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6. Contributors

Author

Adams, Mark C., primary, Adibe, Obinna O., additional, Adler, Jeremy, additional, Adzick, N. Scott, additional, Albanese, Craig T., additional, Andrews, Walter S., additional, Applebaum, Harry, additional, Arca, Marjorie J., additional, Aronson, Daniel C., additional, Azizkhan, Richard G., additional, Baird, Robert, additional, Barnett, Sean, additional, Barnhart, Douglas C., additional, Barsness, Katherine A., additional, Bartlett, Robert H., additional, Baskin, Laurence S., additional, Beasley, Spencer W., additional, Bentz, Michael L., additional, Billmire, Deborah F., additional, Boulanger, Scott C., additional, Brandt, Mary L., additional, Brock, John W., additional, Brown, Rebeccah L., additional, Btaiche, Imad F., additional, Busuttil, Ronald W., additional, Caldamone, Anthony A., additional, Caniano, Donna A., additional, Caty, Michael G., additional, Chardot, Christophe, additional, Chung, Dai H., additional, Cilley, Robert E., additional, Colon, Nadja C., additional, Columbani, Paul M., additional, Coran, Arnold G., additional, Cotton, Robin T., additional, Cowles, Robert A., additional, Cox,, Charles S., additional, Dassinger, Melvin S., additional, Davidoff, Andrew M., additional, Davidson, Richard S., additional, Coppi, Paolo De, additional, Dicken, Bryan J., additional, Didelot, William, additional, DiFiore, John W., additional, Dillon, Patrick A., additional, Dillon, Peter W., additional, Donahoe, Patricia K., additional, Duchossois, Gina P., additional, Dunn, James C.Y., additional, Dutta, Sanjeev, additional, Eaton, Simon, additional, Ehrlich, Peter F., additional, Eichelberger, Martin R., additional, Elden, Lisa M., additional, Eliason, Jonathan L., additional, Emil, Sherif, additional, Escobar, Mauricio A., additional, Falcone,, Richard A., additional, Fallat, Mary E., additional, Farmer, Diana L., additional, Farmer, Douglas G., additional, Faro, Albert, additional, Fisher, Michael J., additional, Fishman, Steven J., additional, Fitzgerald, Tamara N., additional, Flake, Alan W., additional, Foglia, Robert P., additional, Ford, Henri R., additional, Franklin, Andrew, additional, Frischer, Jason S., additional, Fuller, Stephanie M.P., additional, Gandhi, Sanjiv K., additional, Garcia, Victor F., additional, Gatti, John M., additional, Gauderer, Michael W.L., additional, Geiger, James D., additional, Georgeson, Keith E., additional, Gingalewski, Cynthia A., additional, Glassberg, Kenneth I., additional, Glick, Philip L., additional, Gonzales, Kelly D., additional, Grikscheit, Tracy C., additional, Grosfeld, Jay L., additional, Groth, Travis W., additional, Gruessner, Angelika C., additional, Gruessner, Rainer W.G., additional, Gutierrez, Ivan M., additional, Guzzetta,, Philip C., additional, J. Hall, Jason, additional, Hamilton, Thomas E., additional, Harmon, Carroll M., additional, Harrison, Michael R., additional, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea, additional, Hays, Stephen R., additional, Healey, John H., additional, Hendren, W. Hardy, additional, Hering, Bernhard J., additional, Herndon, David N., additional, Hirose, Shinjiro, additional, Hirsch, Jennifer C., additional, Hirschl, Ronald B., additional, Hoganson, David M., additional, Holcomb, George W., additional, Höllwarth, Michael E., additional, Horn, B. David, additional, Huddleston, Charles B., additional, Hutchinson, Raymond J., additional, Hutson, John M., additional, Hyun, Grace, additional, Inge, Thomas H., additional, Jaksic, Tom, additional, Jea, Andrew, additional, Kaefer, Martin, additional, Kang, Kuang Horng, additional, Karsanac, Christopher J., additional, Kayes, Kosmas, additional, Kelly, Robert E., additional, Kiely, Edward M., additional, Klein, Michael D., additional, Krasin, Matthew J., additional, Krummel, Thomas M., additional, Kulungowski, Ann M., additional, Laberge, Jean-Martin, additional, Landsman, Ira S., additional, Langer, Jacob C., additional, La Quaglia, Michael P., additional, Laufer, Marc R., additional, Lee, Hanmin, additional, Lelli, Joseph L., additional, Levitt, Marc A., additional, Liau, James Y., additional, Lillehei, Craig, additional, Lindahl, Harry, additional, Liu, Gigi Y., additional, Lorenz, H. Peter, additional, Luerssen, Thomas G., additional, Lukish, Jeffrey R., additional, Lund, Dennis P., additional, Magee, John C., additional, McGahren, Eugene D., additional, McLaughlin, Eamon J., additional, McQuiston, Leslie T., additional, Meyers, Rebecka L., additional, Millar, Alastair J.W., additional, Minevich, Eugene, additional, Miranda, Edward P., additional, Mitchell, Michael E., additional, Mollen, Kevin P., additional, Moss, R. Lawrence, additional, Mouriquand, Pierre, additional, Murase, Noriko, additional, Murphy, J. Patrick, additional, Murphy, Joseph T., additional, Nance, Michael L., additional, Nathan, Saminathan S., additional, Newman, Kurt D., additional, Numanoglu, Alp, additional, Nwomeh, Benedict C., additional, Ohye, Richard G., additional, Oldham, Keith T., additional, O'Neill, James A., additional, Pakarinen, Mikko P., additional, Panait, Nicoleta, additional, Pearl, Richard H., additional, Peña, Alberto, additional, Pieretti, Rafael V., additional, Pierro, Agostino, additional, Piper, Hannah G., additional, Potsic, William P., additional, Pryor, Howard I., additional, Puligandla, Pramod S., additional, Puri, Prem, additional, Qureshi, Faisal G., additional, Rescorla, Frederick J., additional, Révillon, Yann, additional, Reyes, Jorge, additional, Reynolds, Marleta, additional, Rhee, Audrey C., additional, Rich, Barrie S., additional, Ricketts, Richard R., additional, Rink, Richard C., additional, Rintala, Risto J., additional, Rocchini, Albert P., additional, Rodeberg, David A., additional, Sadove, A. Michael, additional, Saggi, Bob H., additional, Scherer, L.R., additional, Schmid, Daniel B., additional, Scholz, Stefan, additional, Schwartz, Marshall Z., additional, Shamberger, Robert C., additional, Shapiro, Nina L., additional, Sheldon, Curtis A., additional, Shochat, Stephen J., additional, Sidell, Douglas, additional, Skinner, Michael A., additional, Smith, Jodi L., additional, Smith, Samuel D., additional, Snyder, Charles L., additional, Speer, Allison L., additional, Spitz, Lewis, additional, Spray, Thomas L., additional, Stanley, James C., additional, Starzl, Thomas E., additional, Stehr, Wolfgang, additional, Stolar, Charles J.H., additional, Storm, Phillip B., additional, Stylianos, Steven, additional, Subramaniam, Ramnath, additional, Superina, Riccardo, additional, Sutherland, David E.R., additional, Sutton, Leslie N., additional, Sydorak, Roman, additional, Sylvester, Karl G., additional, Teitelbaum, Daniel H., additional, Tepas, Joseph J., additional, Thomas, John C., additional, Thompson, Dana Mara, additional, Tovar, Juan A., additional, Upperman, Jeffrey S., additional, Vacanti, Joseph P., additional, van Aalst, John A., additional, Vane, Dennis W., additional, Allmen, Daniel Von, additional, Walkovich, Kelly, additional, Walsh, Danielle S., additional, Warner, Brad W., additional, Weber, Thomas R., additional, Weldon, Christopher B., additional, Wesson, David E., additional, Wetmore, Ralph F., additional, Willging, J. Paul, additional, Wilson, Jay M., additional, Woo, Lynn L., additional, Woo, Russell K., additional, Yerkes, Elizabeth B., additional, Ziegler, Moritz M., additional, and Zimmermann, Arthur, additional

Published
2012
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7. Hospital-and patient-level characteristics and the risk of appendiceal rupture and negative appendectomy in children

Author

Ponsky, Todd A., Zhihuan J. Huang, Kittle, Kory, Eichelberger, Martin R., Brody, Fredrick, Newman, Kurt D., and Gilbert, James C.

Subjects
Appendectomy -- Risk factors, Appendectomy -- Research, Children -- Health aspects, Children -- Risk factors
Abstract

The association between hospital-and patient-level characteristics, and the rates of appendiceal rupture and negative appendectomy in children are investigated. The rate of appendiceal rupture in school-aged children was associated with race and health status and not with negative appendectomy rate, and therefore is likely to be associated with prehospitalization factors such as access to care, quality of care, and patient or physician education.

Published
2004

9. Contributors

Author

Adams, Mark C., primary, Adzick, N. Scott, additional, Albanese, Craig T., additional, Alexander, Fred, additional, Altman, R. Peter, additional, Andrassy, Richard J., additional, Andrews, Walter S., additional, Applebaum, Harry, additional, Arca, Marjorie J., additional, Arensman, Robert M., additional, Atkinson, James B., additional, Azizkhan, Richard G., additional, Baban, Anwar, additional, Barnhart, Douglas C., additional, Bartlett, Robert H., additional, Baskin, Laurence S., additional, Beasley, Spencer W., additional, Bentz, Michael L., additional, Boston, Victor E., additional, Boulanger, Scott C., additional, Bove, Edward L., additional, Brandt, Mary L., additional, Brock, John W., additional, Brown, Rebeccah L., additional, Browne, Marybeth, additional, Buchmiller, Terry L., additional, Busuttil, Ronald W., additional, Caird, Michelle S., additional, Caldamone, Anthony A., additional, Campbell, Darrell A., additional, Caniano, Donna A., additional, Caty, Michael G., additional, Chung, Dai H., additional, Cilley, Robert E., additional, Colombani, Paul M., additional, Cooper, Joel D., additional, Coran, Arnold G., additional, Cotton, Robin T., additional, Dalsing, Michael C., additional, Daneman, Alan, additional, Davidoff, Andrew M., additional, Davidson, Richard S., additional, DeMarco, Romano T., additional, DeUgarte, Daniel A., additional, Devaney, Eric, additional, Didelot, William, additional, DiFiore, John W., additional, Dillon, Patrick A., additional, Dillon, Peter W., additional, Donahoe, Patricia K., additional, Dunn, James C.Y., additional, Eaton, Simon, additional, Eichelberger, Martin R., additional, Ein, Sigmund H., additional, Ells, Carolyn, additional, Eppley, Barry L., additional, Fallat, Mary E., additional, Farmer, Diana L., additional, Farmer, Douglas G., additional, Fishman, Steven J., additional, Flake, Alan W., additional, Foglia, Robert P., additional, Fonkalsrud, Eric W., additional, Ford, Henri R., additional, Fuller, Stephanie M.P., additional, Garcia, Victor F., additional, Gatti, John M., additional, Gauderer, Michael W.L., additional, Geiger, James D., additional, Georgeson, Keith E., additional, Gingalewski, Cynthia A., additional, Glassberg, Kenneth I., additional, Glick, Philip L., additional, Gordon, Sherilyn A., additional, Grikscheit, Tracy C., additional, Grosfeld, Jay L., additional, Gruessner, Angelika C., additional, Gruessner, Rainer W.G., additional, Guzzetta, Philip C., additional, Harmon, Carroll M., additional, Harrison, Michael R., additional, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea A., additional, Hays, Stephen R., additional, Healey, John H., additional, Hendren, W. Hardy, additional, Hering, Bernhard J., additional, Herndon, David N., additional, Hirschl, Ronald B., additional, Holcomb, George W., additional, Huddleston, Charles B., additional, Hutchinson, Raymond J., additional, Hutson, John M., additional, Inge, Thomas, additional, Jasonni, Vincenzo, additional, Jibri, Nishwan, additional, Joyner, Byron D., additional, Kaefer, Martin, additional, Kawamoto, Henry K., additional, Kay, Robert M., additional, Kayes, Kosmas, additional, Kayton, Mark L., additional, Kelly, Robert E., additional, Kim, Stephen S., additional, Klein, Michael D., additional, Klement, Giannoula, additional, Krasin, Matthew J., additional, Krummel, Thomas M., additional, Laberge, Jean-Martin, additional, Landsman, Ira S., additional, La Quaglia, Michael P., additional, Lau, Stanley T., additional, Lee, Steven L., additional, Lelli, Joseph L., additional, Levitt, Marc A., additional, Lindahl, Harry, additional, Lobe, Thom E., additional, Loder, Randall T., additional, Luerssen, Thomas G., additional, Lukish, Jeffrey R., additional, Lund, Dennis P., additional, Madonna, Mary Beth, additional, Magee, John C., additional, Martucciello, Giuseppe, additional, Mathes, Stephen J., additional, McGahren, Eugene D., additional, McQuiston, Leslie T., additional, Metcalfe, Peter, additional, Millar, Alastair J.W., additional, Minevich, Eugene, additional, Miranda, Edward P., additional, Mitchell, Michael E., additional, Miyano, Takeshi, additional, Mount, Delora, additional, Mouriquand, Pierre, additional, Murase, Noriko, additional, Murphy, J. Patrick, additional, Nathan, Saminathan S., additional, Newman, Kurt D., additional, Numanoglu, Alp, additional, Nuss, Donald, additional, Ohye, Richard, additional, Oldham, Keith T., additional, O'Neill, James A., additional, Ong, Evelyn, additional, Oppenheim, William L., additional, Othersen, H. Biemann, additional, Pakarinen, Mikki, additional, Pandurangi, Keshav, additional, Pearl, Richard H., additional, Peña, Alberto, additional, Pieretti, Rafael V., additional, Pierro, Agostino, additional, Potsic, William P., additional, Puligandla, Pramod S., additional, Puapong, Devin P., additional, Puri, Prem, additional, Randolph, Judson G., additional, Rescorla, Frederick J., additional, Reyes, Jorge, additional, Ricketts, Richard R., additional, Rink, Richard C., additional, Rintala, Risto J., additional, Rocchini, Albert P., additional, Rode, Heinz, additional, Rodgers, Bradley M., additional, Sadove, A. Michael, additional, Saggi, Bob H., additional, Sanford, Arthur P., additional, Scherer, L.R., additional, Schnitzer, Jay J., additional, Schwartz, Marshall Z., additional, Shamberger, Robert C., additional, Shapiro, Nina L., additional, Sheldon, Curtis A., additional, Shochat, Stephen J., additional, Skinner, Michael A., additional, Smith, C.D., additional, Smith, Jodi L., additional, Smith, Samuel D., additional, Snyder, Charles L., additional, Spitz, Lewis, additional, Spray, Thomas L., additional, Starzl, Thomas E., additional, Stolar, Charles J.H., additional, Storm, Phillip B., additional, Stylianos, Steven, additional, Su, Wendy T., additional, Superina, Riccardo, additional, Sutherland, David E.R., additional, Sutton, Leslie N., additional, Tagge, Edward P., additional, Teitelbaum, Daniel H., additional, Templeman, Claire L., additional, Tekant, Gonca Topuzlu, additional, Tepas, Joseph J., additional, Thomas, Patrick B., additional, Thompson, Dana Mara, additional, Tovar, Juan A., additional, Upperman, Jeffrey S., additional, Vacanti, Joseph P., additional, Vane, Dennis W., additional, Vustar, Mirjana, additional, Warner, Brad W., additional, Weber, Thomas R., additional, Wesson, David E., additional, West, Karen W., additional, Wetmore, Ralph F., additional, Wiener, Eugene, additional, Wilson, Jay M., additional, Woo, Russell K., additional, Wu, Hsi-Yang, additional, Yerkes, Elizabeth, additional, Young, Daniel G., additional, and Ziegler, Moritz M., additional

Published
2006
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12. Parental attitudes and knowledge of child safety: a national survey

Author

Eichelberger, Martin R., Gotschall, Catherine S., Feely, Herta B., Harstad, Paul, and Bowman, Leon M.

Subjects
First aid in illness and injury -- Surveys, Children's accidents -- Social aspects, Children's accidents -- Prevention, Parents -- Surveys, Family and marriage, Health
Abstract

Injury is the leading cause of death among children. Their safety and protection from injury are in the hands of adults, usually parents. Strategies for reducing injury-related morbidity and mortality are numerous, and range from simple parental instruction to legislation establishing protective laws and procedures. How much do parents really know about injury prevention and avoidance? A telephone survey was conducted of 404 randomly selected parents, with at least one child 13 years or younger. The survey instrument consisted of about 90 questions. The risk of child kidnapping by strangers was of greater concern than automobile accidents for black parents and those of lower socioeconomic status (SES). Parents expressed greater concerns about their children getting involved with drugs, contracting AIDS, and not getting a good education. Asked to mention the most frequent causes of accidental death, parents listed automobile accidents, drug and child abuse, poisoning and bicycle injuries. Half of the parents felt that 'most children were burned by fires' and made no mention of other causes of fire-related deaths. Most parents suggested that serious injuries and accidents are avoidable or preventable. Parents of higher SES more easily identified accident prevention measures they had taken. The value of safety belts and safety seats was recognized by most parents. Of six types of injury listed, more parents expressed a lack of knowledge as to what to do for pedestrian injuries and drowning, and felt more comfortable with their ability to deal with bleeding and choking. Parental knowledge of the cause of burns, and how to deal with them was a serious deficiency. Parents of lower SES generally minimized or underestimated risks of childhood injuries. Many felt that the use of cautionary warnings and vigilance were adequate intervention efforts. Since parents of children usually look to their physicians and health professionals for leadership in safety and accident treatment information, safety literature, programs and other efforts should include these persons in information efforts directed at parents. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1990

16. Indications for computed tomography in children with blunt abdominal trauma

Author

Taylor, George A., Eichelberger, Martin R., O'Donnell, Regina, and Bowman, Leon

Subjects
Children -- Injuries, Blunt trauma, CT imaging -- Usage, Abdomen -- Injuries, Health
Abstract

Computed tomography, or CT, is a technique in which an X-ray beam is passed through tissue and analyzed by computer to produce a cross-sectional image of the body part. CT is the best imaging method for evaluating blunt abdominal injury in children. Often, children are not able to identify 'where it hurts', and CT scanning is used to detect significant abdominal injuries. But because of the limited availability of CT equipment, or competition for its use from patients with other injuries, it would be helpful if triage procedures could identify high-risk and low-risk children who have blunt abdominal injury. A review of 600 children who underwent CT following blunt abdominal injury was undertaken, and complete data were available on 375 children. Abdominal injury was identified by CT in 174 children; 95 of these were significant (not minor) injuries. Several factors were identified that were associated with a significantly higher risk of abdominal injury. The most highly associated factor was the presence of any three of the following signs or symptoms: blood in the urine, abdominal tenderness, neurologic abnormality, abdominal abrasions, absent bowel sounds, low blood count, abdominal distention, blood in the stomach or rectum, vomiting, pelvic fracture, and chest injury. Significant independent factors included: blood visible in the urine; lap seat belt injury; assault or abuse as the cause of injury; and tender abdomen. No abnormal CT scans occurred in the 56 children who had blood in the urine but were without symptoms. The findings should be a useful addition to clinical examinations in making triage decisions when CT equipment is unavailable or in great demand for evaluating other injuries. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1991

17. The papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: An increasingly recognized clinicopathologic entity

Author

Sanchez, Juan A., Newman, Kurt D., Eichelberger, Martin R., and Nauta, Russell J.

Subjects
Pancreatic tumors -- Case studies, Health
Abstract

Papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare tumor that seems to occur only in women, especially women under 30 years of age. Almost half the reported cases have been in blacks, and more than half of the cases have occurred in women aged 18 or younger. Papillary-cystic neoplasm has a low potential for malignancy (becoming cancerous), and it can easily be cured with surgery. This condition differs greatly from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the most common pancreatic tumor, which occurs most often in men between 40 and 60 years of age; this cancer has a poor prognosis. Three cases of papillary-cystic neoplasm are presented. In one patient, the tumor was discovered after blunt abdominal injury ruptured the tumor and she underwent emergency surgery for bleeding in the abdomen. The tumor in the pancreas was removed, and four years later the patient is free of disease. Most patients, including a case presented of a 21-year-old woman, have a slowly enlarging, nontender upper abdominal mass; however, many patients will remain asymptomatic. Abdominal pain is present in only about 25 percent of patients; this was the complaint of the 14-year-old girl described. All three patients presented underwent resection (complete or partial removal) of the pancreas with preservation of the spleen. Patients were followed for three to four years with no recurrence of disease. Because of the curability of this neoplasm, it is important that it be recognized and distinguished from other tumors. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1990

22. Injuries to Children Restrained in 2- and 3- Point Belts

Author

Gotschall, Catherine S., Better, Allison I., Bulas, Dorothy, Eichelberger, Martin R., Bents, Frances, and Warner, Mike

Subjects
parasitic diseases, technology, industry, and agriculture, Child Restraint and Pediatric Injuries, equipment and supplies, human activities
Abstract

Injury risks to children restrained in 2-point belts have been well described. “Seat belt syndrome,” associated with the use of 2-point belts, includes contusion of the abdominal wall, fracture of the lumbar spine, and intra-abdominal injury. Using crash reconstruction methodologies and prospectively collected clinical data, we compared injury patterns by restraint type among a sample of 98 belted children. There were no significant differences in injury severity or hospital charges by belt type. There was no difference in the risk of AIS ≥ 2 injury to the head, neck, chest, abdominal contents or extremities by belt type. Children restrained in 3-point belts exhibit a similar pattern of injury to those in 2-point belts, however 3-point belts appear to be protective for lumbar fracture.

Published
1998

23. Blast injury in children

Author

Edwards, Mary J., primary, Lustik, Michael, additional, Eichelberger, Martin R., additional, Elster, Eric, additional, Azarow, Kenneth, additional, and Coppola, Christopher, additional

Published
2012
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24. advice every new mom needs.

Author

SPARROW, DAVID, Fleisig, Wayne, Diekman, Connie, Mindell, Jodi, Ludwig, David, Rotbart, Harley A., Hunter, Wendy, Kennedy-Moore, Eileen, Dunkin, Lacey, Mogel, Wendy, Hill, David L., Torabi, Farnoosh, Hohlbaum, Christine, Koplewicz, Harold S., Eichelberger, Martin R., Brown, Ari, Domar, Alice, McGowan, Dale, Fassler, David, and Swanson, Wendy Sue

Subjects
PREGNANT women, CHILD behavior, INFANT care, INFANT nutrition, MOTHER-child relationship, MOTHERHOOD, PARENTING, SLEEP, EDUCATION
Abstract

The article presents advice for new mothers from several people on topics including going to bed early to allow a child to get proper sleep; helping the babies fall asleep on their own by feeding at the start of bedtime routine; and keeping rehydration drinks ready for sick days of the child.

Published
2017

27. Chest injury in children with blunt abdominal trauma: evaluation with CT

Author

Sivit, Charles J., Taylor, George A., and Eichelberger, Martin R.

Subjects
Chest -- Injuries, Diagnosis, Radioscopic -- Research, Abdomen -- Blunt trauma, Medical imaging equipment -- Evaluation, Health
Abstract

Chest trauma is one of the main causes of death in children older than one year of age. It is critical to provide fast diagnosis of injuries in the thoracic region (between the base of the neck and the diaphragm) because delay severely hinders chances for survival. Diagnosis of thoracic injury in children is difficult, however, due to the lack of identifiable symptoms. Images provided by portable X-ray, the imaging technique often used in these types of cases, has not been a satisfactory means of assessment. The study evaluated the use of computed tomography (CT) scanning compared to portable chest X-ray in 62 cases of blunt abdominal trauma in children. Twenty-four hours after the injury, assessment of cardiopulmonary (heart-lung) damage should be made. Cardiopulmonary involvement in cases of blunt chest trauma is not normally evident until 24 hours has elapsed, particularly in young children who have a soft, flexible thorax which permits internal injury to occur without skeletal injury. X-ray imaging underestimated more than 33 percent of chest injuries that were subsequently viewed on CT scans. CT scans were able to demonstrate abnormality not depicted on chest X-ray images. The research found that CT scanning of the chest performed in conjunction with CT scanning of the upper abdomen is helpful in the early recognition of thoracic injuries that may not be symptomatic during the first 24 hours following trauma to the chest.

Published
1989

28. Torso injuries in athletes

Author

Eichelberger, Martin R.

Subjects
Abdomen, Chest, Sports, Women athletes -- Accidents, Health
Published
1981

30. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Author

Taylor, George A. and Eichelberger, Martin R.

Subjects
Letters to the Editor
Published
1990

32. Not all child safety seats are created equal: the potential dangers of shield booster seats

Author

Edgerton, Elizabeth A., Orzechowski, Kelly M., and Eichelberger, Martin R.

Abstract

Objective. Children are safest when traveling in a child safety seat appropriate for their age and size. Previous research indicates that children are often transitioned to shield booster seats (SBSs) before reaching the 40-lb weight limit for their forward-facing child safety seat (FFCSS). These children could have otherwise been restrained in a FFCSS as is currently recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The objective of this study was to compare the injury patterns among children who were restrained in SBSs and FFCSSs. Children in FFCSSs were chosen as a comparison group because SBS are predominately used to restrain children who are 40 lb. Methods. This is a cohort study involving restrained crash victims who were admitted to a level 1 pediatric trauma center between 1991 and 2003. Patients were older than 1 year, weighed between 20 and 40 lb, and were restrained in an SBS (N = 16) or an FFCSS (N = 30). Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Scale, Glasgow coma score, intensive care admission, length of stay, and acute care charges served as outcomes of interest. Results. No significant differences regarding crash and occupant characteristics were found (mean Delta V, crash type, passenger compartment intrusion, driver restraint use). Odds of severe injury were greater for children in SBSs compared with children in FFCSSs as measured by Injury Severity Score >15 (odds ratio [OR]: 8.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-33.6), intensive care admission (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 1.5-20.5), length of stay >2 days (OR: 6.3; 95% CI: 1.6-24.6), and Abbreviated Injury Scale [less than or equal to] 3 (OR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.2-16.1). Furthermore, SBS cases had greater odds of head (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.2-17.3), chest (OR: 29.0; 95% CI: 3.1-267.3), and abdominal/pelvic injury (25% vs 0%). Conclusion. This study provides information about the increased risk of injury associated with shield boosters when compared with FFCSSs. The challenge for pediatricians is not only to promote the use of child restraints but also to ensure that parents use the most appropriate restraint for their child's age and weight. Pediatrics 2004;113:e153-e158. URL: http://www.pediatrics. org/cgi/content/full/113/3/e153; shield booster seats, children, motor vehicle crashes, injury patterns, injury severity.

Published
2004

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