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Additional file 1: Table S1. Genetic distances (%) between the CCHFV genotypes.Genetic distances (%) between the CCHFV lineages found in the respective positive ticks on cattle and camels deduced by comparing the real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplicons (127 bp). In all positive ticks originating from the same host animal, both the genotype and the detected gene sequence were identical.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity has been associated with both changes in adipose tissue lipid metabolism and inflammation. A key class of lipid-derived signalling molecules involved in inflammation are the prostaglandins. In this study, we aimed to determine how obesity affects the levels of prostaglandins within white adipose tissue (WAT) and determine which cells within adipose tissue produce them. To avoid the effects of cellular stress on prostaglandin levels, we developed a multivariate statistical approach in which metabolite concentrations and transcriptomic data were integrated, allowing the assignment of metabolites to cell types. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Eicosanoids were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and mRNA levels using real-time PCR. Eicosanoid levels and transcriptomic data were combined using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering in order to associate metabolites with cell types. Samples were obtained from C57Bl/6 mice aged 16 weeks. We studied the ob/ob genetically obese mouse model and diet-induced obesity model. We extended our results in mice to a cohort of morbidly obese humans undergoing bariatric surgery. RESULTS: Using our modelling approach, we determined that prostglandin D₂ (PGD₂) in adipose tissue was predominantly produced in macrophages by the haematopoietic isoform of prostaglandin D synthase (H-Pgds). Analysis of sub-fractionated WAT confirmed that H-Pgds was expressed in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Furthermore, H-Pgds expression in ATMs isolated from lean and obese mice was consistent with it affecting macrophage polarisation. Functionally, we demonstrated that H-PGDS-produced PGD₂ polarised macrophages toward an M2, anti-inflammatory state. In line with a potential anti-inflammatory role, we found that H-PGDS expression in ATMs was positively correlated with both peripheral insulin and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in humans. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we have developed a method to determine the cellular source of metabolites within an organ and used it to identify a new role for PGD₂ in the control of ATM polarisation.

International audience; The Carbo Europe Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES), conducted between May and June 2005, aims to determine a spatially resolved regional balance of carbon dioxide fluxes using different methodological approaches bundled within an international framework. In this study we elucidated several meteorological and physiological parameters determining plant mediated exchange processes using airborne hyperspectral reflectance measurements in synopsis with meteorological information like eddy flux covariance data. We used an airborne hyperspectral system to record spatial and temporal transects of vegetated areas surrounding flux tower sites in the Bordeaux / Landes Region (France). Alongside hyperspectral measurements a comprehensive range of meteorological and surface flux parameters were measured at a flux tower site within the same time frame. Unsupervised data analysis using cluster analysis was performed on predefined spectral wavelength windows. Additionally multiblock principal component analysis was used as explanatory data driven tool to reveal underlying data structures and to elucidate potential interdependencies between airborne hyperspectral reflectance data and meteorological ground measurements. In detail temporal, physiological changes in relevant ground information like temperature, humidity, vegetation mediated CO2 flux, latent heat flux or photosynthetic light use efficiency on the one hand and selected regions of the hyperspectral signatures, such as reflectance in the region of 531nm, which determines variations in the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) or in the spectral regions of chlorophyll fluorescence were examined. Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed coupled dependencies between changes in the derivate spectra in the range of 720 to 740 nm with gross photosynthetic uptake rate, global radiation and time of day. Multiblock principal component analysis revealed that first derivative reflectance in wavelengths from 500 to 540 nm and between 680 and 750 nm had higher loading values in respect to observed ground variables global radiation and gross photosynthetic uptake rate respectively. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Solar sailing is a unique and elegant form of propulsion that transcends reliance on reaction mass. Rather than carrying propellant, solar sails acquire momentum from photons, the quantum packets of energy from which sunlight is composed. In addition, since solar sails are not limited by reaction mass, they can provide continual acceleration, limited only by the lifetime of the sail film in the space environment. Therefore, solar sails can expand the envelope of possible missions, enabling new high-energy mission concepts that are essentially impossible with conventional reaction propulsion, and enhancing current mission concepts by lowering launch mass and reducing trip times.