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Excess fluoride intake from drinking water is a serious concern for human health posing mainly dental/skeletal fluorosis and other multiorgan manifestation. Recent research is being focus on developing a new biosorbent from calcium-rich waste materials with thermal treatment for F − removal from water since it has high affinity and greater potential for deflouridation. The present research developed a new biosorbent from waste eggshell for deflourdation from water. Taguchi's L 16 orthogonal array was used for process variables optimization to acquire the maximum F − removal. The fluoride uptake capacity of 10.69 mg / g and fluoride removal percentage of 86.67% were acquired for the eggshell sorbent at optimum values of process variables of pH: 7 ± 0.1, adsorbate concentration: 15 mg / L , agitation time: 60 min, eggshell dose: 14 g / L and temperature: 303 K. ANOVA analysis indicates the contribution of process variables in descending order as adsorbate concentration 39.76% > pH 39.33% > temperature 12.34% > biosorbent dose 6.42% > agitation time 2.14%. Freundlich isotherm and second-order kinetic model were best fitted for the sorption of fluoride. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH = 42.33 kJ / mol , and ΔS = 0.240 kJ / mol. K ) indicate endothermic and spontaneous fluoride sorption. The sorption elution studies with 0.1 N NaOH suggest the eggshell sorbent could be reused up to three cycles. The influence of co-ions was obtained as Cl − < NO 3 − < SO 4 2 − < PO 4 3 − . The eggshell sorbent was also shown feasibility for defluoridation from real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken eggshells (ESs) consist of 96%–97% calcium carbonate, while about 3%–4% consists of organic substances, mainly in the form of protein‐based membranes and occluded organic matter. Recently, ESs have been studied as a filler in polymer composite materials, which represents an innovative solution to address ES valorization. In this study, thermal and chemical treatments were investigated for membrane removal since the membrane may alter various properties when the ES fillers are added to the composite material. A nanoindentation method was used to measure changes in the ES mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the ES membrane removal through chemical treatment. The results showed that even at a heating temperature of 100°C, the ES mechanical properties were negatively affected, while a low concentration of bleach solution (25% bleach solution and 10 min of holding time) was able to remove the membrane without reducing the ES mechanical properties. The chemical treatment method offers a means for ES membrane removal while conserving the quality of the mineral fraction (calcite; CaCO3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary lysine and apparent nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (AMEn) are two key variables affecting the production of breeder hens. In this study, the effects and interactions of lysine and AMEn on yellow-feathered broiler breeder hens were investigated. A total of 720 30-week-old breeder hens were fed in a 5 (lysine: 0.56%, 0.68%, 0.80%, 0.92%, and 1.04%) × 2 (AMEn: 11.50 and 11.10 MJ/kg) factorial arrangement for 12 weeks. The productive performance, reproductive traits, biochemical variables of breeder hens, the amino acid concentration and quality of eggs, and the growth performance of offspring broilers were determined. Result: (1) Dietary lysine had quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on laying rate, average daily egg mass and feed intake/egg mass of breeder hens; birds with 11.50 MJ/kg AMEn (high AMEn) had higher (P < 0.05) BW than those with 11.10 MJ/kg AMEn (low AMEn); (2) dietary lysine significantly affected on the relative ovarian weight (quadratic and linear), and numbers of large yellow follicles (LYF, quadratic); birds with high AMEn had longer fallopian tube and more LYF than those with low AMEn (P < 0.05); (3) dietary lysine had significant effects (linear and quadratic) on eggshell thickness and shell strength of eggs from breeder hens; birds with high AMEn had thinner eggshells and deeper yolk color than those with low AMEn (P < 0.05); (4) there were higher (P < 0.05) contents of protein and concentrations of all measured animo acids (AAs) in eggs from birds fed low AMEn; (5) supplementation with high AMEn to breeder hens significantly increased the hatchability of fertilized eggs; (6) neither dietary lysine level or AMEn affected growth performance of offspring broilers; (7) both dietary lysine level and AMEn significantly affected gonadotropin concentrations and biochemical variables of breeder hens. Conclusions: Dietary lysine had significant influences on productive performance, reproductive traits, and egg quality of yellow-feathered breeder hens. Based on productive performance, the optimal levels of dietary lysine were 0.81% to 0.83%, while 0.71% to 72% lysine was enough to obtain the best quality of breeding eggs. High AMEn was more beneficial to breeder hens for reproductive traits and hatchability of the fertilized eggs, while it showed detrimental effects on eggshell thickness and AA concentrations of breeding eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggs are one of the low-cost sources of protein and are also perishable, so maintaining their internal quality during storage is particularly important. The current research was carried out with the aim of the effect of nanocomposite coating on the physicochemical changes of eggs during storage for 4 weeks. Uncoated eggs (control) and eggs treated with a two-component coating of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PC), a three-component coating of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/montmorillonite (PCM) ), and PCM coatings incorporating concentrations of 2 and 4% garlic extract were evaluated in a total of 5 treatments and 3 replicates in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the concentration-dependent antimicrobial effect of garlic extract was higher against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli. The prepared films of active three-component PCM nanocomposite had greater thickness, higher tensile strength, and elasticity, lower solubility, less elongation at break, and lower water vapor permeability (p<0.05). At the end of 4 weeks of storage, the eggs coated with active three-component PCM nanocomposites had a thicker shell (0.400 mm) and a stronger shell (0.310 kg), causing less weight loss (About 4 %), Haugh unit (70.00) and yolk index (0.43) were higher and the lowest of total viable count bacteria (4.1 log cfu/ml). Therefore, using the three-component PCM nano-coating containing 4% garlic extract as a biodegradable packaging is possible to maintain the internal quality and eggshell and increase its storage time at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During conventional pasteurization, eggs are submerged for 60 min at 56.7 °C, a lengthy and costly process that affects egg quality. Radio frequency (RF), a means to pasteurize eggs without affecting quality, is a novel option based on fast volumetric heating; however, there is scarce information about the quality of such treated food. This research consisted in a comprehensive quality study on eggs treated with RF. The RF system was operated at 40.68 MHz, 40 W and 16 W (8 min total), and 42 rpm. The quality assessment included the determination of Haugh unit, yolk index, compression strength, albumen turbidity, albumen and yolk pH, and yolk color. Additional analyses were conducted to quantify the mineral composition of the eggshell (40.68 MHz, 40 W, 42 rpm, 5.5, 8.5, and 10 min); these samples were observed by SEM. The results showed that RF did not significantly (p > 0.05) change any quality parameters. The mineral composition remained constant in processed eggs. The SEM images of RF-treated eggs showed some smooth spots; however, these areas could exist due to the high variability of the eggshells. RF is an option to process intact eggs, maintaining their fresh quality and keeping the integrity of the eggshell to ensure the food safety of the internal egg components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, approximately million tons of waste is generated from eggshells disposed of in landfills. This waste is challenging to manage because of the odor and microbiological development. However, eggshells have potential applications as a solid byproduct. They can be modified and used in various industries such as metal, polymer and ceramic composites, in the production of biodiesel, heavy metal absorption from wastewater, and even as a biomaterial to substitute bone tissues. Furthermore, eggshells can be used as a cheap adsorbent for the treatment of contaminated waterways. They are also a great source of calcium and fertilizer for plants, animals and humans. Chicken eggshells can even be used as a catalyst for converting waste frying oil into biofuel. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities of eggshell waste valorization in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEggshell waste has proved to be one of the most valuable natural sources due to its considerable contributions to several research fields. Herein, calcium oxide derived from various kinds of eggshell wastes has been introduced using the calcination method at different temperatures. The prepared micro- or nano-particles of calcium oxide are also characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and FT-IR techniques to clarify their morphological and structural aspects completely. With mild basicity, this bio-derived catalyst has been applied to the green synthesis of chalcones via the Claisen − Schmidt condensation reaction. Ultimately, the reusability of the catalyst is examined to increase the catalyst economization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the daunting challenge of climate change, driven by escalating greenhouse gas concentrations, our research introduces an innovative solution for CO2 capture. We explore a novel nanoporous carbon derived from Ulva lactuca, activated with eggshell waste, spotlighting waste valorization in mitigating atmospheric CO2. Through a systematic methodology encompassing variable carbonization temperatures (700–900 °C) and nitrogen flow rates (2–4 ml/min), complemented by a suite of characterization techniques, we unveil the synthesis of this pioneering adsorbent. Our study not only presents a novel, sustainable pathway for CO2 capture but also demonstrates superior performance, particularly with the NC800-4 sample, achieving a CO2 capture capacity of 1.40 mmol/g at 30 °C, alongside demonstrating consistent adsorption efficiency over four successive adsorption/desorption cycles. This breakthrough underscores the potential of leveraging waste for environmental remediation, offering a dual solution to waste management and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colours in nature can be pigmentary, structural or a combination of both. The prevalence, function and nanostructural origin of structural coloration in eggs is largely unknown. Stick and leaf insect eggs display a wide variety of colours, most of which are produced by pigments. The eggs of Myronides glaucus (Phasmida: Lonchodidae; Hennemann, 2021), however, show a clear purple to green iridescence. Here, we use micro‐spectrophotometry, Fourier‐transform infrared reflectance, transmission‐ and scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, finite‐difference time‐domain optical simulations and experimental approaches to elucidate the mechanism for iridescence in M. glaucus eggshells, which together reveal that iridescence is caused by thin‐film interference by a 200‐ to 450‐nm‐thick outermost layer. These results highlight the diversity of phasmid eggs and the need to study the different mechanisms and functions of structural coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The addition of alternative feed sources such as Green Tea Powder to the feed of poultry, especially laying hens, has attracted attention due to its potential benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this study—with the addition of Green Tea Powder to the diet of laying hens—is, on the one hand, to explore the beneficial effects of Green Tea Powder on the production performance and physical function of laying hens and, on the other hand, to explore the utilization of Green Tea Powder and improve the utilization rate of biological resources. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Green Tea Powder during the laying period can reduce the serum yolk weight of laying hens. The serum levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M were increased, and the serum levels of malondialdehyde were decreased. Egg shell strength and shell thickness decreased, and egg yolk color deepened. Additionally, the percentage of amino acids in the eggs increased. It is beneficial to the health of laying hens to increase the diversity of intestinal flora and improve the structure of cecum flora. This study investigated the effects of Green Tea Powder supplementation on the performance and egg quality of laying hens and ultimately guided the development of more effective and scientific animal feeding strategies. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of Green Tea Powder on the performance, egg quality, serum immune and antioxidant indices, and cecal microflora of 300-day-old Chishui black-bone chickens during the peak laying period. A total of 360 Chishui black-bone chickens were selected as the experimental animals. They were randomly allocated into four groups: the control group (CON), trial group I (T1), trial group II (T2), and trial group III (T3), each group with six replicates and 15 hens in each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% Green Tea Powder, respectively. The accommodation period was 14 d, and the experimental period was 60 d. The statistical software SPSS was used to perform a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the experimental data, and Duncan's method was used to perform multiple comparisons among groups. The results showed the following: compared with those of the control group, the average daily gain of the laying hens significantly decreased in the 1.6% Green Tea Powder group (p < 0.05); adding Green Tea Powder significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde in the serum (p < 0.05), and the addition of 0.8% tea leaves significantly increased the immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A contents (p < 0.05); the egg yolk weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, and yolk color of the laying hens significantly decreased in the 1.6% Green Tea Powder group (p < 0.05), and the addition of Green Tea Powder at the level of 2.4% significantly increased the percentage of umami, essential, and total amino acids (p < 0.05); and the structure of intestinal microorganisms was improved, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroidaceae significantly increased, while the abundance of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae significantly decreased (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In contrast to a conventional layer diet with the same nutrient content during the day, morning and afternoon feeds with different compositions are fed in a split feeding system. This system is based on the sequential need for energy, amino acids, and calcium during egg formation and might be suitable to decrease the intake and emission of nitrogen and develop a more sustainable nutrition plan for laying hens. Therefore, our study investigated the reduced or low crude protein and adjusted amino acid supply of laying hens in a split feeding system. The investigated split system resulted in a similar egg production with reduced protein intake, a more favorable feed conversion ratio, increased eggshell thickness, better digestibility of some amino acids, and a decreased nitrogen emission compared to conventional feeding. The decrease in the crude protein content of both morning and afternoon diets by 2% while maintaining important essential amino acid levels constantly led to a decreased protein intake, higher laying rate, lower egg weight, and similar nitrogen emissions of laying hens. Two model experiments were conducted to investigate the different protein and amino acid supply of laying hens fed split feeding (SF) diets. In Experiment 1, one conventional (C) and one SF dietary treatment were established, and the diets were implemented for 12 weeks. The concentrations of crude protein, SID Lys, Met, Met + Cys Arg, Val, Thr, Leu, Ile, and Trp of the SF morning diet were the same as in the C diet. The crude protein content of the SF afternoon diet was lower (92%), while the SID values of Lys, Met, Met + Cys were identical compared to the C diet (100%). The SF treatment resulted in a reduced protein/N intake, better feed conversion ratio, higher eggshell thickness and apparent ileal digestibility of Asp, Leu, Lys, Gly, and Ser, and lower concentration of N forms (total, fecal, NH4+, uric acid, urinary) in the excreta compared to the C treatment. In Experiment 2, a control and a low protein (−2% crude protein but the same SID values of Lys, Met, Met + Cys, Thr, Val) SF treatment were compared for 6 weeks. The low protein SF treatment led to a decreased protein/N intake, higher laying rate, lower egg weight, higher ileal digestibility of Ala, Asp, Leu, and Ile, and similar N emission compared to the control SF treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The genetic polymorphisms in the ovocalyxin-32 gene were studied in the present work with regard to egg quality traits in indigenous chicken populations. In the same investigation, based on exons 1 and 6, the frequencies of G/T and A/G SNPs regarding the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and their role in egg quality were determined. The T allele of the G/T SNP in exon 1 was associated with thinner shells and lower shell strength, while the A/G SNP in exon 1 resulted in eternal eggs with thicker shells in AG and AA genotypes. Regarding this, the A/G SNP in exon 6 was able to enhance shell and yolk quality in AG genotypes. These SNPs could be considered candidate genetic markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) focusing on egg quality improvement, which has additive and dominance genetic effects on phenotypic variation. This study sought to evaluate the genetic variations of the ovocalyxin-32 gene and its association with egg quality traits in indigenous chicken populations, focusing on exons 1 and 6. Genotype frequencies of SNPs (G/T and A/G) within these exons were assessed for their conformity to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) across several strains. While most strains exhibited close adherence to HWE expectations, some like light-brown and gray strains indicated substantial discrepancies, particularly for the TT genotype, which points towards the possible effects of genetic drift as well as selection pressures. This study also analyzed the influence of such SNPs on egg quality parameters. A thinner eggshell, reduced shell weight, and decreased breaking strength were associated with the G/T SNP in exon 1, suggesting a likely negative effect on egg quality in T allele carriers. Conversely, the AG genotype displayed better performance in shell thickness, weight and egg weight in the A/G SNP in exon 1, whilst yolk height was best improved by the AA genotype compared to breaking strength. For instance, in exon 6, the A/G SNP enhanced the shell and yolk quality among AG genotypes, while the CC genotype resulted in better eggshell characteristics with enlarged yolks because the C/T SNP was linked. Nonetheless, there were no significant deviations from the HWE despite these associations, which suggested that most breeds had a stable genetic background. Further, considering SNPs' additive and dominant effects in this research, it was indicated that additive effects account for phenotypic expressions given by the G/T SNP located at exon 1. In contrast, significant additive and dominant effects were observed under the A/G SNP situated at the exon. Generally, it therefore could be concluded from this study that specific SNPs within the ovocalyxin-32 gene may act as good markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) that can improve desired characteristics—such as those of egg quality—in indigenous chicken breeds. This study demonstrated that both additive and dominance effects must be taken into account when performing genetic analyses, thereby emphasizing the complexity of phenotypic variation caused by genetic mechanisms in native chicken races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Upper Cretaceous Ganzhou Basin of Jiangxi Province, South China is among one of the richest egg fossil sites in the world and yields abundant exquisite egg clutches and embryonic eggs, especially in oviraptorosaurs. Hadrosaurian, troodontid, and potential dromaeosaurid egg fossils were also reported, though they were rare. All these reported eggs vary in morphology but have relatively large sizes. Here, we report a partial egg clutch with six complete small eggs from the Upper Cretaceous Tangbian Formation of Ganzhou City, Southeast China. The microstructure of the eggshell indicates that it can be assigned to Ovaloolithidae. Hence, we established a new ootaxon, Minioolithus ganzhouensis oogen. et oosp. nov. based on a unique combination of characters, including a small egg size, irregular egg arrangement, worm-like and nodular ornamentation, and a gradual boundary between two structural layers. The egg morphology and eggshell microstructure support it to be the smallest known non-avian theropod egg up to date. This discovery increases the diversity of dinosaur eggs in the Late Cretaceous and is significant for our understanding of the evolution of theropods in the Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid supported catalysts have several synthetic applications. Herein, finely ground eggshells were used as a solid support for the preparation of transition metal (Ni, Zn, Cu, Sn and Co) based catalysts to synthesize 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (3) and dihydropyrimidinones (7 and 8). The effect of catalyst load, time and temperature on product yield was studied. Box Behnken Model was employed, and three predictors named catalyst amount (A), reaction time (B), and reaction temperature (C) were used to find the correlation of the predictors with the yield. Second order polynomial equation was used to estimate the effects of these factors. According to the statistical model, about 12% increase in yield was observed as a result of one-unit increase in reaction time while all other terms were kept constant. The values of S (18.1616) and R2 (71.2%) indicate that the statistical model gave an adequate fit to data. Quadratic model for the response surface was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, the larger F-values, and smaller p-values indicated that the predictors are in good agreement. The linear model terms of predictors were found to be significantly effective for yield (P < 0.05). The response surface and contour plots were also in agreement with the predicted model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the mechanisms underlying social evolution and caste development in social insects, caste-specific organs and genes should be investigated. In the rhinotermitid termite, Reticulitermes speratus, the lipocalin gene RS008881, which encodes a protein transporter, is expressed in the ovarian accessory glands of primary queens. To obtain additional data on its expression and product localization, we conducted real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein assays using a peptide antibody. Gene expression analysis of the castes revealed that RS008881 was highly expressed in female primary and secondary reproductives. Further analysis of its expression during reproductive caste differentiation showed that its expression levels increased prior to molting into reproductive individuals, even during the winged imago (alates) stage. Western blotting and fluorescent immunohistochemical staining revealed that the RS008881 product was localized in the ovary as well as the eggshells produced by female reproductives. RS008881 may play a significant role in the reproductive biology of R. speratus; protein localization in both the ovary and eggshell suggests multiple functions related to embryo protection and potential pheromone interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Plant extracts contain a series of bio-active ingredients. Particularly, flavonoids exert efficient bio-activity and excellent microbial modulatory capacities, which are considered to be appropriate feed additives in husbandry production. In this study, flavonoids extracted from kudzu leaf (KL) was chosen to investigate their promotive effects on the productive performance and egg quality of layer hens. The results indicate that the kudzu leaf flavonoid (KLF) supplement significantly proliferated probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp., which may have further interacted with hypothalamus genes, thus decreasing the deformity rate while increasing eggshell strength in the finishing phase. The findings indicate that KLF could be used as an effective feed additive for prolonging laying rates during the late-laying stage and may further improve feed efficiency, thus lowering costs. (1) Background: Improving feed efficiency and the vitality of the reproductive system in the late stage of the egg-laying period is of great significance for prolonging the egg-laying cycle and improving egg quality. In the present study, a new flavonoid, which was extracted from kudzu leaf, was chosen to investigate its effects on the productive performance and egg quality of late-laying hens. (2) Methods: A total of 360 500-day-old Hy-Line Brown layer hens were randomly divided into a control treatment group (no KLF supplementation), and groups that received 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% KLF supplement treatments. Each treatment contained 6 replicates, with 10 hens in each replicate. Productive performance metrics, including the daily egg production, egg weight, the number of deformed eggs, egg quality, egg density, egg shape index, eggshell strength, yolk color, and the Haugh unit, were meticulously recorded for each replicate. Furthermore, microbial communities and hypothalamus gene expressions were investigated based on the results of the productive performance and egg quality. (3) Results: KLF supplementation significantly decreased the deformity rate while significantly increasing the eggshell strength in the finishing phase afterward (p < 0.05). Specifically, hens supplemented with 0.6% KLF possessed the lowest deformed egg rate. KLF supplementation significantly increased the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium sp., Blautia sp., Lactococcus sp., and Lactobacillus sp., while significantly decreasing Parasutterella sp. and Escherichia-Shigella sp. (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the interactive analysis showed the hypothalamus gene expression mainly interacted with probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp., through ribosome biogenesis, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cAMP signaling pathways. (4) Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that KLF supplementation significantly proliferated probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which may have further interacted with hypothalamus genes, thus decreasing the deformity rate while increasing eggshell strength in the finishing phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Moringa oleifera leaves present enormous potential as an alternative feedstuff for laying hens. The utilisation of the leaves can be improved by exogenous enzymes owing to the presence of non-starch polysaccharides and phytate. Aims: This study evaluated the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOL) in diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase on laying hen performance and egg quality at peak production. Methods: In total, 288 Dekalb White laying hens (32 weeks old) were distributed in a completely randomised design, following a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (with or without MOL × 4 enzyme supplementations). Each treatment comprised six repetitions, each containing six hens. The control diet was based on ground corn and soybean meal, and the treatment diets were supplemented with 5% MOL, followed by three enzyme additives (xylanase, phytase and a xylanase + phytase blend). Key results: The enzyme supplementation in MOL diets positively influenced egg production (P = 0.012), egg weight (P = 0.021) and egg mass (P = 0.009). The birds offered xylanase-supplemented diets had higher feed intakes (P = 0.015) than did those fed other diets. Moringa oleifera increased the albumen height (P < 0.001) and Haugh unit (P < 0.001), whereas MOL and phytase improved eggshell thickness (P < 0.001) and the candling score (P = 0.049), compared with treatments without phytase supplementation. MOL and enzyme supplementation improved yolk colour intensity (L, A and R parameters) and decreased plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. The inclusion of 5% MOL in diets did not impair laying performance. However, when MOL diets were supplemented with exogenous enzymes, there was an increase in egg weight. Conclusions: MOL can be included at 5% in layer diets without affecting performance. When used in combination with xylanase and phytase, they improve performance, intensify yolk colour, and improve shell thickness, candling score, as well as serum biochemical profile. Implications: These findings suggest that the combination of dietary MOL + xylanase + phytase can improve performance and egg quality in laying hens at peak production. The use of alternative foods, as well as additives that improve the use of these foods for birds, is an area of study that is constantly growing owing to the constant search for ingredients that make feed cheaper. Several studies have already used Moringa oleifera as an alternative food in poultry diets; however, studies that combine this food with exogenous enzymes, additives that can improve its use and bring benefits to the animals' health, are still almost non-existent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of phytase on the performance, egg quality and gut health of white laying hens. 2. Treatments consisted of a negative control (NC) diet containing 0.14% available phosphorus (avP), positive control (PC) diet containing 0.35% avP provided via dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and DCP replaced in the PC by with three graded levels of phytase derived from Komagataella phaffii at 500 (PC-500), 750 (PC-750) and 1000 (PC-1000) FTU/kg which provided 0.176%, 0.188% and 0.200% of avP, respectively. 3. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and jejunal morphometry were negatively affected in NC-fed birds (p < 0.05). Considering the whole period, birds fed a diet supplemented with graded levels of phytase shared the same egg production and feed intake levels with PC birds (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was significantly lowered by 4.9%, 1.6% and 7.6% in hens fed on diets PC-500, PC-750 and PC-1000, respectively compared to those fed the PC (p < 0.05). 4. Neither of the dietary treatments affected cracked eggs, dirty eggs, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness. Dietary supplementation of phytase significantly increased villus surface area by 15%, 36% and 40% in PC-500, PC-750 and PC-1000 birds, respectively compared to PC (p < 0.05). 5. A significant increase in lactobacillus count was observed in line with increasing the level of phytase (p < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effect on the caecal coliform or aerobic populations. Furthermore, phytase supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of total caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA; p < 0.01). 6. In conclusion, along with improving performance parameters, the inclusion of phytase in laying hen diets can ameliorate intestinal morphology and stimulate caecal microflora and increase SCFA concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of filler materials to enhance the properties of fibre-reinforced plastics is a prevalent practise in materials science. Calcium carbonate is a commonly used inorganic filler in composite fabrication. Eggshell, a rich source of calcium carbonate, offers an organic alternative to conventional inorganic fillers. This study investigates the efficacy of different types of eggshells as filler materials. Three variants, viz., unhatched raw eggshell, unhatched boiled eggshell, and post-hatched eggshell, were used to fabricate composite variants, which were then subjected to mechanical characterization and compared with unfilled composites. The results indicated that composites filled with unhatched eggshells outperformed those with post-hatched eggshells. Tensile testing revealed a significant enhancement in the tensile properties of all eggshell-filled composites in comparison to the unfilled ones. The composite variant filled with unhatched raw eggshell filler showcased the utmost tensile modulus and strength, with a notable 36% improvement in comparison with the unfilled variant. Similarly, flexural tests demonstrated a 53% increase in flexural strength for unhatched raw eggshell-filled composites over unfilled composites. SEM imaging confirmed these findings by showing crack arrests, deviations, particle distribution, and strong interfacial bonding in the eggshell-filled composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and buildup of eggshell waste represents a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that uncontrolled disposal of generated eggshell waste relates to a sustainability concern for the environment. The opportunity relates to utilization of this biomass resource via recycling for waste valorization, cleaner production, and development of a circular economy. This review explores the development of eggshell powder (ESP) from eggshell waste and a coverage of various ESP composite sorbents with an emphasis on their potential utility as adsorbent materials for model pollutants in solid–liquid systems. An overview of literature since 2014 outlines the development of eggshell powder (ESP) and ESP composite adsorbents for solid–liquid adsorption processes. The isolation and treatment of ESP in its pristine or modified forms by various thermal or chemical treatments, along with the preparation of ESP biocomposites is described. An overview of the physico-chemical characterization of ESP and its biocomposites include an assessment of the adsorption properties with various model pollutants (cations, anions, and organic dyes). A coverage of equilibrium and kinetic adsorption isotherm models is provided, along with relevant thermodynamic parameters that govern the adsorption process for ESP-based adsorbents. This review reveals that ESP biocomposite adsorbents represent an emerging class of sustainable materials with tailored properties via modular synthetic strategies. This review will serve to encourage the recycling and utilization of eggshell biomass waste and its valorization as potential adsorbent systems. The impact of such ESP biosorbents cover a diverse range of adsorption-based applications from environmental remediation to slow-release fertilizer carrier systems in agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the reproductive ecology and effects of egg parasitism on the Samoan swallowtail butterfly (Papilio godeffroyi), which survives only on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, after having disappeared from the much larger islands of Upolu and Savai'i in independent Samoa. During monthly surveys of its only known host plant, Micromelum minutum, across eight sites in 2013 and 2014, we collected eggs, eggshells, larvae, pupae, and pupal exuviae. Live specimens were reared under laboratory conditions to determine reproductive outcomes, developmental rates, and sex ratios, as well as parasitoid attack frequencies, brood sizes, and sex ratios. Sixty‐six of 448 (14.7%) eggs produced larvae, 47 of which became adults. The sex ratio was approximately even overall and within each developmental stage. Eggs were slightly larger on individual host trees and in host tree stands that yielded more eggs per unit of foliage, indicating that ovipositing females responded to some features of host trees and stands. Eggs hatching female or male larvae were similar in size, and the sexes developed at similar rates. A newly described species of parasitoid wasp, Ooencyrtus pitosina (Encyrtidae), emerged from 73.6% of 382 butterfly eggs that failed to hatch in the laboratory (62.7% of 448 eggs overall). Forty‐one other eggs contained dead parasitoid larvae. An additional, unidentified Ooencyrtus wasp species emerged from a single P. godeffroyi egg. No parasitoids were reared from P. godeffroyi larvae or pupae. Of 656 P. godeffroyi eggshells collected in the field and examined in the laboratory, 62.2% showed signs of having been parasitized by O. pitosina. There was no evidence that parasitism rates were density‐dependent. O. pitosina brood sizes ranged from 1 to 5, with the sex ratio skewed toward females (2.40 F:1.00 M). Larger parasitoid broods were associated with slightly larger host eggs, indicating that female wasps may adjust brood size according to host egg size or that fewer wasp larvae are able to complete development in smaller eggs. Techniques used to rear both P. godeffroyi and O. pitosina in the laboratory could be applied to a captive‐rear, wild‐release program, which may facilitate reestablishment of the species in Samoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to evaluate how the particle size of a waste filler in the form of eggshells changes the mechanical properties of biopoly(ethylene terephthalate) (bioPET). BioPET was modified with three different waste fractions: 1.60–3 mm—large particles; 1.60–1 mm—medium particles; 1 mm–200 μm—small particles. Waste filler was added to the biopolymer matrix in the amount of 10 wt.%. Static tensile tests, as well as bending and impact tests, were carried out to assess the strength properties of the waste-enriched materials. Dissipation energy changes and relaxation processes were observed and evaluated by means of a low-cycle dynamic test. Waste particles were shown to be an effective modifier of bioPET by increasing its stiffness (all particle sizes) and strength (the smallest ones). Studies of the wetting angle and mechanical energy dissipation in the first hysteresis loops indicate the better adhesion of small particles to the biopolymer and their greater ability to dissipate mechanical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT There is a current lack of consensus on whether the ancestral parity mode was oviparity (egg‐laying) or viviparity (live‐birth) in amniotes and particularly in squamates (snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenids). How transitions between parity modes occur at the genomic level has primary importance for how science conceptualises the origin of amniotes, and highly variable parity modes in Squamata. Synthesising literature from medicine, poultry science, reproductive biology, and evolutionary biology, I review the genomics and physiology of five broad processes (here termed the ‘Main Five’) expected to change during transitions between parity modes: eggshell formation, embryonic retention, placentation, calcium transport, and maternal–fetal immune dynamics. Throughout, I offer alternative perspectives and testable hypotheses regarding proximate causes of parity mode evolution in amniotes and squamates. If viviparity did evolve early in the history of lepidosaurs, I offer the nucleation site hypothesis as a proximate explanation. The framework of this hypothesis can be extended to amniotes to infer their ancestral state. I also provide a mechanism and hypothesis on how squamates may transition from viviparity to oviparity and make predictions about the directionality of transitions in three species. After considering evidence for differing perspectives on amniote origins, I offer a framework that unifies (i) the extended embryonic retention model and (ii) the traditional model which describes the amniote egg as an adaptation to the terrestrial environment. Additionally, this review contextualises the origin of amniotes and parity mode evolution within Medawar's paradigm. Medawar posited that pregnancy could be supported by immunosuppression, inertness, evasion, or immunological barriers. I demonstrate that this does not support gestation or gravidity across most amniotes but may be an adequate paradigm to explain how the first amniote tolerated internal fertilization and delayed egg deposition. In this context, the eggshell can be thought of as an immunological barrier. If serving as a barrier underpins the origin of the amniote eggshell, there should be evidence that oviparous gravidity can be met with a lack of immunological responses in utero. Rare examples of two species that differentially express very few genes during gravidity, suggestive of an absent immunological reaction to oviparous gravidity, are two skinks Lampropholis guichenoti and Lerista bougainvillii. These species may serve as good models for the original amniote egg. Overall, this review grounds itself in the historical literature while offering a modern perspective on the origin of amniotes. I encourage the scientific community to utilise this review as a resource in evolutionary and comparative genomics studies, embrace the complexity of the system, and thoughtfully consider the frameworks proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was aimed at predicting a still (i.e., dead) vs. live embryo within a hatching goose egg by measuring the eggshell cooling rate. For this, we daily measured the temperature (T) values on the shell surface of goose eggs after they were removed from the incubator and during further natural cooling. T was recorded every 0.5 h for further 1.5 h of cooling. It was possible to recognize eggs with dead embryos using the combination of T , egg weight (W), and surface area (S). The resultant indicator (TS / W) was called specific temperature index (STI). The mathematical relationship using STI measurements between Days 8–13 facilitated 80 % correct identification of the eggs with dead embryos. Additionally, we derived mathematical dependencies for shell weight (W s) and thickness (t) by utilizing the values of W , egg volume (V), S , the average T of all measurements taken, as well as the drop in T during 1.5 h of natural cooling. The key advantage of these parameters was their measurement and/or calculation by applying non-destructive methods. The integrated application of these parameters resulted in achieving high calculation accuracy as judged by correlation coefficients of 0.908 for W s and 0.593 for t. These novel mathematical models have the potential to decrease hatching waste by predicting embryo viability. Our research will add to a toolkit for non-invasive egg assessment that is useful in the poultry industry, research on eggs, and engineering. [Display omitted] • We aimed at predicting still (dead) vs. live embryos in goose eggs by cooling rate. • We measured shell surface temperature (T) during natural cooling for 1.5 h. • Specific temperature index was derived to predict correct identification of eggs. • We propose this index to predict eggs with dead embryos and reduce hatching waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia decomposition is a key technology for its use as a hydrogen carrier and in the recovery of H 2 from waste streams containing ammonia. The coupling of the catalytic decomposition of ammonia with an H 2 permeoselective membrane improves the process by mitigating thermodynamic constraints and producing a flux of high-purity hydrogen, not requiring further separation/purification. In this study, we compare the behaviour of an eggshell catalyst 1.3 wt % Ru/Al 2 O 3 catalyst in a packed bed reactor (PBR) and a packed bed membrane reactor (PBMR) using an ultrathin Pd membrane (3.4 μm). Tests were made at 11 bar(a) with a weight hourly space velocity of NH 3 in the 0.560–1.68 Lꞏg−1ꞏh−1 range and temperatures of 350–400 °C, e.g. milder conditions than the conventional ammonia cracking catalysts. Under optimised conditions (0.56 Lꞏg−1ꞏh−1, 400 °C, sweep gas flow 0.55 L min−1), the PBMR shows excellent performance, achieving NH 3 conversion, H 2 productivity and recovery factor of 99%, 47 mmol H2 ·g Ru −1·min−1, and 94.9%, respectively. PBMR increases by ∼50% the conversion rate compared to PBR. Without a sweep gas, PBMR performances are lower, even still higher than in PBR. For the first time, superior or comparable performance was demonstrated compared to similar systems using pure ammonia in terms of conversion, hydrogen recovery, H 2 productivity, and Ru utilisation. These results can be further enhanced with vacuum systems to convert diluted ammonia streams into high-purity hydrogen for small-scale distributed systems and can be extended to other reactions. • An egg-shell Ru/Al 2 O 3 with an ultra-thin Pd membrane achieved 99% NH 3 conversion at 400 °C in PBMR, outperforming PBR. • Ultra-thin Pd membranes and sweep gas allow 94.88% H 2 recovery factor by decomposition of diluted ammonia. • Dilute NH 3 can improve safety and decrease noble metal usage, offering economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the evolutionary architecture of female sexual traits and their potential evolvability is important to understand their possible role as postmating sexual signals. Egg colouration has been proposed to be one of these postmating sexual signals, honestly advertising female quality in birds, especially in blue-green laying species. In this study, we used an animal model in a Bayesian framework to estimate the evolvability of multiple descriptors of blue-green egg colouration and egg size in a wild long-term monitored population of spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor). Our results show low to moderate heritability (h2 = 0.31–0.44) for 3 egg colour descriptors (blue-green chroma, chroma, and lightness) and egg size. Using the coefficient of additive genetic variance (CVA) and the evolvability (IA) as proxies of evolutionary potential of all components of this trait, we found low values of CVA for all these variables, suggesting a small evolutionary potential of these phenotypic traits, contrasting to previous results reported in another blue-green egg laying species. Our results indicate a modest raw genetic material of this trait on which sexual selection can act upon and, therefore, a small probability for these traits to respond easily to selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies have focused on skin damage, the most prevalent physical injury, aiming to improve wound healing. The exploration of biomaterials, specifically eggshell membranes (ESMs), is undertaken to accelerate the recovery of skin injuries. The membrane must be separated from the shell to make this biomaterial usable. Hence, this investigation aimed to identify more about the methods for membrane isolation and determine the most efficient one for usage as a biomaterial. Methods and materials: For this purpose, ESM was removed from eggs using different protocols (with sodium carbonate, acetic acid, HCl, calcium carbonate, and using forceps for separation). Consequently, we have examined the membranes' mechanical and morphological qualities. Results: According to the analysis of microscopic surface morphology, the membranes have appropriate porosity. MTT assay also revealed that the membranes have no cytotoxic effect on 3T3 cells. The results indicated that the ESM had acquired acceptable coagulation and was compatible with blood. Based on the obtained results, Provacol 4 (0.5‐mol HCl and neutralized with 0.1‐mol NaOH) was better than other methods of extraction and eggshell separation because it was more cell‐compatible and more compatible with blood. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ESMs can be used as a suitable biomaterial in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the rheologic, textural, and sensory characteristics of bread that has been fortified with eggshell powder (ESP) obtained from various dietary and growing conditions (industrial, organic, free range, and village). The fortification of ESP led to a reduction in water absorbtion capacity, stability, softening degree, maximum resistance, energy, and resistance to extension, while the value of extensibility increased. The highest water absorption value was observed in bread flour with a percentage of 61.9, whereas among breads with ESP fortification, the highest water absorption value was 61.2% in S1 (23.5 g) and S2 (30 g) village ESP-added flours. Only the extensibility value increased when ESP was added, but the effects on water absorption, stability, softening degree, maximum resistance, energy, and resistance to extension declined. The addition of ESP results in significant changes in chewiness, springiness, resilience, and cohesiveness (p≤0.05), but the gumminess value is found to be insignificant (p≥0.05). Through sensory evaluation, all bread samples received scores of 3.77-4.46 on a 5-point scale. The rheological, textural and sensory analyses results obtained from the control and fortified bread samples demonstrated that the inclusion of calcium from egg shell powder improved the structural properties of the flour. In addition, the utilization of eggshell powder at its maximum concentration (30 g) did not yield any detrimental consequences for the dough or the bread production process. Based on a comprehensive analysis, it is concluded that including ESP in bread is an appropriate strategy for dealing with calcium deficiency and is in line with consumer acceptability and bread production technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collected Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) eggshells from nests in the Tucson, Arizona, USA, area in the 1990s incidental to other activities and compared them to pre-DDT Cooper's Hawk eggshells (119 museum specimens from 14 states, 1894–1939) ranging from 0.284–0.402 mm (x̄= 0.348 mm, SD = 0.0243) and we also compared them to reported thicknesses found in the literature. We found that within-state eggshell thickness varied as did eggshell thickness among states. Of the pre-DDT eggshells measured, those from Arizona, Utah, and Nevada were thinnest and generally eggs from western states (x̄= 0.339 mm, SD = 0.0184) had significantly thinner eggshells than those for eastern states (x̄= 0.359 mm, SD = 0.0256). Other published measurements of pre-DDT Cooper's Hawk eggshells were slightly lower than ours but were generally within the lower range of our measurements, which was expected because of the measuring technique used in earlier studies versus our method. Cooper's Hawk eggshells that were collected from nests in the Tucson area in the 1990s had a mean thickness of 0.309 mm (SD = 0.0191) and the pre-DDT mean thickness of museum eggshells from Arizona was 0.333 mm (SD = 0.018). Although the Tucson eggshells were significantly thinner than pre-DDT eggshells overall (t = 10.8, df = 100.4, P < 0.001), some individual pre-DDT eggshells and even some means from other regions (e.g., New Hampshire, New York, and Nevada) were similarly thin. Measurements of these pre-DDT eggshells show wide variation and demonstrate the importance of comparing eggs from the same geographical area and having an adequate sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the exceptional qualities, nano-hydroxyapatites, or n-HA, are excellent materials for diverse applications. It is simple and convenient to synthesize from various natural ingredients. The synthesis of n-HA from eggshells, a typical domestic waste product in the neighborhood, was the primary goal of this study project. This synthesis of n-HA was performed using ammonia and orthophosphoric acid as chemical reagents. The synthesized n-HA have been characterized by UV (Ultraviolet), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis. The peak formed by the UV analysis verified the successful formation of n-HA in the solution. The bandgap has been determined through additional research on the UV data. The SEM and TEM images show the size and form of the synthesized n-HA. Based on TEM observations, the synthesized n-HA has a size in the range of 10 to 40 nm. The peak ensures the n-HA's crystallinity that the XRD analysis produced. The obtained crystallinity was 74%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food packaging plays a crucial role in the food supply chain by aiding in food preservation and reducing food losses throughout the distribution process. The extensive, unregulated utilization, and waste mismanagement of food packaging materials made up of conventional petroleum‐based plastics has led to a significant environmental crisis. Egg components‐based food packaging has attracted considerable attention from the global packaging industry as a viable alternative to synthetic polymers due to its biodegradability, sustainability, and health‐related benefits. This comprehensive review explores the composition and properties of egg components (eggshell, eggshell membrane, egg white, and egg yolk), and recent advancements in biodegradable packaging films derived from them. Additionally, it introduces the characteristics of these films and their applications in food, highlighting their biodegradability, sustainability, and suitable mechanical, barrier, thermal, optical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties as substitutes for traditional synthetic polymers. The utilization of various egg components in the packaging industry is a safe, non‐toxic, cost‐effective, and economical approach. However, it was found that incorporating active compounds from natural sources into packaging films, as well as composite films composed of egg components combined with other biopolymers, resulted in superior properties, compared to single component films. Moreover, the application of novel technologies in film development has proven to be more effective than conventional methods. These innovative egg components‐based packaging films can be optimized and commercialized for use as packaging materials for food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Phytoseiulus persimilis specialized in preying on Tetranychus species, with particularly strong predation capability against Tetranychus urticae. To investigate the morphology of female reproductive structures and effects of different gravid times on structures of oocytes and embryos in Phytoseiulus persimilis, we employed paraffin sectioning, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the model species of predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. The female adult possessed several reproductive organs, including paired solenostomes, major ducts, embolus, calyces, and vesicles within the sperm-access system, as well as lyrate organ and the ovary. Furthermore, the reproductive system also encompassed the uterus, vagina, and genital pore, which were involved in egg development and expulsion. The solenostomes were situated between the third and fourth legs, and they were scarcely discernible in virgin, but they became apparent during mating. The occurrence of mating significantly influenced the nucleus of lyrate organ. In virgin, the nucleus exhibited underdeveloped morphology, whereas in mated individuals, it was well-formed. However, the duration of mating did not impact its development. The cellular structure of the ovary was solely associated with the stage of the surrounding oocyte and was not directly linked to mating occurrences. The uterus was barely visible outside of mating periods but became observable 12 h after mating when eggs were present within the body. At this point, it opened in preparation for egg laying when both the vagina and reproductive opening were open. Positioned in front of the vesicle but behind the ovary was the lyrate organ, with its lower part housing the uterus. The vagina was connected to the genital pore. No significant difference was observed in oocyte morphology between the virgin ovaries and the mated. Oocyte development occurred through four stages: during stage I (4–9 h after mating), yolk accumulation took place; stage II (10 h after mating) involved egg relocation; stage III (12–13 h after mating) was marked by eggshell formation; finally, at stage IV (14–16 h after mating), embryonic development commenced, leading to egg deposition. The fusion of sperm and egg occurred approximately 9–10 h after mating. These findings established a solid foundation for investigating the Phytoseiid reproductive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a combination of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and ultraviolet (UV) 222 nm with plasma-activated hydrogen peroxide (PAHP) pre-treatment to optimise the pasteurisation of fresh eggs and to investigate their freshness quality. The optimal treatment conditions (power density of 2.5 W/cm3, treatment distance of 7.8 cm, and an airflow rate of 4 m3/min) resulted in significant reductions in Salmonella Enteritidis by 1.25 log CFU/egg, Campylobacter jejuni by 1.47 log CFU/egg, and Staphylococcus aureus by 2.32 log CFU/egg. The pasteurisation mechanism was attributed to reactive oxygen species particles generated by the plasma and enhanced plasma micro-discharges induced by UV light. Importantly, the freshness quality of the eggs, including various parameters such as Haugh unit, yolk index, eggshell hardness, egg yolk pH value, eggshell thickness, and egg yolk colour, remained unchanged during shelf-life storage under refrigeration conditions. Overall, the combination of PAHP pre-treatment and cold atmospheric plasma fusion of 222 nm ultraviolet proved effective in sterilising and preserving fresh eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the challenges in the management of Kinosternon scorpioides is related to egg quality, since mineral deficiencies affect egg production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructure and mineral composition of eggshells, and their relation to K. scorpioides embryonic skeletogenesis. Eggs were collected, incubated and distributed into three groups: 1- pre-ossification (PO); 2- bone ossification (BO); and 3- complete ossification (CO). Nine samples were included in the PO and BO groups, and six in the CO group, for a total of 24 eggs. The morphological and mineral analyses of the eggs were performed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The embryos from the BO and CO groups were cleared with potassium hydroxide and stained with alcian blue and alizarin red to observe osteogenesis. The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the amount of shell calcium between the PO (63.14%) and CO (41.95%) groups, as well as in the shell thickness between the same groups (PO: 305.38 ± 60.27 μm; CO: 197.67 ± 40.28 μm), and BO (289.56 ± 55.87 μm) and CO groups. It is suggested that the gradual mobilization of calcium by the embryo is reflected in the decrease in shell thickness. In addition, the first structures to ossify were the dermatocranium and mandible. The CO group, in which the individuals all had established bone structures, had the lowest calcium concentration of eggshells. Approximately 21% of the shell calcium was absorbed, which suggests participation in the embryo skeletogenesis. Understanding calcium dynamics as they relate to shell quality and embryonic development of K. scorpioides highlights the importance of including this mineral in the diet of breeding females and, consequently, in improving offspring production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eggshell waste was utilized to reduce environmental pollution. • Different valorization pathways were studied to use it in diverse applications. • Structural aspects of eggshell can be help to understand the different applications. • Eggshells can be used for removal of heavy metals. • Calcined Eggshells are efficient sorbent material for flue gases. The large-scale production of chicken eggs results in a substantial amount of eggshell (ES) residue, often considered as waste. These discarded shells naturally decompose in soil approximately within a year. Eggshells (ES), comparatively contribute lesser towards environmental pollution, contain a remarkable amount of calcium, which can be converted into various valuable products that finds applications in industries, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. Among the diverse applications of ES, most effective and promising applications are removal of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu) ∼93–99 % metal adsorption capacity and capturing of flue gases (CO 2 and SO 2) from the environment. With ES having a maximum CO 2 sorption capacity of 92 % as compared to other sources, and SO 2 adsorption capacity of Calcined ES∼11.68 mg/g. The abundance, low cost and easy availability of CaO from ES makes them sustainable and eco-friendly. Additionally, its versatility extends beyond environmental prospects, as it is widely used in various industries as a catalyst, sorbent, fertilizer, and calcium supplement in food for individuals, plants and animals, among other diverse fields of study. Owing to its versatile applications, current review focuses on structure, chemical composition, treatment methods, and valorization pathways for diverse applications, aiming to reduce the eggshells waste and mitigate environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of spargel / dPGC-1 in Drosophila oogenesis has been unequivocally established. Here, we sought to assess whether Spargel protein or RNA is essential for developmentally competent eggs. The trans-heterozygotic combination of two spargel mutant alleles allowed us to decrease Spargel expression to very low levels. Using this model, we now demonstrated the requirement for Spargel in eggshell patterning and embryonic development, which led us to establish that spargel is a maternal effect gene. Further examination of Spargel's potential mechanism of action in eggshell biogenesis revealed that low levels of Spargel in the adult ovary cause diminished Cyclin E activity, resulting in reduced chorion gene amplification levels, leading to eggshell biogenesis defects. Thus, another novel role for spargel/dPGC-1 is exposed whereby, through Cyclin E activity, this conserved transcriptional coactivator regulates the chorion gene amplification process. [Display omitted] • Spargel, an ancestral PGC-1 ortholog, acts as a maternal effect gene. • Reduced Spargel leads to eggshell patterning and eggshell biogenesis defects. • Spargel deficiency impairs chorion synthesis associated with insufficient Cyclin E activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) reinforcement technology has emerged as an innovative approach for soil improvement. In this study, kitchen waste eggshell powder was used as an additive material for EICP. The high external surface area and affinity for calcium ions of eggshell powder, which render it a suitable nucleation site for calcium carbonate precipitation. Experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of eggshell powder, by increasing the number of nucleation sites and promoting calcium carbonate precipitation, reduces the inhibition of enzyme products, modulates the precipitation pattern of calcium carbonate, improves particle size distribution, and consequently significantly enhances the unconfined compressive strength of the samples. Furthermore, a neutral pH is achieved within the reaction system without the addition of any acid, thus preventing significant ammonia emissions. This underscores the potential of kitchen waste eggshells for recycling in biocement applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sustained drug delivery system (DDS) for clinically relevant osteosarcoma medications is a promising strategy for treatment. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) microbeads loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and cis-diamminedichloroplatin (CDDP) anticancer drugs in a matrix of hydroxyapatite-keratin-polyvinyl alcohol composite matrix scaffolds (HAp-K-PVA) was developed as promising DDS. HAp, β-TCP, and K utilized for the development of DDS were resourced from avian eggshells and human hairs, respectively, and duly characterized before application. Methods The β-TCP/alginate microbeads were fabricated using droplet extrusion and ionotropic gelation, and integrated into secondary drug carrier HAp-K-PVA composite matrix, via freeze gelation. The physicochemical and thermal characterization of developed microbeads and matrix scaffolds was performed. Results When DOX and CDDP were co-loaded in DDS, a synergistic impact was observed after 30 days of continuous release, in contrast to the immediate outburst as seen with individual DOX and CDDP releases. Besides, the drug release from the microbeads only, the release with the HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds was observed slower. The controlled release, antibacterial effectiveness against the test pathogens and cell viability with osteoblast-like osteosarcoma (UTOS) cells indicated the therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma in situ. The cell viability was observed for 24 h, which showed nearly 90% after 24 h for HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds, decreased for all the scaffold groups after 72 h, indicating the enhancement due to combined synergistic effect of the co-loaded drugs. Conclusion This study established a promising foundation for novel and sustainable biomaterials for osteosarcoma treatment. Further advancement holds the potential to enhance patient clinical outcomes and foster advancements in the field of regenerative medicine.

1. This study evaluated the effects of cyclic eggshell temperature between 10 and 14 d of embryogenesis on traits viz. the expression of MYOZ2, PPARγ and GPx7 in breast muscle, meat quality and incidence of white striping at slaughter age.2. Eggs were obtained from Cobb and Ross broiler breeders to investigate the response of breeds to eggshell temperature, which regulated air temperature. A total of 784 eggs were incubated at either the control eggshell temperature (37.8°C) from 0 to 18 d or exposed to cyclic high eggshell temperature (CHT) at 38.8°C for 6 h/d between 10 and 14 d of incubation. The temperature was 36.8°C between 18 and 21 d. Hatched chicks were reared under optimum rearing conditions. The birds were sampled at 19 d of incubation, at hatch and at 42 d post-hatch.3. There was no effect of eggshell temperature on yolk-free body weight and residual yolk sac weight. The CHT chicks had wider breasts on the day of hatching.4. At hatch and 42d post-hatch, PPARγ expression in Cobb-CHT was upregulated 4.78-fold and downregulated 3.28-fold, respectively, compared to the Cobb-control. At slaughter age, chickens from Ross-CHT had 1.98- and 2.33-fold upregulated PPARγ and GPX7 expressions, respectively, compared to Ross-control. The CHT increased GPx7 expression in the Cobb-CHT day-old chicks compared to the Cobb-control. On ED19, MYOZ2 expression was upregulated in Cobb and downregulated in Ross by CHT.5. The effects of breed and eggshell temperature on pH15, L*, a*, expressible juice and cooking loss were not significant. The CHT increased the incidence of severe white striping lesions in Ross chickens.6. It was concluded eggshell temperature modulated embryo development, incidence of white striping and expression of related genes differently in the two commercial breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sustained drug delivery system (DDS) for clinically relevant osteosarcoma medications is a promising strategy for treatment. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) microbeads loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and cis-diamminedichloroplatin (CDDP) anticancer drugs in a matrix of hydroxyapatite-keratin-polyvinyl alcohol composite matrix scaffolds (HAp-K-PVA) was developed as promising DDS. HAp, β-TCP, and K utilized for the development of DDS were resourced from avian eggshells and human hairs, respectively, and duly characterized before application. Methods: The β-TCP/alginate microbeads were fabricated using droplet extrusion and ionotropic gelation, and integrated into secondary drug carrier HAp-K-PVA composite matrix, via freeze gelation. The physicochemical and thermal characterization of developed microbeads and matrix scaffolds was performed. Results: When DOX and CDDP were co-loaded in DDS, a synergistic impact was observed after 30 days of continuous release, in contrast to the immediate outburst as seen with individual DOX and CDDP releases. Besides, the drug release from the microbeads only, the release with the HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds was observed slower. The controlled release, antibacterial effectiveness against the test pathogens and cell viability with osteoblast-like osteosarcoma (UTOS) cells indicated the therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma in situ. The cell viability was observed for 24 h, which showed nearly 90% after 24 h for HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds, decreased for all the scaffold groups after 72 h, indicating the enhancement due to combined synergistic effect of the co-loaded drugs. Conclusion: This study established a promising foundation for novel and sustainable biomaterials for osteosarcoma treatment. Further advancement holds the potential to enhance patient clinical outcomes and foster advancements in the field of regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salted duck egg yolk, a key ingredient in various specialty foods in China, frequently contains broken eggshell fragments embedded in the yolk due to high-speed shell-breaking processes, which pose significant food safety risks. This paper presents an online detection method, YOLOv7-SEY-DeepSORT (salted egg yolk, SEY), designed to integrate an enhanced YOLOv7 with DeepSORT for real-time and accurate identification of salted egg yolks with impurities on production lines. The proposed method utilizes YOLOv7 as the core network, incorporating multiple Coordinate Attention (CA) modules in its Neck section to enhance the extraction of subtle eggshell impurities. To address the impact of imbalanced sample proportions on detection accuracy, the Focal-EIoU loss function is employed, adaptively adjusting bounding box loss values to ensure precise localization of yolks with impurities in images. The backbone network is replaced with the lightweight MobileOne neural network to reduce model parameters and improve real-time detection performance. DeepSORT is used for matching and tracking yolk targets across frames, accommodating rotational variations. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLOv7-SEY-DeepSORT achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.931, reflecting a 0.53% improvement over the original YOLOv7. The method also shows enhanced tracking performance, with Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) and Multiple Object Tracking Precision (MOTP) scores of 87.9% and 73.8%, respectively, representing increases of 17.0% and 9.8% over SORT and 2.9% and 4.7% over Tracktor. Overall, the proposed method balances high detection accuracy with real-time performance, surpassing other mainstream object detection methods in comprehensive performance. Thus, it provides a robust solution for the rapid and accurate detection of defective salted egg yolks and offers a technical foundation and reference for future research on the automated and safe processing of egg products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to their efficient insulation, lack of sweat glands, relatively quick metabolic rate, and heightened sensitivity to heat, the poultry industry faces a serious problem with heat stress. Combining vitamins has been demonstrated to be more effective than implementing a single vitamin in reducing the effects of heat stress. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the multivitamin combination in feed on the growth performance, egg quality, and antioxidant enzymes in laying hens exposed to heat stress. Methods: A total of 28 Isa Brown strains aged 18 weeks were randomly designated into seven groups with four replications, i.e., (C-) normal temperature group, (C+) heat stress group, and the others with the administration of vitamin A and E (AE), vitamin K and C (KC), vitamin C and E (CE), vitamin E and selenium (ESE), and vitamin C and folic acid (CAF). Feed intake, feed efficiency, eggshell thickness, shape index, haugh unit (HU), yolk, and albumen index were evaluated at 22, 23, 24, and 25 weeks. Meanwhile, antioxidant enzymes were quantified at 22 and 25 weeks. Results: As a result, feed intake was reported a significant improvement in the AE and CE groups compared to the C+ group. Meanwhile, the feed efficiency was reported to be efficient in the CE and ESE groups. Based on egg quality evaluation, we reported significant shell thickness in the CE, ESE, and CAF groups compared to the C+; yolk index was reported slightly significant results in the AE and CAF groups; albumen index and HU were reported to increase significantly in the CAF group. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and GPx activity were ameliorated significantly in the ESE and CAF groups. Conclusion: Combinations of multivitamins can thereby enhance feed intake, feed efficiency, egg quality, and antioxidant activity. The CE, ESE, and CAF groups were found to have made equivalent improvements in the eggshell thickness, shape index, HU, yolk, and albumen index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: There are pre-hatch factors that can influence performance during the growing phase, such as the egg size and breeder age. Aims: Investigate the influence of egg weight and flock age separately on egg characteristics, hatching traits, hatchling weight, and initial offspring performance. Methods: Treatments consisted of eggs laid by 28-week-old (Y), 42-week-old (M), or 61-week-old (O) broiler breeder hens and different egg-weight classes, light (L, 56.6–62.2 g), average (A, 62.3–67.9 g), or heavy (H, 68–73.6 g). Eggs of a similar weight from hens of different ages (treatments YA/ML, YH/MA/OL, and MA/OA) were selected, which allowed us to assess specifically the effect of maternal flock age on the following variables: egg characteristics (eggshell, yolk, and albumen), incubation traits (egg weight loss (EWL), and hatchability), hatchling weight, and live performance of the progeny (7, 14 and 21 days). When data satisfied homogeneity of variance, they were submitted to the one-way ANOVA, and means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability level. Key results: Eggshell thickness and albumen height were lower, but albumen weight, yolk weight, and percentage of yolk were higher in eggs produced by older flocks. When eggs of the same weight were evaluated, the variables were also affected by flock ages. EWL increased with the hen age. The age of the hen and egg weight significantly affect the hatchability and hatchling weight. The maximum hatchability was recorded in eggs from broiler breeders at the age of 42 weeks (90.53%). In the average egg-size group (62.3–67.9 g), the young hens produced the lightest chick, and the old flock had the worst hatchability. Broiler's performance was influenced both by flock age and egg weight. Conclusions: The eggshell thickness is mainly influenced by the egg size. However, other egg features are affected by flock age. EWL and chick weight are reduced in young flocks. The oldest flocks produced heavier chicks and the positive effect on feed intake and bodyweight remained until 14 days of age. Implications: Egg size and broiler breeder age can influence the egg traits and performance of broilers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of flock age and egg weight on egg characteristics, incubation traits, hatchling weight, and initial offspring performance. Eggshell thickness and albumen height were lower, but albumen weight, yolk weight, and percentage of yolk were higher in eggs laid by older broiler breeders. Feed intake, bodyweight, and feed consumption rate were affected by the age of the hens and egg size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the shell thickness of table eggs using a destructive method with a focus on the technique of sampling from three locations in the equatorial plane, the sharp and the blunt end of the egg. The subject of the study was the eggshell thickness with membranes of the influence of the sample taken on the egg in equatorial plane 1, equatorial plane 2, equatorial plane 3, at the sharp end and the blunt end of the egg, and a laying hen of breed Dominant aged 61 weeks (3 small-breedings) and 104 weeks (1 small-breeding). The measurement of eggshell thickness was carried out using a DIAL INDICATOR deviation meter, with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and a maximum thickness of 30 mm. The SAS statistical package, version 8.2, was used for statistical evaluation of the results. The influence of the location of the eggshell sample taken in 3 locations of the equatorial plane, at the sharp and blunt end of the egg on its thickness in the range of average values of 0.32 to 0.40 mm was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The influence of laying hen age was statistically significant (P=0.05) by a higher eggshell thickness in the range of average values of 0.38 to 0.40 mm at 104 weeks compared with eggshell thickness of average values of 0.32 to 0.35 mm at 61 weeks. A strong linear positive correlation in eggshell thickness was found between two variables at all investigated sample locations on eggs laid by laying hens Dominant regardless of age. The overall results of eggshell thickness indicate that its evaluation is a complex process as an indicator of eggshell quali ty due to multifactorial external and internal influence. Considering the trend of lengthening the laying cycle in laying hens for environmental reasons, it is important to address the influence of age, housing system and breed suitability in relation to optimizing the uniformity of the thickness as part of the shell quality of the eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High quantity of Indonesian native chicken eggshell membrane is available as a byproduct of the hatchery industry. The eggshell has a membrane-like interior, and still contains approximately 10% of the membrane’s total protein. In the present work, membranes from Indonesian chicken eggs sourced from a hatchery could have the potential to be a source of collagen. Based on the interaction of two variables (enzyme concentration and hydrolysis duration), response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design was utilised to identify the optimum collagen extraction conditions. Using 5 M acetic acid and pepsin (85, 90, and 95 U/mg defatted skin) at 4°C for 72, 96, and 120 h, the collagen was extracted. The optimal conditions yielded 31% collagen with a hydrolysis duration of 120 h, and an enzyme concentration of 90 U/mg. The optimal yield was characterised using colour analysis, soluble protein, and FTIR. Collagen from the Indonesian native chicken eggshell membrane showed similar properties with standard collagen sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) holds key to the large-scale production of hydrogen via a water splitting process. In this work, a bio-waste of eggshell membranes (ESMs) is utilized as a feedstock to fabricate Ni x S y -loaded carbon composite, which is further employed as a platform for the assembly of NiFe layered double hydroxides (NiFe LDH) with the aid of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate via facile hydrothermal processes. The resulting nanoarchitectures consist of highly amorphous and intercalation-expanded NiFe LDH nanosheets attached to the carbon composite with strong interactions. The as-prepared samples are examined as electrocatalysts for the OER in alkaline electrolytes and the synergistic effects of the components are elucidated. The optimized sample exhibits a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 266 mV in 0.1 M KOH, which is superior to the most previously reported non-precious-metal based electrocatalysts and even to the commercial IrO 2. Such remarkable catalytic activity is attributed to the in-situ assembly of NiFe LDH with the carbon composite, leading to the strong coupling interaction of the components. The sample shows stable current during the long-term durability tests accompanying with a structural re-construction process. [Display omitted] • A biowaste of eggshell membranes was used as a facile platform to synthesize electrocatalysts. • The OER activity of the samples was optimized by Ni/Fe ratio, support loadings and SDS. • The optimized sample exhibited a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 266 mV in 0.1 M KOH. • The outstanding catalytic performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of carbon composite and NiFe LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg waste is a major contributor to global food waste, accounting for 15% of discarded food in the United States. Typically, eggs have a shorter shelf life at room temperature and are preserved in refrigeration from production to consumption. However, maintaining constant refrigeration is energy‐intensive and expensive. Here, a bionanocomposite coating has been developed that incorporates each element of eggs – egg white, yolk, and eggshell – to increase the shelf life of fresh eggs without requiring further refrigeration. The quality of eggs has been successfully preserved for up to three weeks at room temperature. The coated eggs maintain the highest grade (AA) and exhibit improved Haugh Unit (HU), Yolk Index (YI), and pH compared to uncoated eggs. The coating reduces weight loss by ≈37% with an increase in HU (≈12.5%) and YI (≈13.9%). Morphological analysis reveals strong adhesion of the coating to the eggshell surface, showcasing promising barrier properties. The coating demonstrates an optimal combination of oxygen permeability (≈12.2 cm3 µm m−2 d−1 kPa−1) and water vapor transmission (≈31.5 g mm m−2 per day) with excellent antimicrobial properties. Overall, this approach of repurposing eggs into a high‐performance coating shows a promising viable alternative to refrigeration and a solution to combat egg waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]