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Hunter L1, Gerritsen S1 and Egli V2 1. School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand 2. School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand Background Eating behaviours describe how and what people eat. Eating behaviours encompass a broad range of food-related activities, including food choices, eating patterns, food insecurity, and associated mealtime behaviours, such as eating with others and eating while multi-tasking (LaCaille, 2013). An individual’s social environment, physical environment, and broader macroenvironmental determinants such as public policy and socioeconomic status can influence eating behaviours (Larson & Story, 2009; Sallis et al., 2008). Crisis events, including disasters and pandemics–hereafter “crises”–impact the eating behaviours of populations because of added individual stress, agricultural disruption to the food supply chain, increased food insecurity, and potential evacuation and/or job losses that occur as a consequence of the crisis (Deaton & Deaton, 2020; Górnicka et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2016). Crisis events can restrict the ability of populations to engage in healthy eating behaviours. Global and regional crises have severe impacts on food systems, limiting access to foods that are usually eaten (Paci-Green & Berardi, 2015). Disruption of long-distance food supply chains can influence the ability of local food stores to remain stocked and deal with panic buying (Hobbs, 2020; Oscar A. Gómez S., 2013). Food insecurity occurs when there is limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate, safe and culturally acceptable foods (Holben, 2010; Ministry of Health, 2019; Parnell & Gray, 2014). Whilst the degree of food insecurity is often more pronounced in low- and middle- income countries, food insecurity in high-income countries is also of great public health concern (Parnell & Gray, 2014). Food insecurity in high-income countries has been linked to increased obesity rates, poorer health outcomes and increased rates of poor mental health (Utter et al., 2018). Previous crises such as Hurricane Katrina and the global financial crisis (GFC) have been shown to have significant regional and global impacts on eating behaviours and food access, along with other adverse outcomes, such as mass job losses, increased rates of mental illness, and decreased access to basic medical care (Loopstra et al., 2015; Rose et al., 2011; Zane et al., 2010). The current COVID-19 pandemic will have numerous short- and long-term impacts, due in part to the range of approaches each country’s governments are taking. This study aims to investigate the impacts of a range of crises on eating behaviours in order to gain insight on the most effective approaches to disaster management to guide future research and future policy. To the authors best knowledge, this is the first scoping review on this topic. Goals of this study This protocol describes the methods to be used in a scoping review on the impact of crises on population nutrition and eating behaviours in high-income countries, defined as any country with over $12 235 GNI per capita (OECD, 2016). This review will seek to understand and summarise if, how and why eating behaviours change after a crisis. Methods Search strategy Before the search, a table of key terms was developed (Appendix A) to provide a clear understanding of the definitions of all search terms and inclusion criteria. The primary search concepts used for the review were terms associated with ‘crisis’ (pandemic, COVID-19, coronavirus, Ncov-2019, Sars-cov-2, SARS, H1N1 Influenza 2009, Swine flu, Disease outbreak, natural disaster, mass casualty incident, Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Harvey, bushfire, hurricane, earthquake, cyclone, tsunami, monsoon, drought, tidal wave, typhoon, flood, avalanche, heatwave, volcanic eruption, blizzard, wildfire, terrorism, bioterrorism, school shooting, and mass violence) and terms associated with ‘eating behaviours’ (eating behaviour, eating habits, eating alone, food insecurity, food assistance, food access, dietary pattern, dietary habits, meals, mealtime environments, mealtime behaviour, mealtime characteristics, family mealtimes). An example search strategy can be seen in Appendix B. The databases used to source literature for this review were: Scopus, CINAHL Plus, and PsycInfo. A specialist public health librarian guided the use of databases and MeSH terms in the search where appropriate. Preliminary searches were run several times, and adjustments were made where necessary. Filters were used to limit the results to peer-reviewed journal articles, about humans, written in English, and published between 2000-2020. Further exclusion terms were added to the search string in order to exclude papers focusing on low- or middle- income countries. Additionally, a simple search containing only the primary concepts was run on Google Scholar in order to source any additional articles. All searches were completed in August 2020. Study selection Articles identified through the search strategy went through two stages of exclusion screening. First, the title and abstract of each article were screened by one researcher (LH) for relevance. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to determine the relevance of each article methodically. The second stage of study selection included a screening of the full text of the article by LH. The flow chart shown in Figure 1. includes a breakdown of any reason an article was excluded at this stage. If the relevance of any article was unclear, SG and VE discussed with LH to reach consensus. Inclusion criteria Any peer-reviewed journal article that explored the impact that an immediate disaster event had on any food-related issue or behaviour was included. This included eating patterns, food availability or mealtime characteristics. Due to the nature of this scoping review, all population groups were included, as well as articles regarding a wide variety of disaster events, such as Hurricane Katrina, the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, the Global Financial Crisis, and most recently, the Covid-19 pandemic. Climate change-related events were generally not included as Climate Change is not a defined event, but a long process of change (Crane et al., 2011). However, in circumstances where climate change had been the precursor to an immediate disaster in the natural world, the article was included. For example, climate change has had immediate impacts on the food environment of the Inuit people in Nunatsiavut, Canada. Articles published over the last twenty years were include in order to account for the crises that have occurred since the turn of the millennium. Only articles about high-income countries were included in order limit the scope of the review. There were no limits on study design, though editorial or commentary pieces were excluded. An outline of inclusion and exclusion criteria are attached as Appendix C. Charting the data Descriptive aspects of the included studies will be recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet: author, date, title, country, type of disaster and type of eating behaviour. The full texts will then be downloaded into NVivo v.12 and undergo deductive and inductive thematic analysis to answer the research question of how times of crises in high income countries affect eating behaviours. Figure 1. Search strategy flow chart Results As shown in Figure 1, the initial search resulted in 508 documents across all three databases. After both stages of screening, 51 articles were selected for inclusion in the review. Detailed results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal on or before January 1st, 2021. Discussion The scoping review will provide a comprehensive overview of the literature surrounding eating behaviours and crisis in high income countries. This information will benefit public health and nutrition policymakers, researchers, and service providers. Results may be used to inform future strategies for managing population food access, public health messaging and support for communities during a disaster in high-income countries. The majority of disasters that have occurred in the past have had region-specific impacts. COVID-19 will likely continue to impact contemporary life, including ongoing disruptions to social, economic and eating environments as we continue to experience resurgences of the disease (Gates, 2020). This research aims to provide greater understanding of what research is needed in the future and to synthesise what is already known. References Crane, T. A., Roncoli, C., & Hoogenboom, G. (2011). Adaptation to climate change and climate variability: The importance of understanding agriculture as performance. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 57(3), 179–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2010.11.002 Deaton, B. J., & Deaton, B. J. (2020). Food security and Canada’s agricultural system challenged by COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12227 Gates, B. (2020). Responding to Covid-19 — A Once-in-a-Century Pandemic? New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1677–1679. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2003762 Górnicka, M., Drywień, M. E., Zielinska, M. A., & Hamułka, J. (2020). Dietary and Lifestyle Changes During COVID-19 and the Subsequent Lockdowns among Polish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey PLifeCOVID-19 Study. Nutrients, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082324 Harvey, P., Proudlock, K., Clay, E., & Riley, B. (2010). Food aid and food assistance in emergency and transitional contexts. June. Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237 Holben, D. (2010). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Food Insecurity in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(9), 1368–1377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.07.015 Huang, J., Kim, Y., & Birkenmaier, J. (2016). Unemployment and household food hardship in the economic recession. Public Health Nutrition, 19(2), 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015001603 LaCaille, L. (2013). Eating Behavior BT - Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (M. D. Gellman & J. R. Turner (eds.); pp. 641–642). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1613 Larson, N., & Story, M. (2009). A Review of Environmental Influences on Food Choices. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 56–73. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9120-9 Loopstra, R., Reeves, A., & Stuckler Rachel; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7541-6209, Reeves, Aaron; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-965X, Stuckler, David; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-8401, D. A. I.-O. http://orcid. org/Loopstr. (2015). Rising food insecurity in Europe. The Lancet, 385(9982), 2041. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2815%2960983-7 Ministry of Health. (2019). Household Food Insecurity among Children: New Zealand Health Survey | Ministry of Health NZ. https://doi.org/ISBN: 978-1-98-856832-4; 978-1-98-856862-1 OECD. (2016). DAC List of ODA Recipients Effective for reporting on 2020 flows. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/DAC-List-of-ODA-Recipients-for-reporting-2020-flows.pdf Oscar A. Gómez S. (2013). The Emergence of Food Panic: Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake. Journal of Disaster Research, 8(sp), 814–825. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0814 Paci-Green, R., & Berardi, G. (2015). Do global food systems have an Achilles heel? The potential for regional food systems to support resilience in regional disasters. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 5(4), 685–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0342-9 Parnell, W. R., & Gray, A. R. (2014). Development of a food security measurement tool for New Zealand households. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(8), 1393–1401. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514002104 Rose, D., Bodor, J. N., Rice, J. C., Swalm, C. M., & Hutchinson, P. L. (2011). The effects of Hurricane Katrina on food access disparities in New Orleans. American Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 482–484. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.196659 Sallis, J., Owen, N., & Fisher, E. B. (2008). Ecological Models of Health Behavior. In Health Behavior and Health Education (Issue July, pp. 465–485). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233894824 Utter, J., Izumi, B. T., Denny, S., Fleming, T., & Clark, T. (2018). Rising food security concerns among New Zealand adolescents and association with health and wellbeing. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 13(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2017.1398175 Zane, D. F., Bayleyegn, T. M., Haywood, T. L., Wiltz-Beckham, D., Guidry, H., Sanchez, C., Wolkin, A. F., & Guidry, H. M. (2010). Community assessment for public health emergency response following Hurricane Ike--Texas, 25-30 September 2008. Prehospital & Disaster Medicine, 25(6), 503–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008670

This 3rd edition of the Evidence Snapshot is an update to the 2018 version to include additional recent evidence. In the three years since the previous edition, the evidence base for protecting our children from unhealthy food and drink marketing has grown stronger, however the updated voluntary Advertising Standards Authority Children and Young People's (CYPA) Code still offers little to no protection to children.

The first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Aotearoa New Zealand resulted in disruptions to everyday life, including changes in grocery shopping, cooking and eating. This study aimed to capture changes in behaviours and perceptions of grocery shopping and food preparation during the lockdown, and the extent to which dietary patterns changed during this period. Data were collected in an online survey of 3028 adults (89% women, mean age = 44 years, range 18–87 years, the median time in lockdown = 40 days), during Aotearoa New Zealand's lockdown Alert levels 4 (33.4%) and Level 3 (66.6%). Respondents had decreased enjoyment of grocery shopping and increased home cooking and baking from scratch. There was an overall shift toward an unhealthy dietary pattern, with some respondents reporting increased consumption of sweet snacks (41%), salty snacks (33%), alcohol (33%), and sugary drinks (20%) during the lockdown. Age moderated the effect of lockdown for nearly every measure, with adults aged under 50 years the most likely to report adverse changes to their eating behaviours and diet. Future pandemic responses by government and employers should include public health nutrition policies and mitigate the stress for younger adults and those caring for children at home.

The advertising of unhealthy food and beverages forms an important component of obesogenic environments. Such marketing to children is a key health determinant because of its impact on dietary preference and food purchasing behaviour. The location of outdoor advertising is important in exploring obesogenic environments and children's neighbourhoods. The aim of this study is to explore issues involved in the use of Google Street View to examine outdoor food and beverage advertising. The implications for using Google Street View in the context of neighbourhood built environment research and grass-roots advocacy are discussed. The study was conducted within walkable distances from 19 primary and intermediate schools in Auckland, New Zealand, where “walkable” was defined as limited by 800 m road network boundaries, which are equivalent to school buffer boundaries. Google Street View allows for centrality of data collection, coding, and storage. However, challenges exist with the method because 727 (29.4%) of a total of 2,474 outdoor advertisements that were identified were not able to be categorised because images were unclear, not in English, blocked, or at angles where detail cannot be deciphered. Specific to outdoor advertising for food and beverages, the results presented here show that children are exposed to a significantly greater number of unhealthy advertising than other advertising, P=0.001, eta-squared statistic (0.45) indicates a large effect size. Overall, the results show promise for the use of Google Street View in the study of obesogenic environments.

The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of the RE:AIM (Reach; Efficacy; Adoption; Implementation; Maintenance) framework to evaluate a school-based fundamental movement skills programme with children in Auckland, New Zealand. Seven schools registered to receive a fundamental movement skills programme were invited to participate. Principals, teachers, and children in years 1-3 (ages 5-8) of participating schools were then invited to participate in evaluation activities, comprising: objective evaluation of children’s fundamental movement skills; children’s qualitative feedback; and teacher and principal questionnaires and interviews. Survey data were analysed descriptively and children’s feedback and interview data were analysed using inductive and deductive analyses. Four schools agreed to participate, including 26 teachers. Of these, 16 teachers completed surveys, and six participated in one-on-one interviews at follow up. All children in years 1-3 (n=531) received the intervention of whom 138 agreed to participate in the evaluation. Overall, the intervention was successful; statistically significant increases in fundamental movement skills were observed, and evidence for adoption, ease of implementation, substantial reach, and maintenance of the intervention or skills developed through the intervention was observed. Success factors identified were specialist expertise, teacher professional development, and using a teaching games for understanding approach. Application of the RE:AIM framework to evaluate a school-based fundamental movement skills intervention was feasible and led to generation of in-depth insights for future research and intervention development and delivery.