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In winter and early spring 2004 unequivocal mosaic symptoms were detected for the first time in Germany on six plants of the barley cv. ‘Tokyo’ carrying the resistance gene rym5. By serological and electron microscopic investigations Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) was identified in all plants and could be re-transmitted to cv. ‘Tokyo’ as well as to additional cultivars carrying rym5. In contrast to this, genotypes carrying the resistance genes rym1 + rym5, Rym2, rym4, rym7, rym9, rym11, rym12, rym13, Rym14 Hb, rym15 or Rym16 Hb turned out to be resistant. Furthermore, the BaMMV isolates were not transmissible to different dicotyledonous species. Sequence analyses in the VPg coding region of RNA1 revealed differences to the known sequence of the original BaMMV isolate (BaMMV-ASL1, AJ 242725) and also of a French pathotype (BaMMV-Sil, AJ 544267, AJ 544268) which is also able to overcome the resistance mediated by rym5. At least in one location a spread of the area infested by this new strain was observed in 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key words: FD&C blue no. 1; food colour; ulcerative colitis; urine colour [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

HPV-DNA integration results in dysregulation of viral oncogene expression. Because viral-cellular fusion transcripts inherently lack the viral AU-rich elements of the 3'UTR, they are considered to be more stable than episome-derived transcripts. The aim of this study is to provide formal proof for this assumption by comparing the stability of viral early transcripts derived from episomal and integrated HPV16 DNA, respectively. Full-length cDNA of three fusion transcripts comprising viral and cellular sequences in sense orientation were amplified and cloned into the adeno-viral-vector pAd/CMV/V5-DEST. The most abundant HPV16 oncogene transcript E6*I - E7 - E1 v E4-E5 with and without 3'UTR, served as reference and control, respectively. Human primary keratinocytes were transduced using high titer virus stocks. qRT-PCR was performed to determine mRNA stability in relation to GAPDH in the presence of actinomycin-D. In four independent transduction experiments, all three viral-cellular fusion transcripts were significantly more stable compared to the episome-derived reference. Among the three viral-cellular fusion transcripts the most stable transcript was devoid of the instability core motif "AUUUA". Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in the stability between the episome-derived transcripts either with or without 3'UTR, indicating that the AU-rich elements of the 3'UTR are not contributing to RNA stability. Instead, the three "AUUUA" motifs located in the untranslated region between the viral E4 and E5 genes may be responsible for the instability. This is the first report showing that authentic viral-cellular fusion transcripts are more stable than episome-derived transcripts. The longer half-life of the fusion transcripts may result in increased levels of viral oncoproteins and thereby drive the carcinogenic process.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find psychophysiological proxies that are straightforward to use and could be implemented in actual flight conditions to accurately discriminate pilots' workload levels., Background: Piloting an aircraft is a complex activity where cognitive limitations may jeopardize flight safety. There is a need to implement solutions to monitor pilots' workload level to improve flight safety. There has been recent interest in combining psychophysiological measurements. Most of these studies were conducted in flight simulators at the group level, limiting the interpretation of the results., Methods: We conducted an experiment with 11 pilots performing two standard traffic patterns in a light aircraft. Five metrics were derived from their ocular and cardiac activities and were evaluated through three flight phases: takeoff, downwind, and landing., Results: Statistical analyses showed that the saccadic rate was the most efficient metric to distinguish between the three flight phases. In addition, a classifier trained on the ocular data collected from the first run predicted the flight phase within a second run with an accuracy of 75%. No gain in the classifier accuracy has been found by combining cardiac and ocular metrics., Conclusions: Ocular-based metrics may be more suitable than cardiac ones to provide relevant information on pilots' flying activity in operational settings., Applications: Electrocardiographic and eye-tracking devices could be implemented in future cockpits as additional flight data for accident analysis, an objective pilot's state evaluation for training, and proxies for human-machine interactions to improve flight safety.

We elucidated scent components, daily emission patterns, and the localization of floral scent release of Mirabilis jalapa. Volatiles emitted by the whole plant as well as by detached flowers were investigated using dynamic headspace analysis and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Among several constituents including (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, β-myrcene, (Z)-ocimene, and benzyl benzoate, the monoterpene (E)-β-ocimene was the major fragrance component. Fragrance release occurred in a time-dependent manner. The emission of volatiles, including (E)-β-ocimene, showed an evening-specific maximum (1700-2000 pm). The emission of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate reached its maximum 3 h later. Histological (neutral red staining) and morphological studies (electron and light microscopy) of the flower surface and tissues of M. jalapa revealed differences in surface structures and tissue characteristics. The flower could be divided into four main sections, including the tube, the transition zone between tube and limb, a star-shaped center of the limb, and petaloid lobes of the limb. These petaloid lobes are the site of (E)-β-ocimene release. Stomata and trichomes found on the abaxial flower surface were not directly involved in fragrance release. Clear indications of osmophores involved in scent release could not be found. Thus, the results indicate that floral volatiles probably are released by diffuse emission in M. jalapa.