pages

Let A \subseteq B be cancellative abelian semigroups, and let R be an integral domain. We show that the semigroup ring R[B] can be decomposed, as an R[A]-module, into a direct sum of R[A]-submodules of the quotient ring of R[A]. In the case of a finite extension of positive affine semigroup rings we obtain an algorithm computing the decomposition. When R[A] is a polynomial ring over a field we explain how to compute many ring-theoretic properties of R[B] in terms of this decomposition. In particular we obtain a fast algorithm to compute the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of homogeneous semigroup rings. As an application we confirm the Eisenbud-Goto conjecture in a range of new cases. Our algorithms are implemented in the Macaulay2 package MonomialAlgebras., Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, minor revisions. Package may be downloaded at http://www.math.uni-sb.de/ag/schreyer/jb/Macaulay2/MonomialAlgebras/html/

We give sharp bounds on the vanishing of the cohomology of a tensor product of vector bundles on the n-dimensional projective space in terms of the vanishing of the cohomology of the factors. For this purpose we introduce regularity indices generalizing the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity. As an application we give a sufficient condition for a vector bundle to have an unobstructed deformation theory that depends only on the cohomology table of the bundle. We construct complete families of bundles with such cohomology tables., Comment: 16 pages

The Betti numbers of a graded module over the polynomial ring form a table of numerical invariants that refines the Hilbert polynomial. A sequence of papers sparked by conjectures of Boij and S\"oderberg have led to the characterization of the possible Betti tables up to rational multiples---that is, to the rational cone generated by the Betti tables. We will summarize this work by describing the cone and the closely related cone of cohomology tables of vector bundles on projective space, and we will give new, simpler proofs of some of the main results. We also explain some of the applications of the theory, including the one that originally motivated the conjectures of Boij and S\"oderberg, a proof of the Multiplicity Conjecture of Herzog, Huneke and Srinivasan.

When M is a finitely generated graded module over a standard graded algebra S and I is an ideal of S, it is known from work of Cutkosky, Herzog, Kodiyalam, R\"omer, Trung and Wang that the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of I^mM has the form dm+e when m >> 0. We give an explicit bound on the m$for which this is true, under the hypotheses that I is generated in a single degree and M/IM has finite length, and we explore the phenomena that occur when these hypotheses are not satisfied. Finally, we prove a regularity bound for a reduced, equidimensional projective scheme of codimension 2 that is similar to the bound in the Eisenbud-Goto conjecture [1984], under the additional hypotheses that the scheme lies on a quadric and has nice singularities.

A recent result of Eisenbud-Schreyer and Boij-S\"oderberg proves that the Betti diagram of any graded module decomposes as a positive rational linear combination of pure diagrams. When does this numerical decomposition correspond to an actual filtration of the minimal free resolution? Our main result gives a sufficient condition for this to happen. We apply it to show the non-existence of free resolutions with some plausible-looking Betti diagrams and to study the semigroup of quiver representations of the simplest "wild" quiver., Comment: We correct a mistake in the proof of Corollary 4.2 in the published version of this paper. The mistake involves an incorrect definition for when two degree sequences are "sufficiently separated". The new definition weakens Theorem 1.3 somewhat, but the examples survive. We thank Amin Nematbakhsh and to Gunnar Floystad for bringing this mistake to our attention. We also correct some minor typos

We bound the complexity of the fibers of the generic linear projection of a smooth variety in terms of a new family of invariants. These invariants are closely related to ideas of John Mather, and we give a simple proof of his bound on the Thom-Boardman invariants of a generic projection as an application.

We show that the cohomology table of any coherent sheaf on projective space is a convergent--but possibly infinite--sum of positive real multiples of the cohomology tables of what we call supernatural sheaves.

Let X\subset PP^n be a projective scheme over a field, and let phi:X --> Y be a finite morphism. Our main result is a formula in terms of global data for the maximum of the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the fibers of \phi, considered as subschemes of \PP^n. From an algebraic point of view, our formula is related to the theorem of Cutkosky-Herzog-Trung and Kodiyalam showing that for any homogeneous ideal I in a standard graded algebra S, the regularity of I^t can be written as dt+\epsilon for some non-negative integers d, \epsilon, and all large t. In the special case where I contains a power of S_+ and is generated by forms of a single degree, our formula gives an interpretation of \epsilon: it is one less than the maximum regularity of a fiber of the morphism associated to I. These formulas have strong consequences for ideals generated by generic forms.

Let X be a smooth projective variety of dimension n in P^r. We study the fibers of a general linear projection pi: X --> P^{n+c}, with c > 0. When n is small it is classical that the degree of any fiber is bounded by n/c+1, but this fails for n >> 0. We describe a new invariant of the fiber that agrees with the degree in many cases and is always bounded by n/c+1. This implies, for example, that if we write a fiber as the disjoint union of schemes Y' and Y'' such that Y' is the union of the locally complete intersection components of Y, then deg Y'+deg Y''_red <= n/c+1 and this formula can be strengthened a little further. Our method also gives a sharp bound on the subvariety of P^r swept out by the l-secant lines of X for any positive integer l, and we discuss a corresponding bound for highly secant linear spaces of higher dimension. These results extend Ziv Ran's "Dimension+2 Secant Lemma"., Comment: Proof of the main theorem simplified and new examples added

Mats Boij and Jonas Soederberg (math.AC/0611081) have conjectured that the Betti table of a Cohen-Macaulay module over a polynomial ring can be decomposed in a certain way as a positive linear combination of Betti tables of modules with pure resolutions. We prove, over any field, a strengthened form of their conjecture. Applications include a proof of the Multiplicity Conjecture of Huneke and Srinivasan and a proof of the convexity of a fan naturally associated to the Young lattice. We also characterize the rational cone of all cohomology tables of vector bundles on projective spaces in terms of the cohomology tables of "supernatural" bundles. This characterization is dual, in a certain sense, to our characterization of Betti tables., Comment: This version incorporates many corrections and many expository improvements of the original. It is to appear in the Journal of the American Mathematical Society

Let d1,...,dn be a strictly increasing sequence of integers. Boij and S\"oderberg [arXiv:math/0611081] have conjectured the existence of a graded module M of finite length over any polynomial ring K[x_1,..., x_n], whose minimal free resolution is pure of type (d1,...,dn), in the sense that its i-th syzygies are generated in degree di. In this paper we prove a stronger statement, in characteristic zero: Such modules not only exist, but can be taken to be GL(n)-equivariant. In fact, we give two different equivariant constructions, and we construct pure resolutions over exterior algebras and Z/2-graded algebras as well. The constructions use the combinatorics of Schur functors and Bott's Theorem on the direct images of equivariant vector bundles on Grassmann varieties., Comment: Dedicated to J\"urgen Herzog on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, minor changes; NOTE: Title changed to: The Existence of Equivariant Pure Free Resolutions

We study the fibers of a projective morphism and some related algebraic problems. We characterize the analytic spread of a homogeneous ideal through properties of its syzygy matrix. Powers of linearly presented ideals need not be linearly presented, but we identify a weaker linearity property that is preserved under taking powers., Comment: Many small improvements over the May 2007 version

The higher direct image complex of a coherent sheaf (or finite complex of coherent sheaves) under a projective morphism is a fundamental construction that can be defined via a Cech complex or an injective resolution, both inherently infinite constructions. Using exterior algebras and relative versions of theorems of Beilinson and Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand, we give an alternate description in finite terms. Using this description we can characterize the generic complex, over the variety of finite free complexes of a given shape, as the direct image of an easily-described vector bundle. We can also give explicit descriptions of the loci in the base spaces of flat families of sheaves in which some cohomological conditions are satisfied--for example, the loci where vector bundles on projective space split in a certain way, or the loci where a projective morphism has higher dimensional fibers. Our approach is so explicit that it yields an algorithm suited for computer algebra systems. This new version uses relative projectives to give smaller direct image complexes in many cases. It also includes many small clarifications., Comment: 42 pages

Let S=K[x_1,..., x_n], let A,B be finitely generated graded S-modules, and let m=(x_1,...,x_n). We give bounds for the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the local cohomology of Tor_i(A,B) under the assumption that the Krull dimension of Tor_1(A,B) is at most 1. We apply the results to syzygies, Groebner bases, products and powers of ideals, and to the relationship of the Rees and Symmetric algebras. For example we show that any homogeneous linearly presented m-primary ideal has some power equal to a power of m; and if the first (roughly) (n-1)/2 steps of the resolution of I are linear, then I^2 is a power of m.

We prove that if X is any 2-regular projective scheme (in the sense of Castelnuovo-Mumford) then X is "small". This means that if L is a linear space and Y:= L\cap X is finite, then Y is "linearly independent" in the sense that the dimension of the linear span of Y is 1+deg Y. The converse is true and well-known for finite schemes, but false in general. The main result of this paper is that the converse, "small implies 2-regular", is also true for reduced projective schemes (algebraic sets). This is proven by means of a delicate geometric analysis, leading to a complete classification: we show that the components of a small algebraic set are varieties of minimal degree, meeting in a particularly simple way. From the classification one can show that if X is 2-regular, then so is X_{red}, and so also is the projection of X from any point of X. Our results extend the Del Pezzo-Bertini classification of varieties of minimal degree, the characterization of these as the varieties of regularity 2 by Eisenbud-Goto, and the construction of 2-regular square-free monomial ideals by Fr\"oberg., Comment: 27 pages, Plain TeX + diagrams.tex, minor revisions, updated abstract + title