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Drought affects the occurrence and intensity of aeolian dust events in many ecoregions. This study investigated the effects of "drought legacy" (the cumulative temporal persistence of drought's consequences on the earth system) on dust generation, a topic which had not previously been evaluated. We investigated the potential dust/drought legacy relationship in the USA's Southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert ecoregions over 14 years, including the 2011–2012 extreme drought, at spatial distances up to 100 km around dust point sources and for up to 5 years' drought history. At every temporal and spatial scale, drought levels associated with dust initiation points in the two ecoregions were significantly different. Chihuahuan Desert dust sources concentrated in areas of severe to extreme drought, while those in the Southern Great Plains, which experiences greater land use, spanned wider ranges of drought conditions. At short temporal scales of drought (1 week and 1 year), dust initiation in the Chihuahuan Desert was associated strongly with severe to exceptional drought conditions at all spatial extents, while Southern Great Plains dust sources were linked to lower drought intensities. For longer drought histories (the past 2 and 5 years), Chihuahuan Desert dust sources were connected with moderate to severe drought, while Southern Great Plains dust sources were linked to moderate drought, at all spatial extents. Drought's legacies, extending over multiple years and kilometer scales, are shown to have roles in subsequent dust events at regional scales, though they can be regionally modulated by land use practices and ecosystem characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]