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The species of Lactic acid bacteria are known to confer beneficial effects on the host by inhabiting in their gastrointestinal tract (GIT). They succeed in surviving the harsh conditions of the GIT by exhibiting strong tolerance against gastric acids, digestive enzymes and bile simultaneously antagonizing the pathogens by production of antimicrobials. This study has been conducted to elaborate these probiotic characteristics in vivo for which mice were intragastrically given a probiotic approved dose of 1011cfu/ml for 4 days to assess the persistence of two probiotic candidates Lactobacillus plantarum Lp36 and Lactobacillus plantarum Lp86. The fecal count of the test probiotic candidates were seen to persist well in the GIT for 15 days with a count ranging between 104-108cfu/mg of feces (p>0.01). The safety assessment of L. plantarum Lp36 in healthy and S. typhi in infected mice showed an increase in cell count from (day zero of inoculation) 106cfu/100mg of feces to108cfu/100mg (p>0.01) which was maintained till day six, suggesting the persistence in the GIT. The sections of the mice intestinal lining under scanning electron microscope revealed the adherence of Lp36 and Lp86 to the intestinal epithelia. The mice did not show any adverse effect on its health. These findings make our strains promising probiotic candidates to be used to promote health benefits after further assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amylases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into highly valuable products of economic significance. Amylases are used extensively in various industrial sectors. Microbial sources particularly Bacillus species are well known for the cost effective commercial production of amylase enzyme. Present study focuses on the enhancement of amylase enzyme production from an indigenously isolated Bacillus cereus AS2 strain via one variable at a time (OVAT) optimization of different physical and chemical factors. Purposely, eight parameters possibly affecting the amylase production including temperature, pH, incubation time, inoculum size, substrate concentration, metal ions, carbon and nitrogen sources were investigated. According to the results, amylase production was significantly boosted at maximum when the Bacillus cereus AS2 was grown at 45°C on pH 7.0 for 72 hours in the medium supplemented with 4% starch and 0.5% glycine. Among the different metal ions tested, CaCl2 (0.05%) was found significant to accelerate extracellular amylase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a comparative study based on structure, thermal and solution stability, and biopotency against lipoxygenase (LOX), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and microbes for Pd(II) compounds of N,O,S bearing 5-(C 5 H 4 XR)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones (L′) of type [PdL′Cl 2 ] (P′ n) and N,O bearing respective hydrazides (L) of type trans -[PdL 2 Cl 2 ] (P n) {X = C, R = 4-I, 2-Br, 4-NO 2 , 3-NO 2 , 2-Cl, 3-Cl (n = 1 – 6 , serially); X = N (n = 7)}. Spectral techniques (IR, EI-MS, NMR) and physicochemical evaluations successfully characterized the new compounds. The L′ behaved as bidentate S-N donors bonded through exocyclic sulfur and N-3′ nitrogen, while L acted as amino N donors. UV–vis (solution speciation) and thermal degradation profiles consistently confirmed the greater stability for P′ n than P n compounds. These compounds manifested varying degree in vitro potential to inhibit LOX, BChE and several bacteria and fungi, affected mainly by Pd(II) presence, M-L binding mode, nature and position of R, or halo groups electronegativity. Molecular docking with human 5-LOX and BChE further validated the respective experimental inhibition findings and explored several putative mechanistic interactions (H-bonding, π-stacking, π-alkyl, π-S, etc.) at the enzyme active sites. P n generally offered superior antimicrobial and anti-LOX (anti-inflammatory) potential than respective P′ n compounds, with P3 / P′5 , P (2,3,7)/ P′3 , and P6 being comparable, better and equivalent to ampicillin, nystatin and baicalein, the reference antibacterial, antifungal and anti-LOX drugs, respectively. Contrarily, the anti-BChE activity of P′ n was found better than P n compounds, showing P′2 / P1 as the most promising anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. This study bares important structural and mechanistic aspects in optimizing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer activities, highlighting some potential future pallado-drug candidates. [Display omitted] Six Pd(II) compounds of 5-(R′)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for solution, thermal and biological behaviors, and compared with respective Pd(II)-hydrazides. Both compound types show promising in vitro antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer activities with interesting structure-activity relationships, validated in-silico. • Synthesis & characterization of new pallado-5-(R′)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones, Pd-odt. • Solution, thermal & biological behaviors of Pd-odt versus Pd-hydrazides (Pd-hz). • Biological and coordinating chelate properties of Pd-odt (N,O,S) versus Pd-hz (N,O). • Multi-biopotency against bacteria, fungi, inflammation & Alzheimer with interesting SAR. • In vitro & in silico studies of lipoxygenase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]