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Background: Sub-centrimetric papillary thyroid carcinomas usually have a good prognosis with a cancer specific survival of > 99%, however in up to 65% of patients, lymph node metastases can be observed. Molecular alterations in BRAF, TERT and TP53 are associated with worse clinicopathological outcome in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Material and methods: Twenty-two cases of papillary thyroid carcinomas measuring ≤ 1 cm with synchronous lymph node metastases were examined regarding morphological patterns and immunohistochemical status of p53, Ki-67, and BRAF V600E status. TERT RNA expression in lymph node metastases were evaluated by RNAScope®. Results: Morphological patterns were heterogeneous in both primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Proliferation indices measured by Ki-67 were low. Both primary and lymph node metastases were wild type for p53 by immunohistochemical analysis. No lymph node metastasis showed TERT expression by RNAScope®. Conclusions: Our data indicate that TERT expression is not involved in the development early lymph node metastasis in patients with sub-centimetric PTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Maynard Keynes is often seen as the quintessential thinker of the short run, calling on us to focus our intellectual and material resources on the present. This poses an intriguing puzzle in light of Keynes's own influential speculations about the future. I use this seeming tension as an opening into Keynes's politics of time, both as a crucial dimension of his political thought and a contribution to debates about political temporality and intertemporal choice. Keynes's insistence on radical uncertainty translated into a skepticism toward intertemporal calculus as not only morally objectionable but also at risk of undermining actual future possibilities. Instead of either myopic presentism or calculated futurity, Keynes advocated bold experimentation in the present to open up new possibilities for an uncertain future. This points to the need to grapple with how to align multiple overlapping time horizons while appreciating the performativity of competing conceptions of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite improvements in surgical as well as adjuvant therapies over the last decades, the prognosis for patients with glioblastoma remains poor. Five-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced porphyrins are already used for fluorescence-guided resection and as photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. New findings reveal their potential use as sensitizing agents in combination with ionizing radiation. Methods: We initiated a phase I/II dose escalation study, treating patients with recurrence of glioblastoma with oral 5-ALA concurrent to radiotherapy (RT). This prospective single-center study based in the University Hospital Münster aims to recruit 30 patients over 18 years of age with histologically verified recurrence of supratentorial glioblastoma in good performance status (KPS ≥ 60). Following a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, patients having undergone re-resection will receive a 36 Gy RT including radiodynamic therapy fractions (RDT). RDT constitutes of oral administration of 5-ALA before the irradiation session. Two cohorts will additionally receive two fractions of neoadjuvant treatment three and two days before surgery. To determine the maximum tolerated dose of repeated 5-ALA-administration, the number of RDT-fractions will increase, starting with one to a maximum of eight fractions, while closely monitoring for safety and toxicity. Follow-up will be performed at two and five months after treatment. Primary endpoint will be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of repeated ALA-administration, secondary endpoints are event-free-, progression-free-, and overall-survival. Additionally, 5-ALA metabolites and radiobiological markers will be analysed throughout the course of therapy and tissue effects after neoadjuvant treatment will be determined in resected tissue. This protocol is in accordance with the SPIRIT guidelines for clinical trial protocols. Discussion: This is the protocol of the ALA-RDT in GBM-study, the first-in-man evaluation of repeated administration of 5-ALA as a radiosensitizer for treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Trial registration: This study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Medical Association of Westphalia-Lippe and the University of Münster on 12.10.2022, the German federal institute for Drugs and medical devices on 13.10.2022 and the federal office for radiation protection on 29.08.2022. This trial was registered on the public European EudraCT database (EudraCT-No.: 2021-004631-92) and is registered under www.cliniclatrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05590689). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation therapy has been proven to be highly effective in the treatment of lymphoma. With increasing rates of long-term survival, the reduction in toxicity has gained importance. The evolving understanding of the diseases' biology, as well as technical and conceptual advances, allows for a precise and individualized application of irradiation. Smaller treatment fields and safety margins make it possible to spare healthy neighbouring tissue (organs at risk). The International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG) has developed several guidelines to optimize radiotherapy treatment in lymphoma patients. Since its introduction in 2013, involved site radiotherapy (ISRT) has been adopted as the standard of care in most treatment regimens in adult lymphoma. This article serves as a summary of the current ILROG guidelines, also considering contemporary developments and possible future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic structure of chromium arsenide CrAs is studied with neutron powder diffraction at ambient pressure in the temperature range 1.5–300 K as well as with neutron single‐crystal diffraction at 2 K and 0.12 GPa. The material undergoes an anti‐isostructural phase transition at TN = 267 K and atmospheric conditions, in which both orthorhombic phases have the same space‐group symmetry (Pnma, Z = 4) but different distortions of the parent hexagonal structure of the NiAs type (P63/mmc, Z = 2). The magnetic structure below TN is incommensurate with the propagation vector k = (0, 0, kc). At ambient pressure, the component kc decreases from kc = 0.3807 (7) at 260 K to kc = 0.3531 (6) at 50 K. Below this temperature, it is basically constant. With increasing pressure at 2 K, kc is also constant within standard uncertainties [kc = 0.353 (2)]. For the analysis of the magnetic structure, a group‐theoretical approach based on the space group of the nuclear structure and its subgroups is used. To avoid falling into false minima in the refinements, a random search for magnetic moments in the models is implemented. In the literature, the magnetic structure has been determined on the basis of powder diffraction data as a double helix propagating along the c axis. Although this double‐helical model leads to satisfactory agreement factors for our powder data, it does not reproduce the intensities of the magnetic satellite reflections measured on single‐crystal data in a satisfactory way and can therefore be discarded. Instead, several other models are found that lead to better agreement. Each of them is spiral‐like with directional components in all three directions and with no spin‐density wave character that would cause a non‐constant magnetic moment. In all these models, the ordering of the spins is neither a pure helix nor a pure cycloid. Instead, the unit vectors of the spin rotation planes make an angle α, 0° < α < 90°, with respect to the c* direction. The model in superspace group P21.1′(α0γ)0s yields the best agreement factors in the refinements of the neutron single‐crystal and powder diffraction data. This model is unique as it is the only one in which all the magnetic moments rotate with the same chirality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of force application in immune cell recognition is now well established, the force being transmitted between the actin cytoskeleton to the anchoring ligands through receptors such as integrins. In this chain, the mechanics of the cytoskeleton to receptor link, though clearly crucial, remains poorly understood. To probe this link, we combine mechanical extraction of membrane tubes from T cells using optical tweezers, and fitting of the resulting force curves with a viscoelastic model taking into account the cell and relevant molecules. We solicit this link using four different antibodies against various membrane bound receptors: antiCD3 to target the T Cell Receptor (TCR) complex, antiCD45 for the long sugar CD45, and two clones of antiCD11 targeting open or closed conformation of LFA1 integrins. Upon disruption of the cytoskeleton, the stiffness of the link changes for two of the receptors, exposing the existence of a receptor to cytoskeleton link—namely TCR-complex and open LFA1, and does not change for the other two where a weaker link was expected. Our integrated approach allows us to probe, for the first time, the mechanics of the intracellular receptor–cytoskeleton link in immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined how viewing nature vs. urban scenes impacts the duration of the attentional blink. Nature scenes produce a broader allocation of attention, allowing attention to spread and reduce the ability to disengage attention. Urban scenes produce a narrowed allocation of attention, allowing efficient encoding of relevant information, inhibition of irrelevant information and a speedier disengagement of attention. Participants viewed a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of either nature or urban scenes. For both scene categories, an attentional blink was evident by reduced accuracy for reporting a second target that occurred two or three scenes after an accurately reported first target. However, the duration of the attentional blink was reduced for urban scenes compared with nature scenes. A peripheral target detection task confirmed a difference in the allocation of attention between scene categories. The peripheral targets were better detected for nature scenes, suggesting that participants have a broader spread of attention for nature scenes, even in an RSVP task. The shorter duration of the attentional blink for urban scenes was consistent across four experiments with small and large sets of urban and nature scenes. Therefore, urban scenes reliably reduce the attentional blink duration compared with nature scenes, and this could be attributed to a narrowed attention allocation that allows speedier disengagement of attention in an RSVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a trajectory-based approach for excited-state molecular dynamics simulations of systems subject to an external periodic drive. We combine the exact-factorization formalism, allowing us to treat electron–nuclear systems in nonadiabatic regimes, with the Floquet formalism for time-periodic processes. The theory is developed starting with the molecular time-dependent Schrödinger equation with the inclusion of an external periodic drive that couples to the system dipole moment. With the support of the Floquet formalism, quantum dynamics is approximated by combining classical-like, trajectory-based, nuclear evolution with electronic dynamics represented in the Floquet basis. The resulting algorithm, which is an extension of the coupled-trajectory mixed quantum–classical scheme for periodically driven systems, is applied to a model study, exactly solvable, with different field intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjective analysis of conventional radiography represents the principal method for bone diagnostics in endoprosthetics. Alternative objective quantitative methods are described but not commonly used. Therefore, semi-quantitative methods are tested using digital computation and artificial intelligence to standardize, simplify, and ultimately improve the assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between relative density progressions and clinical outcomes. Radiographs and clinical examinations before and 24 and 48 weeks after surgery were obtained from sixty-eight patients with a modular hip stem. For the calculation of the relative bone density, the modal gray values of the Gruen zones were measured using ImageJ and were normalized by gray values of the highest and lowest ROI. The clinical outcomes were measured according to the Harris hip score before evaluating them for correlations. Analyses were performed separately for subgroups and bone regions. The Harris hip score increased from 44.15 ± 15.00 pre-operatively to 66.20 ± 13.87 at the latest follow-up. The relative bone density adjustment of Gruen zone 7 showed a significant correlation to its clinical outcome. Other bone adaptations could be realistically reproduced and differences by regional zones and patients' histories visualized. Next to the simplicity and that no additional examination is required, the method provides good semi-quantitative results and visualizes adaptations, which make it suitable for use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the arginine–serine-rich protein family (SR proteins) are multifunctional RNAbinding proteins that have emerged as key determinants for mRNP formation, identity and fate. They bind to pre-mRNAs early during transcription in the nucleus and accompany bound transcripts until they are translated or degraded in the cytoplasm. SR proteins are mostly known for their essential roles in constitutive splicing and as regulators of alternative splicing. However, many additional activities of individual SR proteins, beyond splicing, have been reported in recent years. We will summarize the different functions of SR proteins and discuss how multifunctionality can be achieved. We will also highlight the difficulties of studying highly versatile SR proteins and propose approaches to disentangle their activities, which is transferrable to other multifunctional RBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a procedure to analyze the relation between the exact factorization of the electron-nuclear wave function and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. We define the adiabatic limit as the limit of infinite nuclear mass. To this end, we introduce a unit system that singles out the dependence on the electron-nuclear mass ratio of each term appearing in the equations of the exact factorization. We observe how non-adiabatic effects induced by the coupling to the nuclear motion affect electronic properties and we analyze the leading term, connecting it to the classical nuclear momentum. Its dependence on the mass ratio is tested numerically on a model of proton-coupled electron transfer in different non-adiabatic regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hybrid visual search, observers must maintain multiple target templates and subsequently search for any one of those targets. If the number of potential target templates exceeds visual working memory (VWM) capacity, then the target templates are assumed to be maintained in activated long-term memory (aLTM). Observers must search the array for potential targets (visual search), as well as search through memory (target memory search). Increasing the target memory set size reduces accuracy, increases search response times (RT), and increases dwell time on distractors. However, the extent of observers’ memory for distractors during hybrid search is largely unknown. In the current study, the impact of hybrid search on target memory search (measured by dwell time on distractors, false alarms, and misses) and distractor memory (measured by distractor revisits and recognition memory of recently viewed distractors) was measured. Specifically, we aimed to better understand how changes in behavior during hybrid search impacts distractor memory. Increased target memory set size led to an increase in search RTs, distractor dwell times, false alarms, and target identification misses. Increasing target memory set size increased revisits to distractors, suggesting impaired distractor location memory, but had no effect on a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) distractor recognition memory test presented during the search trial. The results from the current study suggest a lack of interference between memory stores maintaining target template representations (aLTM) and distractor information (VWM). Loading aLTM with more target templates does not impact VWM for distracting information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Declines in the ability to inhibit information, and the consequences to memory of unsuccessful inhibition, have been frequently reported to increase with age. However, few studies have investigated whether sex moderates such effects. Here, we examined whether inhibitory ability may vary as a function of age and sex, and the interaction between these two factors. Method 202 older (mean age = 69.40 years) and younger (mean age =30.59 years) participants who had equivalent educational attainment and self-reported health completed 2 tasks that varied only in the time point at which inhibition should occur: either prior to, or after, encoding. Results While we did not find evidence for age or sex differences in inhibitory processes when information needed to be inhibited prior to encoding, when encoded information being actively held in working memory needed to be suppressed, we found that older women were particularly impaired relative to both younger women and men of either age group. Discussion These results provide further support for the presence of memorial inhibitory deficits in older age, but add nuance by implicating biological sex as an important mediator in this relationship, with it more difficult for older women to inhibit what was once relevant in memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It may take 15 years or longer before research evidence is integrated into clinical practice. This evidence-to-practice gap has deleterious effects on patients as well as research and clinical processes. Bringing clinical knowledge into the research process, however, has the potential to close the evidence-to-practice gap. The NEUROTRANS-Project attempts to bring research and practice together by focusing on two groups that usually operate separately in their communities: general practitioners and neuroscientists. Although both groups focus on dementia as an area of work, they do so in different contexts and without opportunities to share their expertise. Finding new treatment pathways for patients with dementia will require an equal knowledge exchange among researchers and clinicians along with the integration of that knowledge into research processes, so that both groups will benefit from the expertise of the other. Methods: The NEUROTRANS-Project uses a qualitative, multi-stage research design to explore how neuroscientists and general practitioners (GPs) approach dementia. Using a grounded theory methodology, it analyzes semi-structured interviews, case vignettes, focus groups with GPs in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and informal conversations with, and observations of, neuroscientists from the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Magdeburg. Results: The NEUROTRANS-Project identified a clear division of labor between two highly specialized professional groups. Neuroscientists focus abstractly on nosology whereas general practitioners tend to patient care following a hermeneutic approach integrating the patients' perspective of illness. These different approaches to dementia create a barrier to constructive dialogue and the capacity of these groups to do research together with a common aim. Additionally, the broader system of research funding and health care within which the two groups operate reinforces their divide thereby limiting joint research capacity. Conclusions: Overcoming barriers to research collaboration between general practitioners and neuroscientists requires a shift in perspective in which both groups actively engage with the other's viewpoints to facilitate knowledge circulation (KC). Bringing 'art into science and science into art', i.e. amalgamating the hermeneutic approach with the perspective of nosology, is the first step in developing joint research agendas that have the potential to close the evidence-to-practice gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It may take 15 years or longer before research evidence is integrated into clinical practice. This evidence-to-practice gap has deleterious effects on patients as well as research and clinical processes. Bringing clinical knowledge into the research process, however, has the potential to close the evidence-to-practice gap. The NEUROTRANS-Project attempts to bring research and practice together by focusing on two groups that usually operate separately in their communities: general practitioners and neuroscientists. Although both groups focus on dementia as an area of work, they do so in different contexts and without opportunities to share their expertise. Finding new treatment pathways for patients with dementia will require an equal knowledge exchange among researchers and clinicians along with the integration of that knowledge into research processes, so that both groups will benefit from the expertise of the other. Methods: The NEUROTRANS-Project uses a qualitative, multi-stage research design to explore how neuroscientists and general practitioners (GPs) approach dementia. Using a grounded theory methodology, it analyzes semi-structured interviews, case vignettes, focus groups with GPs in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and informal conversations with, and observations of, neuroscientists from the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Magdeburg. Results: The NEUROTRANS-Project identified a clear division of labor between two highly specialized professional groups. Neuroscientists focus abstractly on nosology whereas general practitioners tend to patient care following a hermeneutic approach integrating the patients' perspective of illness. These different approaches to dementia create a barrier to constructive dialogue and the capacity of these groups to do research together with a common aim. Additionally, the broader system of research funding and health care within which the two groups operate reinforces their divide thereby limiting joint research capacity. Conclusions: Overcoming barriers to research collaboration between general practitioners and neuroscientists requires a shift in perspective in which both groups actively engage with the other's viewpoints to facilitate knowledge circulation (KC). Bringing 'art into science and science into art', i.e. amalgamating the hermeneutic approach with the perspective of nosology, is the first step in developing joint research agendas that have the potential to close the evidence-to-practice gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that older adults have difficulty relative to younger adults in forgetting irrelevant information. Here we sought to understand the physical basis of this deficit by investigating the relationship between cortical thickness and intentional forgetting, using an item-method directed forgetting task. We tested younger (n = 44) and older (n = 54) adults' memories for words that they were instructed to either remember or to forget, and then extracted cortical thickness values from brain regions previously shown, using functional neuroimaging, to be associated with memory suppression, including the right inferior frontal gyrus, the right postcentral gyrus and the left superior/middle frontal gyrus. Results from a parallel mediation model indicated that variations in cortical thickness in the right inferior frontal gyrus, but not the right postcentral gyrus or left superior/middle frontal gyrus, partially explained age-related differences in directed forgetting: older adults with thinner cortices in this area showed worse forgetting ability. This is the first study to explore how neuromorphological differences affect the ability to intentionally suppress items in memory. The results suggest that age-related differences in directed forgetting may be partly driven by cortical thickness in a brain structure known to be functionally involved in directed forgetting, and inhibitory control more broadly, supporting a contribution of deficient inhibition to this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient operation of a tokamak is limited by several constraints, such as the transition to high confinement or the density limits occurring in both confinement regimes. These particular boundaries of operation are derived in terms of a combination of dimensionless parameters describing interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence without any free adjustable parameter. The derived boundaries describe the operational space at the separatrix of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak, which is presented in terms of an electron density and temperature existence diagram. The derived density limits are compared against Greenwald scaling. The power threshold and role of ion heat flux for the transition to high confinement are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of CrAs was investigated using synchrotron X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction for separate dependences on temperature (30–400 K) and on pressure (0–9.46 GPa). The isosymmetrical magnetostructural phase transition at TN = 267 K can induce a change in the microstructure by twinning due to a crossing of the orthohexagonal setting of the unit‐cell parameter ratio c/b. Within the crystal structure, one particular Cr–Cr distance exhibits anomalous behavior in that it is nearly unaffected by temperature and pressure in the paramagnetic phase, which is stable above 267 K and at high pressures. The distinction of this shortest Cr–Cr distance might be of importance for the superconducting properties of CrAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we focus on the potential role of the γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) system in age-related episodic memory impairments in humans, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Well-established animal models have shown that GABA plays a central role in regulating and synchronizing neuronal signaling in the hippocampus, a brain area critical for episodic memory that undergoes early and significant morphologic and functional changes in the course of AD. Neuroimaging research in humans has documented hyperactivity in the hippocampus and losses of resting state functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network, a network that itself prominently includes the hippocampus—presaging episodic memory decline in individuals at-risk for AD. Apolipoprotein ε4, the highest genetic risk factor for AD, is associated with GABAergic dysfunction in animal models, and episodic memory impairments in humans. In combination, these findings suggest that GABA may be the linchpin in a complex system of factors that eventually leads to the principal clinical hallmark of AD: episodic memory loss. Here, we will review the current state of literature supporting this hypothesis. First, we will focus on the molecular and cellular basis of the GABAergic system and its role in memory and cognition. Next, we report the evidence of GABA dysregulations in AD and normal aging, both in animal models and human studies. Finally, we outline a model of GABAergic dysfunction based on the results of functional neuroimaging studies in humans, which have shown hippocampal hyperactivity to episodic memory tasks concurrent with and even preceding AD diagnosis, along with factors that may modulate this association. • Episodic memory loss is the principal clinical hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). • Hippocampal hyperactivity correlates with episodic memory failures in aging. • GABA synchronizes neuronal activity in the hippocampus. • GABA levels may be modulated by AD-risk factors. • The GABAergic system may link AD-risk factors and episodic memory decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To develop a methodology to study uptake and redistribution by plants of NH4+ from deep soil, applying it to investigate deep root N uptake by cultivated grassland species. Methods: A slow-release 15NH4+ label adsorbed to clinoptilolite was placed into soil (depth 42 cm) well below the densest root zone in well-established monospecific stands of five grass and two clover species. Species showing a variety of deep rooting patterns, N acquisition strategy, forage qualities, and persistence in hemiboreal conditions were chosen. The label was placed in early spring and tracked throughout one or two growing seasons in two repeated experiments. Results: After two growing seasons ~ 90% of the label was tracked in the soil and harvested herbage of grasses, less in clovers. Deep N uptake was limited in spring, increased during mid-season, and was strongest in autumn in all species, despite lower herbage yield in autumn. Species differed in ability to recover and maintain 15N in the soil–plant system. In one growing season, Lolium perenne L., Phleum pratense L., Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P.Beauv. and Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort herbage recovered ~ 65% of the label, Poa pratensis L. 54%, and Trifolium pratense L. and Trifolium repens L. 36–48%. Label transport to topsoil was observed, mainly attributable to plant nutrient redistribution rather than physical diffusion. Conclusions: The innovative slow-release 15N label enabled tracing species differences and seasonal changes in uptake of NH4+ from deep soil. Among the tall-growing grasses, growth vigor appeared as important for deep N uptake as expected root depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate fundamental properties of meta-generalized-gradient approximations (meta-GGAs) to the exchange-correlation energy functional, which have an implicit density dependence via the Kohn-Sham kinetic-energy density. To this purpose, we construct the most simple meta-GGA by expressing the local exchange-correlation energy per particle as a function of a fictitious density, which is obtained by inverting the Thomas-Fermi kinetic-energy functional. This simple functional considerably improves the total energy of atoms as compared to the standard local density approximation. The corresponding exchange-correlation potentials are then determined exactly through a solution of the optimized effective potential equation. These potentials support an additional bound state and exhibit a derivative discontinuity at integer particle numbers. We further demonstrate that through the kinetic-energy density any meta-GGA incorporates a derivative discontinuity. However, we also find that for commonly used meta-GGAs the discontinuity is largely underestimated and in some cases even negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the feasibility of high pressure neutron scattering in clamp cells at various diffraction and spectroscopy beamlines in the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum in Garching (Germany). The cells are compact in order to fit into the existing sample environment devices and to accommodate samples up to about 150 mm³ at pressures above 1 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelial dysfunction promotes atherogenesis, vascular inflammation, and thrombus formation. Reendothelialization after angioplasty is required in order to prevent stent failure. Previous studies have highlighted the role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in murine experimental atherogenesis and in human coronary artery disease. However, the impact of 2-AG on endothelial repair and leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesion is still unknown. Endothelial repair was studied in two treatment groups of wildtype mice following electrical injury of the common carotid artery. One group received the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)-inhibitor JZL184, which impairs 2-AG degradation and thus causes elevated 2-AG levels, the other group received DMSO (vehicle). The effect of 2-AG on human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) viability, leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesion, surface expression of adhesion molecules, and expression of endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) was studied in vitro. Elevated 2-AG levels significantly impaired reendothelialization in wildtype mice following electrical injury of the common carotid artery. In vitro , 2-AG significantly reduced viability of HCAEC. Additionally, 2-AG promoted adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to HCAEC following pre-treatment of the HCAEC with 2-AG. Adhesion molecules (E -selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) remained unchanged in arterial endothelial cells, whereas 2-AG suppressed the expression of NOS3 in HCAEC. Elevated 2-AG levels hamper endothelial repair and HCAEC proliferation, while simultaneously facilitating leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesion. Given that 2-AG is elevated in patients with coronary artery disease and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 2-AG might decrease reendothelialization after angioplasty and thus impact the clinical outcomes. • 2-AG inhibits endothelial repair in wildtype mice following endothelial denudation. • 2-AG reduces viability of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) in vitro. • 2-AG promotes adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to HCAEC. • 2-AG decreases expression of NOS3 in HCAEC, which may enhance leukocyte adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large‐scale coherent structures have been observed in various wall‐bounded turbulent flows. In turbulent boundary layers, streamwise elongated regions of high‐ and low‐momentum in the log‐law layer that can extent up to several boundary layer thicknesses are often referred to as superstructures. These structures contain a relatively large portion of the layer's turbulent kinetic energy and have been shown to interact with the near‐wall features. In the last few decades extensive research on zero‐pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers has been done, however by comparison, the structural characteristics for adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer flows are much less studied. Therefore, the three‐dimensional dynamics of turbulent superstructures in a turbulent boundary layer flow is investigated in the Atmospheric Wind Tunnel Munich (AWM) measurement using a novel multi‐camera 3D time‐resolved Lagrangian particle tracking approach. In this study, the structural properties and dynamics of turbulent superstructures within a zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layer at Reτ = 5000 or Reθ = 14000 that then flows over a curved plate subjected to a favorable (FGP) and strong adverse (APG) pressure gradient, which eventually separates, is considered. It was found that while the average superstructure topology is modulated by decelerating flow in the APG when compared to the ZPG region the basic shape and pattern is preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this theoretical study, a recently proposed segregation model is applied to segregation data of an exemplary Σ5 grain boundary (GB), which is investigated using a copper–nickel embedded-atom method potential. Segregation in the semi-grandcanonical ensemble is systematically studied by varying the chemical potential in order to explore the full composition range for temperatures from 500 K to 1000 K. As a major thermodynamic feature, the mentioned segregation model avoids the usage of interface compositions , for which an arbitrary volume must be defined, but rather models the thermodynamically unambiguous solute excess. It was shown that the solute excess and the interface formation energy could be described very accurately over a wide range of temperatures and over the entire composition range based on a composition-dependent, but temperature-independent effective energy of segregation. However, the model was initially derived for systems without lattice mismatch so that interface tensions were neglected. Since the copper–nickel system exhibits a moderate lattice mismatch of roughly 2.7%, the copper–nickel system is chosen in this study to further extend the segregation model by a linear-elastic theory to also account for the interface tensions. Using this extended model, it will be shown that the solute excess, GB tensions, and GB formation energies can be derived from the effective energy of segregation for all temperatures and over the whole composition range. As in principle only one single segregation isotherm is sufficient to determine the effective energy of segregation and derived thermodynamic interface quantities, the application of this model is especially interesting for experimental evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The I-mode confinement regime can feature small edge temperature drops that can lead to an increase in the energy deposited onto the divertor targets. In this work, we show that these events are associated with a relaxation of both electron temperature and density edge profiles, with the largest drop found at the pedestal top position. The relative energy loss is about 1 %, and is thus lower than that of type-I ELMs for the same pedestal top collisionality. Stability analysis of edge profiles reveals that the operational points are far from the ideal peeling-ballooning boundary. Also, we show that these events appear close to the H-mode transition in the typical I-mode operational space in ASDEX Upgrade, and that no further enhancement of energy confinement is found when they occur. Moreover, scrape-off layer transport during these events is found to be very similar to type-I ELMs, with regard to timescales (≈ 800 µs), filament propagation, toroidally asymmetric energy effluxes at the midplane and asymmetry between inner and outer divertor deposited energy. In particular, the latter reveals that more energy reaches the outer divertor target. Lastly, first measurements of the divertor peak energy fluence are reported, and projections to ARC—a reactor that could potentially operate in I-mode—are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining high plasma core performance with a suitable power exhaust solution is one of the major challenges in magnetic confinement fusion research. One of the most important power exhaust parameters is the power fall-off length in the scrape-off layer. Two infrared thermography based power fall-off length data sets from JET operated with carbon and ITER-like wall are revisited and compared to recently published scaling laws as well as to confinement and pedestal top parameters. It is shown that the power fall-off length is correlated to confinement, with the highest correlation among the tested parameters being the pedestal top density. The power fall-off length decreases with increasing pedestal top density in variance to the multi-machine scaling law. A similar trend is observed for the pedestal top pressure. This is in agreement with findings at C-Mod showing a scaling of the power fall-off length in various confinement regimes with the volume averaged pressure. Further, it is shown that a variation of the safety factor at constant pedestal top density is not changing the power fall-off length significantly in the two JET data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of the natural environment, especially the world's oceans, with conventional plastic is of major concern. Biodegradable plastics are an emerging market bringing along potential chances and risks. The fate of these materials in the environment and their possible effects on organisms and ecosystems has rarely been studied systematically and is not well understood. For the marine environment, reliable field test methods and standards for assessing and certifying biodegradation to bridge laboratory respirometric data are lacking. In this work we present newly developed field tests to assess the performance of (biodegradable) plastics under natural marine conditions. These methods were successfully applied and validated in three coastal habitats (eulittoral, benthic and pelagic) and two climate zones (Mediterranean Sea and tropical Southeast Asia). Additionally, a stand-alone mesocosm test system which integrated all three habitats in one technical system at 400-L scale independent from running seawater is presented as a methodological bridge. Films of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (PHA) and low density polyethylene (LD-PE) were used to validate the tests. While LD-PE remained intact, PHA disintegrated to a varying degree depending on the habitat and the climate zone. Together with the existing laboratory standard test methods, the field and mesocosm test systems presented in this work provide a 3-tier testing scheme for the reliable assessment of the biodegradation of (biodegradable) plastic in the marine environment. This toolset of tests can be adapted to other aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present atomistic study, layer-specific segregation to the surface is investigated for an exemplary (100) surface in iron–chromium alloys using an embedded-atom potential. Through a continuous variation of the chemical potential difference in the semi-grandcanonical ensemble, the full composition range is explored at temperatures between 600 K and 1400 K. The obtained layer-specific segregation curves demonstrate the well-known limitations of the widely used McLean model for interface segregation, i.e. a monolayer model imposing ideal behavior. However, keeping the original idea of McLean, the segregation model is extended in two ways in order to provide a complete analytical description of segregation: Firstly, the entire surface is hypothetically replaced by an equivalent single layer with identical segregation properties, which accounts for all subsurface layer effects, but also enables the application of an effective monolayer model with only one single energy of segregation. Secondly, directly following from the general treatment assuming non-ideal solution behavior, the energy of segregation becomes composition-dependent. The validity and accuracy of the proposed analytical model is confirmed by fitting the composition-dependent energy of segregation to the thermodynamically unambiguous solute excess. The change in surface formation energy according to the interfacial adsorption equation can be described excellently over the entire composition range for all investigated temperatures. The model can be applied to experimental data and directly transferred to grain boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-regime (L-mode, I-mode and H-mode) database combining scrape-off layer (SOL) power decay length λq divertor measurements and upstream SOL electron pressure, temperature and density decay lengths has been assembled at ASDEX Upgrade. It is found that a cross-regime λq scaling is best described by a local edge quantity, such as the edge electron pressure evaluated at ρpol = 0.95. Furthermore, λq exhibits a clear correlation with edge electron pressure gradient lengths, no matter if taken inside or outside the separatrix. In addition, the database reveals that SOL and pedestal electron pressure gradients are remarkably well correlated across all confinement regimes. The physical interpretation of this observation is discussed with regard to an edge pressure critical gradient paradigm governing the edge physics and to a turbulence spreading in the SOL. Moreover, it is shown that the Spitzer–Härm electron conduction regime is a reasonable approximation to estimate λq across different confinement regimes. The main implication of these findings is that a widening of λq is linked to a reduction of edge electron pressure gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge in the field of cognitive neuroscience is to identify discriminable cognitive functions, and then map these functions to brain activity. In the current study, we set out to explore the relationships between performance arising from different cognitive tasks thought to tap different domains of cognition, and then to test whether these distinct latent cognitive abilities also are subserved by corresponding "latent" brain substrates. To this end, we tested a large sample of adults under the age of 40 on twelve cognitive tasks as they underwent fMRI scanning. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 4-factor model, dissociating tasks into processes corresponding to episodic memory retrieval, reasoning, speed of processing and vocabulary. An analysis of the topographic covariance patterns of the BOLD-response acquired during each task similarity also converged on four neural networks that corresponded to the 4 latent factors. These results suggest that distinct ontologies of cognition are subserved by corresponding distinct neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer can be difficult to appreciate grossly and therefore partial sampling of the gland can lead to incorrect grading, staging, or margin status. However, submitting the entire prostate is more time consuming and costly. We investigated the use of magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound-targeted biopsy for the selective submission of prostatectomy specimens. We performed a retrospective review for patients with cancer on targeted prostate biopsy who underwent subsequent radical prostatectomy. Prostatectomy specimens were submitted in their entirety and assessed for Grade Group, extraprostatic extension (EPE), margins, and number of blocks. For Targeted-Grossing (TG) assessment, apex margin, bladder neck margin, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens sections were included. For the remainder of the prostate, only sections from areas shown to be positive for cancer on targeted biopsy were included in the analysis. With total tissue submission, EPE was found in 39/81 (48.1%) cases and positive margins in 19/81 (23.5%) cases. The TG method required significantly fewer blocks: 15.8 ± 5.9 versus 44.9 ± 11.9 (P <.0001). The TG method would have diagnosed the correct stage in 73/81 (90.1%) cases, Grade Group in 74/81 (91.4%) cases, and margin status in 79/81 (97.5%) cases. EPE was missed completely by the TG method in 7 cases (P =.008), of which 5/7 (71.4%) had focal EPE. There was no significant difference in stage (P =.24), Grade Group (P =.95), or margin status (P =.16) between the 2 methods. Grossing utilizing selective tissue submission from areas found to be positive for prostate cancer on magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound-targeted prostate biopsy remains inferior to complete submission of tissue for radical prostatectomy specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Among renal cell carcinoma (RCC) the tumour immune microenvironment has been best characterised in clear cell RCC. In this study we investigated the expression of several immune markers, including PD‐L1, FoxP3 and CD8 in primary and metastatic papillary RCC. Methods and results: Three tissue microarrays were constructed from 78 cases with primary papillary RCC and paired metastatic tumour (24 cases) from 78 patients treated between 1982 and 2014. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed using commercially available antibodies for PD‐L1 (clone E1L3N), FoxP3, CD8 and Ki‐67. Markers expression level in tumour and/or associated immune cells was analysed by tissue type (non‐tumour versus primary tumour versus metastatic tumour) and correlated to clinicopathological features and outcome. Conclusion: We found PD‐L1 expression in up to one‐quarter of primary and metastatic papillary RCC. On univariate analysis, CD8/FoxP3 ratio >1 was associated with favourable outcome, whereas papillary RCCs with high numbers of dual CD8/Ki‐67‐positive lymphocytes showed an increased likelihood for tumour progression and overall and cancer‐related mortality. The association of CD8/FoxP3 ratio >1 and high count of CD8/Ki‐67 with outcome remained significant on multivariate analysis when adjusting for stage, grade and patient's age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth and a major cause of death worldwide. Many molecular events characterize tumor initiation and progression. Global gene expression analyses using next-generation sequencing, proteomics and metabolomics show genomic, epigenetic, and metabolite concentration changes in various tumors. Molecular alterations identified include multiple cancer-driving mutations, gene fusions, amplifications, deletions, and post-translational modifications. Data integration from many high-throughput platforms unraveled dysregulation in many metabolic pathways in cancer. Since cancer cells are fast-growing, their metabolic needs are enhanced, hence the requirement for de novo synthesis of essential metabolites. One critical requirement of fast-growing cells and a historically important pathway in cancer is the nucleotide biosynthetic pathway and its enzymes are valuable targets for small molecule inhibition. Purines and pyrimidines are building blocks of DNA synthesis and due to their excessive growth, cancer cells extensively utilize de novo pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis. Methotrexate, one of the early chemotherapeutic agents, targets dihydrofolate reductase of the folate metabolic pathway that is involved in nucleotide biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss the nucleotide biosynthetic pathways in cancer and targeting opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The described methods are able to analyse the triphenylmethane dyes malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV) and brilliant green (BG) as well as their leuco metabolites leuco malachite green (LMG), leuco crystal violet (LCV) and leuco brilliant green (LBG) on the basis of a simple and fast extraction. The validation of the methods in two studies without and with a heated ultrasonic treatment during the extraction of fortified trout and shrimp samples was successfully performed applying an in-house validation concept. The evaluation of the relevant validation parameters, e.g. the decision limit CCα, the detection capability CCβ, the repeatability, the within-laboratory reproducibility and the recovery for both extraction versions, showed results which fulfil the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The investigation of incurred material of trout containing the above compounds with an additional heated ultrasonic treatment during extraction leads to higher findings of MG and BG. This effect was also confirmed by other laboratories in the framework of a proficiency test. For CV and all three leuco metabolites no increase in the detected amounts could be observed after a heated ultrasonic treatment of the incurred trout material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Aristotle, a just political community has to find similarity in difference and foster habits of reciprocity. Conventionally, speech and law have been seen to fulfill this role. This article reconstructs Aristotle's conception of currency (nomisma) as a political institution of reciprocal justice. By placing Aristotle's treatment of reciprocity in the context of the ancient politics of money, currency emerges not merely as a medium of economic exchange but also potentially as a bond of civic reciprocity, a measure of justice, and an institution of ethical deliberation. Reconstructing this account of currency (nomisma) in analogy to law (nomos) recovers the hopes Aristotle placed in currency as a necessary institution particular to the polis as a self-governing political community striving for justice. If currency was a foundational institution, it was also always insufficient, likely imperfect, and possibly tragic. Turned into a tool for the accumulation of wealth for its own sake, currency becomes unjust and a serious threat to any political community. Aristotelian currency can fail precisely because it contains an important moment of ethical deliberation. This political significance of currency challenges accounts of the ancient world as bifurcated between oikos and polis and encourages contemporary political theorists to think of money as a constitutional project that can play an important role in improving reciprocity across society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The detrimental impact of nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) on quality of life is well known. However, patients with CLBP represent a remarkably heterogeneous group, and not all of them report compromised well-being. Methods In this study, we investigated this heterogeneity by identifying profiles (or clusters) of well-being and their correlates in 239 CLBP patients. To take the multidimensionality of subjective well-being into account, we included multiple well-being indicators (depression, anxiety, affective distress, perceived control over life). For an in-depth characterization of the well-being profiles, we assessed 1) sociodemographic indicators (age, gender, education, marital status, occupational status), 2) pain-related measures (pain intensity, subjective and objective pain disability, number of pain locations), 3) psychosocial resources (mental health, resilience, perceived support), 4) biographical factors (trauma), and 5) somatosensory profiles based on quantitative sensory testing. Results Based on two-step cluster analysis, we identified three distinct well-being profiles, characterized by either generally high well-being (cluster 1, n  = 51), moderate well-being (cluster 2, n  = 104), or consistently low well-being (cluster 3, n  = 77), respectively. Most differences between the derived well-being profiles regarding sociodemographic, psychosocial, and biographical measures were of weak to moderate effect size. Larger effect sizes were observed for differences in pain intensity and subjective, but not objective, pain disability. Finally, the largest effects were found for differences in psychosocial resources. Conclusions Our findings suggest that not only in nonclinical samples, but also in patients with chronic pain, well-being is more closely associated with psychological resources and subjective evaluations than with objective parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bromine‐rich bromido metallates [BMIm]2[SnBr6]·(Br2) (1) and [MnBr(18‐crown‐6)]4[SnBr6]2·(Br2)4.5 (2) were prepared by the reaction of MgBr2 or MnBr2 with SnBr4, 18‐crown‐6, and elemental bromine in the ionic liquids [BMIm][N(Tf)2] and [MeBu3N][N(Tf)2] {BMIm: butyl methyl imidazolium, N(Tf)2: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide}. This sequence of reactions was motivated by previous studies in the system ZnBr2/Br2/18‐crown‐6 and here expanded to divalent cations of comparable diameter (i.e., Zn2+ with 74 pm, Mg2+ with 65 pm; Mn2+ with 91 pm). In difference to Zn2+, however, totally different compounds and structures were obtained. [BMIm]2[SnBr6]·(Br2) contains zigzag chains of [SnBr6]2– anions and Br2 that are separated by [BMIm]+ cations. In [MnBr(18‐crown‐6)]4[SnBr6]2·(Br2)4.5 dibromine molecules are interconnected by [MnBr(18‐crown‐6)]+ cations to form two‐dimensional bromine layers. Thermogravimetry shows a remarkably high temperature of 250 °C for Br2 release. The Br–Br interactions were analyzed by Raman spectra and quantum chemical calculations, resulting in a reliable assignment of the observed vibrations and a calculation of the force constants. The bromine‐rich bromido metallates [BMIm]2[SnBr6]·(Br2) and [MnBr(18‐crown‐6)]4[SnBr6]2·(Br2)4.5 were prepared by ionic‐liquid‐based synthesis and reaction of MgBr2 or MnBr2 with SnBr4, 18‐crown‐6, and elemental bromine. They point to a very different behavior of divalent cations such as Mg2+, Zn2+, or Mn2+ under similar experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a frequent medical condition among middle-aged and older adults. Its detrimental consequences for functional ability and quality of life are well known. However, less is known about associations of chronological age with disability and well-being among CLBP patients. Coping with pain may be harder with advancing age due to additional age-associated losses of physical, sensory, and other resources, resulting in higher disability and lower quality of life. Alternatively, older patients may feel less impaired and report higher quality of life than younger patients because the experience of chronic pain may be better anticipated and more "normative" in old age. Methods We investigated an age-heterogeneous sample of 228 CLBP patients (mean age = 59.1 years, SD = 10.2 years, range 41–82 years). Our outcomes were pain intensity, pain disability (as assessed by self-reported activity restrictions and performance-based tests), and measures of quality of life (health-related quality of life: SF-12 physical and mental health; well-being: anxiety, depression, perceived control over life, affective distress). Results Although older patients had higher performance-based disability, they scored higher on mental health and on most measures of well-being than younger patients. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for a "paradoxical" pattern of age effects in CLBP patients and are thus in line with other studies based on nonclinical samples: Although disability in CLBP patients increases with advancing age, indicators of quality of life are equal or even higher in older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most renal masses in the United States are incidentally detected via abdominal imaging. This has led to an increase in the incidence of small renal masses (≤4 cm). Active surveillance is, an oncologically safe option in slow growing and indolent tumors in other organs and has recently become more widely studied in small renal masses. For selected patients, particularly those who harbor significant comorbidities, active surveillance is a safe option for small renal masses. Renal biopsy may be helpful in the decision making process, but remains an optional component for the active surveillance of small renal masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In recent years, qualitative changes in self-perception have been reported in individual patients undergoing brain stimulation to treat their neurological disease. We here report a first systematic study addressing these unwanted treatment effects in a semiquantitative way. Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 (H1): Changes in self-perception can be detected and documented in patients following interventions with various neurostimulating devices using standardized assessment tools. Hypothesis 2 (H2): Central nervous-implanted neurostimulating devices (deep brain stimulation [DBS]) will have a greater impact on the patient's self-perception than "peripheral" implanted devices (implanted vagus nerve stimulation [iVNS]) and external devices (transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation [tVNS] or transcutaneous electrical trigeminal nerve stimulation [eTNS]). Methods Application of a newly developed semiquantitative questionnaire (FST-questionnaire [ Fragebogen zur Veränderung der Selbstwahrnehmung unter tiefer Hirnstimulation ]: Questionnaire regarding changes in self-perception while treated with DBS) to systematically assess changes in self-perception in a single-center, cross-sectional pilot-study at the University Hospital Freiburg, Germany on 50 patients (44% male; age 50 years [range: 27–73 years]), undergoing neurostimulation (DBS, iVNS, tVNS, or eTNS) to treat Parkinson's disease or epilepsy. Results Standardized assessment detected alterations in self-perception in all treatment groups (H1 approved). This included rare self-alienating changes in self-perception. Unexpectedly, peripheral neurostimulation had similar effects as central stimulation techniques. Conclusions Properly designed questionnaires – like the FST-questionnaire as standardized assessment tool – can detect changes in self-perception in patients during neurostimulatory treatment in a wide spectrum of brain stimulation techniques. This may provide a strategy to systematically identify the subgroup of patients liable to experience such problems during treatment already prior to treatment decisions. Highlights • Changes in self-perception can occur in patients treated with brain stimulation devices. • Standardized assessment can reveal such changes in patients using various devices. • Changes include altered aims in life and involvement in actions. • Both peripheral and central nervous stimulation techniques may cause such changes. • A subgroup of patients liable to changes in self-perception was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The English Laws Act, passed in 1858, declared the Laws of England applicable in New Zealand and cemented the hitherto alien ideology of land as property. Part of this ideology was the separation of tangata from whenua along with the separation of ownership of land from ownership of water. Māori, as tangata whenua - people of the land, made no such distinctions. Ownership affects how people 'manage' whenua (land), make decisions and account to the legal system. Under English law, financial considerations are at the forefront. In contrast, Māori kaitiakitanga values are concerned with the interests of land, understanding that the best interests of people will follow. Despite stark contrasts between the ideology of land as property and the ethics of kaitiakitanga - obligation, sustainability and nurture - Māori engage with mainstream agencies and lead by example in efforts to promote the wellbeing of people and environments in a unified approach. This paper outlines competing paradigms, changing relationships and challenges faced by communities who seek to nurture and respect whenua in the face of colonization. Interview data from Māori involved in community land-based initiatives illustrates past and present struggles and what some possibilities might be for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of antimony triiodide and aluminum triiodide at 160 °C yields orange crystals of β‐[SbI2][AlI4] (1) via gas phase deposition. This second polymorph of [SbI2][AlI4] crystallizes monoclinic in space group P21/n and is built of [SbI2]+ and [AlI4]– ions connected via long Sb–I bonds. Sb is coordinated in form of a distorted square pyramid. These SbI5 polyhedra are connected alternately by edges and corners by almost regular tetrahedral tetraiodido aluminate units to undulated [SbI2AlI4]n chains. This stands in contrast to the molecular structure of the α polymorph consisting of molecular, tetranuclear units ([SbI2][AlI4])2. The Raman vibrational spectra were calculated at density‐functional (DFT) level and compared to the experimental spectrum. Additionally, the normal modes were analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]