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This paper aims to examine the use of inclusive French in the Internet publications of Paris universities on their social media. Three higher education institutions were selected: Paris Dauphine-PSL University, Gustave Eiffel University, and Sorbonne Paris North University. The publications were obtained from Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Firstly, the groups of people to whom the use of inclusive French referred were considered. The second question was about the practices used to make the French language inclusive. Eight practices were observed and are described in the paper. Also, the frequency of gender-neutral language was a point of interest. The research corpus is available online: https://tiny.pl/9rcdj.

Wind tunnel (WT) is a device that artificially produces airflow relative to a stationary body and measures aerodynamic force and pressure distribution, simulating the actual conditions with an important aspect of accurately feigning¬ the full complexity of fluid flow. The aim of the present study is to design the three dimensional geometry of a small, open-circuit (also known as Eiffel Type), and subsonic (low speed) wind tunnel (WT) capable of demonstrating or acting as a vital tool in aero-mechanics research. The project and fabrication itself, poses as an onerous task with the cynosure/central theme being the delineation/depiction of wind tunnel components such as Test Section, contraction cone, diffuser, drive system and settling chamber.

The purpose of this research is to describe the violations of the maxims and implicatures on the principle of cooperation that was found in the film Eiffel I'm in Love series. The data were collected by the documentation method. The theory mentioned by Grice (1975) and Thomas (1995) was used in analyzing the data. The research findings revealed that there were five types of cooperation principle violations are found in the movie. These are caused by the failure of the participant in understanding the maxims, namely violation, flouting, infringing, opting out, and suspending. The types of maxim violated are the quantity, quality, relativity, implementation, or methods. Implications from maxim violations mean: avoidance, misunderstandings, reject invitations, ignore the other person, and politeness.

The construction of the Eiffel Tower for the 1889 Universal Exposition sparked “Eiffelomania,” a craze for objects imprinted with the likeness of the tower. This mania reverberated in the fashion world, with journals touting the latest fabrics, colors, and styles named “Eiffel.” But the tower's association with fashion went beyond the materiality of clothing. Careful examination of news reports and fashion chronicles from the fin de siècle period reveals that the tower was frequently cast in sartorial terms. In describing the tower's manner of “dressing,” its “clothing” and “outfits,” these discourses brought to the fore the shared theoretical bonds between fashion and architecture. This article traces the reception of the Eiffel Tower in fin de siècle Paris and argues that the sartorial imagery associated with the tower conceptualizes architecture as a form of fashion. La construction de la Tour Eiffel à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle de 1889 a déclenché l' « Eiffelomanie », un engouement pour toute une série d'objets réalisés à l'effigie de la Tour Eiffel. Cette obsession a eu des échos jusque dans le monde de la mode grâce aux journaux de mode qui promouvaient des étoffes, des couleurs, et des styles à la « Eiffel ». Mais l'association de la Tour Eiffel et de la mode ne s'est pas limitée à la matérialité des vêtements. Une analyse attentive des chroniques de mode démontre que la Tour Eiffel était souvent évoquée à travers des termes empruntés au lexique vestimentaire. En décrivant « l'habillement » de la Tour Eiffel, ses « robes » ou ses « toilettes », ces discours mettaient en évidence les liens théoriques que partagaient la mode et l'architecture. Cet article s'intéresse à la réception que la Tour Eiffel a eue dans le Paris fin-de-siècle, et soutient l'idée selon laquelle le champ lexical vestimentaire associé à la Tour Eiffel conceptualisait l'architecture comme une forme de la mode.

FOSS4G 2021 Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentine, 27-/09/2021 - 02/10/2021; Arabesque is an application for the exploration and geovisualisation of origin-destination flows (or spatial networks), developed within the framework of the Univ. Gustave Eiffel (ex. IFSTTAR)-funded research project geographic flow visualisation (gflowiz) geoflowiz, in collaboration with the CNRS. It allows both the exploration and the filtering of OD data and their representation, with a strong emphasis on geographic information layering and features' semiology. The key-objective is to propose an easy way to produce a modern cartography (a geovisualisation) of thematic flows (e.g. bilateral flow volume), at several geographic scales, even from your own datasets. The objective of this article is to position Arabesque in the range of geoweb applications for producing flow maps, by comparing its functionalities with those of similar web applications- Magrit, Kepler.gl, flowmap.blue -pointing out their respective advantages and limitations. The analysis of its functionalities is compared on the same flow dataset -MOBSCO, i.e. a dataset describing the school mobility of French pupils and students on a given year- for a practical and empirical "validation" of its contributions. We demonstrate that the configurations and appearances of these tools' visual output depend largely on the culture of their developers, and on the use and audiences for which they have been developed.

Editorial In 2015, 195 countries of the United Nations proposed Sustainable Development Goals so as to alleviate the problems of climate change and global pollution. In France, there is a scientist dedicated to contribute providing solutions for above issues by virtue of MEMS, Lab-On-Chip and metamaterials. This expert is Prof. Tarik Bourouina, a Professor of Physics at ESIEE Paris, Université Gustave Eiffel. He devoted himself to the investigations on micro sensors and metamaterials, and kept seeking their applications in the future blueprint of “Sustainable” and “Smart” cities. On the other hand, he has formed an indissoluble bond with Light: Science and Applications (LIGHT) since the very beginning of the journal. He also set up the LIGHT’s Paris office, which is the first LIGHT’s overseas office in Europe. We are much honored to have an opportunity to exclusively communicate with Prof. Tarik Bourouina, who will share his research experience and stories with LIGHT in this interview., Prof. Tarik Bourouina devoted himself to the investigations on micro sensors, photonic MEMS and metamaterials, and kept seeking applications in the future blueprint of “Sustainable” and “Smart” cities.

International audience; Runtime Assertion Checking (RAC) is the discipline of verifying program assertions at runtime, i.e. when executing the code. Nowadays, RAC usually relies on Behavioral Interface Specification Languages (BISL) à la Eiffel for writing powerful code specifications. Since now more than 20 years, several works have studied RAC. Most of them have focused on BISL. Some others have also considered combinations of RAC with others techniques, e.g. deductive verification (DV). Very few tackle RAC as a verification technique that soundly generates efficient code from formal annotations. Here, we revisit these three RAC's research areas by emphasizing the works done in E-Acsl, which is both a BISL and a RAC tool for C code. We also compare it to others languages and tools.

I will begin with this provocative, and quite unusual image, of an iconic building that we all know – the Eiffel Tower. Some of you might have heard about the media debates surrounding the “new design for the restructuring of the public spaces of the Eiffel Tower” announced by the French architect David Serero in March 2008. He suggested doubling the size of the tower’s highest observational platform. The architect claimed that “his firm’s proposal was accepted after an open call, and that the structure is expected to be assembled for the 120th anniversary of the tower construction.” But shortly after that, the government-contracted firm that manages the tower – la Société d’Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel – stated that the claims of the architect are a “hoax.” The communication chief denied that there was ever any call for architects regarding plans to redevelop the top of the monument and that Serero Architects never presented themselves as candidates for such a competition. The media outlets that ran with the story included: The Guardian, The New York Times, Architect, Bustler, The Daily Telegraph and Belfast Telegraph.

Formal modelling languages play a key role in the development of software: they enable users to specify functional requirements that serve as documentation as well; they enable users to prove the correctness of system properties, especially for critical systems. However, there is still an open question on how to map formal models to a specific programming language. In order to propose a solution, this paper presents a source-to-source mapping between Event-B models, a formal modelling language for reactive systems, and Eiffel programs, an Object Oriented (O-O) programming language. The mapping not only generates an actual Eiffel code of the Event-B model, but also translates model properties as contracts. The contracts follow the Design by Contract principle and are natively supported by the programming language. The mapping is implemented in the freely available Rodin plug-in EB2Eiffel. Thus, users can develop systems (i) starting with the modelling of functional requirements (properties) in Event-B, then (ii) formally proving the correctness of such properties in Rodin and finally (iii) by using EB2Eiffel to translate the model into Eiffel. In Eiffel, users can extend/customise the implementation of the model and formally prove it against the initial model. This paper also presents different Event-B models from the literature to test EB2Eiffel and its limitations. The article is published in the authors’ wording.

A major determinant of the quality of software systems is the quality of their requirements, which should be both understandable and precise. Most requirements are written in natural language, which is good for understandability but lacks precision. To make requirements precise, researchers have for years advocated the use of mathematics-based notations and methods, known as “formal.” Many exist, differing in their style, scope, and applicability. The present survey discusses some of the main formal approaches and compares them to informal methods. The analysis uses a set of nine complementary criteria, such as level of abstraction, tool availability, and traceability support. It classifies the approaches into five categories based on their principal style for specifying requirements: natural-language, semi-formal, automata/graphs, mathematical, and seamless (programming-language-based). It includes examples from all of these categories, altogether 21 different approaches, including for example SysML, Relax, Eiffel, Event-B, and Alloy. The review discusses a number of open questions, including seamlessness, the role of tools and education, and how to make industrial applications benefit more from the contributions of formal approaches.

Software has become the lifeblood of the 21st century, enabling a broad range of commercial, medical, educational, agricultural, and government applications. These applications are designed and deployed through a variety of software best practices. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, developers have embraced virtualization (remote working) and a variety of strategies to manage the complexity of global development on multiple platforms. However, evolving hazards such as network security, algorithm bias, and the combination of careless developers and deliberate attacks continue to be a challenge. An XP2021 panel organized and chaired by Steven Fraser debated the future of software engineering and related topics such education, ethics, and tools. The panel featured Anita Carleton (CMU’s SEI), Priya Marsonia (Cognizant), Bertrand Meyer (SIT, Eiffel Software), Landon Noll (Independent Consultant), and Kati Vilkki (Reaktor).

Masculino de 71 años, hipertenso, con tabaquismo activo (IPA 51); ingresó a urgencias por disminución progresiva de la agudeza visual bilateral hasta llegar a amaurosis bilateral, no dolor ocular. Asociado a cefalea crónica frontal bilateral, pulsátil. RNM cerebral mostró engrosamiento difuso de la meninge en relación con paquimeningitis. Biopsia de meninge mostró paquimeninge. Se descartaron casusas neoplásicas, infecciosas, autoinmunes, por lo cual se consideró una paquimeningitis hipertrófica idiopática (PHI). La paquimeningitis hipertrófica es una entidad clínica rara caracterizada por engrosamiento localizado o difuso de la duramadre, con o sin una inflamación asociada, produce déficit neurológico progresivo por compresión de las estructuras adyacentes (1). El dolor de cabeza es el síntoma inicial más común, seguido de síntomas oftalmológicos, como pérdida visual y diplopía (2). Su etiología es multifactorial, en estudios de imagen se encuentra engrosamiento dural en la fosa craneal posterior (2), imitando la torre Eiffel iluminada en noche (signo de Eiffel de noche) (3).

Con base en la investigación sobre Gustave Eiffel y su filiación con el templo de San Marcos, cuya construcción data de 1875, y cuando la ciudad de Arica aún era parte del territorio peruano; teniendo en cuenta que la información obtenida se ubica en el periodo 1870-1890, momento en que las obras públicas del gobierno fueron el objetivo principal del Estado, y a cargo de las cuales se hallaba la Junta de Arquitectos e Ingenieros del Perú, y la información obtenida en Francia a partir de los Fonds Eiffel y documentos oficiales donados por la familia, así como la página oficial del ingeniero francés, se concluye que Eiffel no participó ni en el diseño ni en la construcción del proyecto, pues la edificación fue importada íntegramente de Estados Unidos por el Gobierno peruano, mediante un sistema de prefabricación en su totalidad. Dichos resultados ponen fin al mito que se ha manejado durante años, desde la construcción de la iglesia hasta el presente. The research is about Gustave Eiffel and its filiation with the Main Church of San Marcos, whose construction dates in 1875, being the city of Arica part of the Peruvian territory, placing us between the years 1870-1890, when the Public Works of the Government were the main objective of the state, being in charge of the Bureau of Architects and Engineers of Peru, in addition to the information obtained in France and the Fonds Eiffel, which are official documents donated by the family, as well as the official page of the French engineer. It is concluded that Eiffel did not participate in the design and construction of the project, because the building was imported entirely by the Government of Peru from the United States of America, with a complete prefabrication system. These conclusions put an end to the myth that has been managed for years, from the construction of the church to the present.

Built by Gustave Eiffel, and still in use, the low speed wind tunnel at the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB) located in Auteuil was inaugurated on 19 March 1912 (see Fig. 2.1).

The end of the 1980s saw a growing interest in object orientation as both a design and programming methodology with the advent of programming languages like C++ and Eiffel. The trend was taken up by some in the formal methods community, including a team of researchers in Australia. Their contribution was a formal specification language, Object-Z, which had immediate industrial impact, gained rapid international recognition, and then two decades later began to fade, along with some of its contemporaries, from the formal methods scene. This paper details the rise and fall of Object-Z from the perspective of two of its original developers.

We will tackle the translation of visual poetry based on two examples selected from the avant-garde period (1918 and 1921 respectively), two poems written in French by Vicente Huidobro. The sense (in both its sensory and semantic aspect) and its relation to a plural and non-immanent conception of it will be examined through contrastive analysis of two visual poems, which, despite carrying the same title, Tour Eiffel, derive from very distinct composition processes. One of these examples shares features of the calligramatic genre, while exploiting analytical and synthetic techniques of Cubism (d'Asprer 2002); while the other combines painting and poetic writing, with the text inserted in a figurative background of thematic reference and where intense colour predominates. These two modalities of iconicity: secondary iconicity (in accordance with G. Sonesson's terminology), in the first case, and direct iconicity in the second, as well as some nuanced distinctions between imagic, diagrammatic and metaphoric iconicity (Peirce 1903), more sensitive to the plural and dynamic nature of the creative process and of significance, will serve as a basis for engaging in poetic and reflective translation (Berman 1985) and for analysing the process we have followed in elaborating it in Spanish.

1832Born on 15 December in Dijon, France1855Graduates with a degree in Civil Engineering from the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, now known as the Ecole Centrale Paris1858Supervises the co...

As part of the project management of the Auvergne rail plan carried out by the Societe d’etudes techniques et economiques (SETEC) on behalf of the French Rail Network (SNCFR, Societe Nationale des ...

The design of metallic structures in the 19th century is a subject topic of much admiration, as many emblematic structures that are currently withstanding the test of time have become part of our built cultural heritage. Knowledge on the assumptions and design procedures available at that time is of importance to structural engineering nowadays. It allows for the understanding, maintaining and safe extending of the service life of historical metallic structures. The goal of this article is to describe the evolution in the design and calculation of metallic structures during the second half of the 19th century, with focus on Western and Central Europe. Special attention is paid to the similarities and differences between the 19th century design rules and the current structural design standards. Based on a literature survey, the evolution in terms of load definition, calculation methods, material properties, and verifications are described. Different design aspects are illustrated through a case study: The Garabit viaduct in France