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Sustainable Cocoa production practices should be investigated comprehensively to address sustainability requirements and mitigate Cocoa production issues in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the sustainable Cocoa production system considering the environmental, economic, and social impacts. Life cycle framework and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) were integrated to obtain the study's objectives by comparing Cocoa monocropping system (CM) and Cocoa intercropping systems (IC). The result indicated that in the environmental sustainability aspect, the monocropping system (CM) showed higher performance as indicated by the lower environmental impact in all indicators; for example, CM emitted a lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) that has a lower margin of 34.5–55.9 % compared to the intercropping system (IC-I and IC-II). In the economic aspect, both on the short-term and long-term analysis, the Cocoa intercropping system (IC-II) generated higher value-added and economic feasibility, with a higher profit margin of 150–205 % compared to CM and IC-1. Along with the increase of economic benefits in IC II, this system also significantly provides social benefits, as presented by the higher social index margin of 4.9–23.7 % compared to other systems. Furthermore, by applying decision-making analysis, the result determines the highest index on the Cocoa intercropping system II (IC-II). These findings highlight that applying the intercropping system II is recommended to overcome the cocoa issue at the farmer and decision-maker levels. Additionally, the proposed method that combined LCA-MCDM can be applied to another agricultural commodity to achieve sustainable agriculture production.

Indonesia is a tropical country rich in agricultural commodities, such as coconut. One of the derived products from coconut is virgin coconut oil (VCO), which widely used as ingredient in cosmetic lotion products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of variations in the addition of emulsifiers to VCO cream lotion. Two emulsifiers were used, including Tween 80 and Span 80 with concentrations of 5% without essential oil, 5%, 4%, 3%, and 2%. Quality parameters analyzed were homogeneity, specific gravity, stability, pH, and organoleptic. The data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The results showed that Tween 80 and Span 80 emulsifiers significantly affected physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, except pH value. The selected best formulation was cream lotion with the addition of 2% emulsifier formulation. This VCO lotion had a quality value according to SNI 16-4399-1996 and had organoleptic characteristics most preferred by the panelists.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk is a solid waste originating from the cocoa beans processing industry in very abundant quantities. The components that make up the cocoa pod husk include cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cocoa pod husk has a large cellulose content, so it has the potential to be used as cellulose-based bioproducts such as bioethanol. This study aimed to determine the optimum power, irradiation time, and concentration of oxalic acid in the cocoa pod husk microwave-pre-treatment delignification process. The cacao pod husk used in this study is a forastero variety from Pakuwon, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Cocoa pod husk raw material contains lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, respectively 15.73%, 40.14%, and 19.33%. The optimal conditions obtained using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model with factors that affect the process are power, irradiation time, and concentration of oxalic acid with response levels of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin after microwave pre-treatment. The results of the optimum conditions of power, irradiation time, and concentration of oxalic acid in the microwave assisted-pre-treatment process were 450 Watt, 10 minutes, dan 1%, respectively. The optimum conditions in the delignification process resulted in the levels of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, respectively, which were 8.10%, 39.37%, dan 21.40%. Based on the lignocellulosic test at optimum conditions, the lignin decreased by 48.506%, cellulose decreased by 1.918%, and hemicellulose content increased by 10.709%. The results indicated optimum conditions could be applied in bioethanol and xylitol production

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has become one of the potential plants to be developed due to its numerous benefits from the active ingredient, curcuminoid. Curcuminoid has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antihepatotoxic properties that can enhance the absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K. The process to obtain curcuminoid can be carried out through an extraction process using a solvent. This research aimed to optimize the extraction process of curcuminoid from turmeric at a lower cost. The response surface methodology with a central composite design was used in this study to optimize the concentration of ethanol solvent (50-90%, v/v) and the flow rate of ethanol solvent (20-40 mL/minute) on the yield and curcuminoid. The research results indicate that the optimum conditions for the percolation extraction process (ethanol concentration = 90% and ethanol flow rate = 20 mL/minute) result in a yield value of 22.75% (w/w) and curcuminoid content of 13.54% (w/v). The curcuminoid was characterized based on several parameters, including water content of 11.15% (w/w) and antioxidant activity of 98.39% (w/v). The research concludes that the optimum results of the process conditions demonstrate the percolation extraction method with the variables of ethanol concentration and minimal ethanol solvent flow rate, which require lower costs while yielding optimum yield and curcuminoid content. Therefore, this can be applied in further research on curcumin production or its application in the food and non-food industries.

To address the high production cost associated with bacterial cellulose (BC) production using the Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium, alternative agricultural wastes have been investigated as potential low-cost resources. This study aims to utilize pineapple core from pineapple canning industry waste as a carbon source to enhance the bacterial growth of Komagataeibacter xylinus and to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting BC. To assess growth performance, commercial sugar at concentrations of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 % (w/v) was incorporated into the medium. Fermentation was conducted under static conditions at room temperature for 5, 10, and 15 days. The structural and physical properties of BC were characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC. With the exception of crystallinity, BC produced from the pineapple core medium exhibited comparable characteristics to BC produced in the HS medium. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing pineapple core, a byproduct of the canning industry, as an economically viable nutrient source for BC production.

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of green marketing as a mediating variable on increasing green knowledge variables on increasing consumer buying interest in eco-friendly products. Questionnaires were distributed to 110 Starbucks Coffee consumers in Bandung, which were analyzed by descriptive analysis to describe general characteristics of the respondents. The Structured Equation Model – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis was also used to confirm the theory that there is an influence of green marketing variables as a mediating variable on increasing green knowledge on consumer buying interest in green products. The results showed that consumers of Starbucks Coffee in Bandung were dominated by women in their early adulthood who worked as private employees with moderate income. The implementation of the green marketing strategy by Starbucks is expected to maximize customer service in accordance with the description of consumer characteristics with the green marketing strategy implemented by Starbucks Coffee. The provision of green knowledge that affects the increase in consumer purchase intention of green products can be further improved positively and significantly through the application of green marketing strategies as a mediating variable.

AbstractThis study aimed to determine an appropriate unstructured kinetic model describing the growth of Debaryomyces hansenii with the hydrolysis of oil palm empty bunches as the substrate sources. We tested the well-known cell growth kinetic models for approximating the xylitol fermentation data. We modeled the extracellular process by considering the biomass as a variable, xylose as the substrate and xylitol as the product. The appropriate kinetic model was determined by fitting the models to the experimental data. The fitting process involved an optimization procedure that minimizes a least-squared error between the model solution and the experimental data using a gradient-based method. We found that the unstructured model with Monod specific kinetic growth model had the best approximating ability to describe the dynamics of the batch xylitol fermentation data. Some factors were highlighted as the key factors that influence the growth of yeast cells. One of them is the maximum growth rate of the yeast cell which had a high sensitivity to the maximum production of new cells and xylitol as the main product. As Monod was the best-approximated model, it implies that inhibitory effects by substrate and product played an important role in controlling the growth of yeast cells. There was a certain maximum growth rate for the yeast cell that generates maximum production of new cells and xylitol within a relatively short fermentation time. This result indicates that the growth rate parameter played an important role in adjusting the fermentation process for optimality purposes.

Biobriket tempurung kelapa perlu dijamin kualitasnya serta ditentukan kelayakan ekonominya sesuai dengan standar agar dapat dipasarkan. Kualitas biobriket dapat ditentukan berdasarkan kadar air dan keretakan produk yang nilainya dipengaruhi oleh proses pengeringan. Adapun proses pengeringan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor kondisi (proses) yang meliputi temperatur pengeringan dan dimensi biobriket yang dikeringkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh temperatur pengeringan dan dimensi biobriket tempurung kelapa terhadap karakteristik mekanik berupa keretakan dan kadar airnya serta untuk menentukan kelayakan ekonomi produk biobriket. Rancangan acak lengkap digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan memperhatikan dua faktor pengaruh yang meliputi temperatur pengeringan (75ºC, 100ºC, 125ºC) dan dimensi biobriket C15 (25 mm x 25 mm × 15 mm) serta C25 (25 mm × 25 mm × 25 mm). Perbedaan temperatur pengeringan dan dimensi biobriket memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kadar air dan tingkat keretakan produk. Hasil analisis menunjukkan temperatur pengeringan dan dimensi biobriket yang menghasilkan tingkat kadar air dan keretakan memenuhi standar yaitu 75ºC untuk C15 dan 100ºC untuk C25. Pada analisis kelayakan ekonomi produksi biobriket tempurung kelapa menunjukkan usaha pada bidang ini dianggap layak atau memenuhi seluruh ketentuan yang ada.

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) are highly abundant in Indonesia and have been highlighted as a potential feedstock for bioethanol and xylitol production. However, the efficacy of the fermentation technology to convert OPEFBs to bioethanol and xylitol, either in partial (i.e. mono-production) or integrated (i.e. co-production) process, still needs further improvement. This study aimed to evaluate the partial and integrated process for xylitol and bioethanol production from OPEFBs. In the integrated process, the remaining solid residues after xylitol extraction are used as feedstock for bioethanol due to their high cellulose compounds. This solid residue is more susceptible to be degraded by cellulase enzymes into glucose and further transformed into bioethanol. In the partial process of xylitol production, xylanase enzyme was used to hydrolyze xylan into xylose, which was then converted into xylitol using Debaryomyces hansenii. While in the partial process of bioethanol production, the hydrolysis of cellulose in the OPEFB into glucose was carried out using cellulase enzymes, followed by fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results show that the partial process produced xylitol yield (Yp/s) of 0.10 g-xylitol/g-xylose, while bioethanol at yield (Yp/s) of 0.32 g-bioethanol/g-glucose, respectively. The integrated process generates xylitol yield (Yp/s)of 0.298 g-xylitol/g-xylose, with bioethanol yield from the remaining solid at 0.051 g-bioethanol/g-OPEFB (or 0.078 g-bioethanol/g-glucose). These findings, therefore, confirmed that the integrated process of xylitol with bioethanol production might offer higher efficacy of OPEFB utilization into high value-added products.

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), an abundant source of lignocellulosic biomass waste, is rich in hemicellulose and is converted into xylose for xylitol production. The remaining cellulose-rich residue can be efficiently hydrolyzed into glucose, which serves as a substrate for bioethanol and enzymes. This process aligns with an integrated biorefinery model aimed at optimizing the utilization of OPEFB. This study optimizes a two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation for OPEFB conversion into value-added products. Using a 4% NaOH pretreatment, lignin was degraded while preserving hemicellulose and cellulose. This hydrolysis yielded 12.27 g/L of xylose and 36.86 g/L of glucose. Ethanol production, using varied fermentation media, achieved maximum concentrations of 0.043 g/L for xylitol and 21.35 g/L for ethanol, with substrate-to-product yields of 0.005 g/g and 0.374 g/g, respectively. Furthermore, enzyme production by Aspergillus niger was assessed on multiple parameters, recording a peak cellulase activity of 55.16 ± 20.24 U/mL and enzyme weight of 42.748 kDa. The OPEFB substrate yielded the highest protein content of 0.00942 ± 0.00010 mg/mL. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis strategy in facilitating integrated biorefinery processes for efficient and sustainable OPEFB utilization.

The massive potential of pineapple fruit production can produce a sizable amount of waste, around 75% (w/w) of pineapple weight, contributing to global environmental problems. For this reason, biorefinery techniques are urgently needed to convert pineapple plantation waste into high-value-added bioproducts including bromelain, various sugars, xylooligoscharide, xylitol, and ethanol. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of converting pineapple plantation waste into bromelain, xylitol, and ethanol. In this study, the activity of the bromelain enzyme was tested in each part of the pineapple plant waste. The configuration of the hydrolysis and fermentation processes used to make ethanol and xylitol from the rest of the pineapple plant waste from bromelain extraction was also investigated. Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants and can be isolated from every part of pineapple plant waste. Enzyme activity under several conditions, such as crude extract, pure extract, and dried extract, has been studied to determine the best conditions for the downstream process of this enzyme’s production in the future. The purification of bromelain involved the utilization of the precipitation method followed by dialysis, whereas the drying process of bromelain employed the freeze-drying method. The bromelain enzyme specific activity is shown to be highest in the pineapple stem, as observed in crude-extract (1.45 ± 0.06 CDU/mg), purified-extract (10.38 ± 0.06 CDU/mg), and dried-extract (12.05 ± 0.43 CDU/mg) conditions. Using the pineapple stem to extract bromelain can produce lignocellulosic waste, which is made up of 39.47% starch, 19.96% hemicellulose, 36.44% cellulose, and 6.05% lignin. The high content of starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose has the potential to be used as feedstock for ethanol and xylitol fermentation. In this study, ethanol and xylitol fermentation were carried out using two methods: separate hydrolysis and fermentation methods (SHF) and semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation methods (semi-SSF). As a result, fermentation using the semi-SSF method produced ethanol with a higher titer and yield (22.12 ± 0.05 g/L and 0.44 ± 0.00 g/g, respectively). However, the production of xylitol was found to be insignificant, regardless of whether it was obtained using SHF or semi-SSF. The purification of bromelain involved the utilization of the precipitation method followed by dialysis, whereas the drying process of bromelain employed the freeze-drying method.

Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) merupakan tanaman yang memiliki banyak manfaat, diantaranya memiliki kandungan antioksidan. Kandungan antioksidan dalam buah delima yang utama adalah vitamin C. Vitamin C sebagai antioksidan dibutuhkan dalam sistem imun untuk menjaga kekebalan tubuh dan juga dapat menjaga elastisitas kulit. Kandungan vitamin C dari buah delima dapat diperoleh dengan cara ekstraksi. Vitamin C tidak tahan pada suhu yang tinggi, sehingga dibutuhkan teknologi ekstraksi yang tepat. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) merupakan ekstraksi ultrasonikasi yang dipilih karena tidak menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan waktu ekstraksi lebih singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kondisi UAE optimum yang meliputi kombinasi 3 variabel, yaitu amplitudo, waktu, dan jumlah pelarut yang menghasilkan vitamin C optimum dari ekstrak daging buah delima. Tipe alat UAE yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah tipe Qsonica – Q500 (500 W, 20 kHz). Metode penelitian adalah eksperimental laboratorium menggunakan RSM (Response Surface Methodology) tipe CCD (Central Composite Design) dengan amplitudo minimum 40% dan maksimum 50%; waktu minimum 20 menit dan maksimum 25 menit; dan jumlah pelarut minimum 150 ml dan maksimum 225 ml. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa banyaknya jumlah pelarut memberikan pengaruh yang nyata, sedangkan amplitudo dan lama waktu ekstraksi tidak berpengaruh nyata. Model signifikan pada nilai P < 0,05 dengan kondisi UAE optimum pada kombinasi perlakuan amplitudo 50%, waktu 25 menit, dan jumlah pelarut 150 ml yang menghasilkan nilai kadar vitamin C optimum sebesar 47,79 mg/100 gram.

Quality and safe food products are the basic right of every consumer, including food products produced by small and medium industries. Good food production is an important factor in meeting quality standards or food safety licensing requirements. In setting standards, the government also plays an important role in providing direction and assistance to small and medium industries on achieving the specified quality standards. During this time the process is still carried out in a conventional manner directly to the industry. This conventional process is still considered ineffective by seeing the low level of business actors’ knowledge of the standards for Good Food Production Practice (GFPP). So, with this lack of knowledge, business actors’ interest in making food licensing is low. This study designed the application of an expert system that stimulates and provides an illustration for a standards assessment of Good Food Production methods. This research was conducted using Object Oriented Programming (OOP) engineering method for program development and using forward chaining for reasoning methods. This research proved that the application of an expert system for licensing due diligence can function in accordance with standards set by the government.

Physicochemical properties are one of the parameters of honey quality that impacts the sales of honey as well as the economy condition of the society in Ciwidey and Bogor. The physicochemical properties of honey are significantly influenced by the origin of the honey, including its geographical location and vegetation. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties between multiflora honey from Ciwidey and Bogor with different source of nectar where Ciwidey honey is dominated by calliandra nectar while Bogor honey is dominated by kapok nectar. Data were analyzed with descriptive and quantitative method using independent t test for data with normal distribution (water content and reducing sugar content). Data that were not normally distributed (color analysis and acidity value) were tested non-parametrically with the Mann Whitney-U. The results showed that Bogor honey has the better physicochemical properties and meets Indonesian National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia, SNI) 8664:2018, with a water content of 15.15% w/w, L* values of 35.26, a* value of 28.66, b* value of 59.46, c* value of 66.01, h* value of 64.27°, reducing sugar content of 78.78% and acidity value of 35.56 mL NaOH kg-1. Phytochemical screening showed positive results on alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and tannin, and the results of GC-MS analysis showed three significant compounds which are hydroxymethylfurfural of 48.26%, levoglucosan of 13.58% and ammonium carbamate of 9.18%.

Higher market expectation towards coffee products both of its quantity and quality is one of several challenges currently faced by the coffee industry. Maintaining the coffee supply chain through a periodical evaluation of supply chain performance, therefore, is crucial. The research provided measurement of performance efficiency of Kadatuan Koffie company’s suppliers using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This measurement is required to know the supplier’s level of performance efficiency as a consideration in conducting the company’s raw material management. Management of supplier’s activity is essential to maintain the flow of supply chain running smoothly. The data obtained in this research were interview results with farmers or suppliers of raw material or coffee beans for Kadatuan Koffie and the company’s management. The data were processed using DEA by comparing output and input value. According to the measurement of performance efficiency towards seven suppliers of Kadatuan Koffie, three of them are categorized as efficient, namely the farmer in Cimaung, Cibodas and Dago that showed an efficiency value of 1.

Xylitol is a low-calorie, natural sweetener which has similar sweetness properties to sucrose. Xylitol can be produced from the hemicellulose hydrolysate of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB). Several steps required for this process, including pretreatment, the hydrolysis of xylan to xylose and the reduction of xylose to xylitol. In a commercial market, xylitol is commonly found in the form of powder in order to maintain its distribution stability and practicality. The spray drying method is a drying method that is mostly used in dry or powder products manufacturing industry. This research aims to investigate the effect of spray drying and to determine proper inlet temperature and maltodextrin concentration on xylitol powder characteristics that are similar to the quality of commercially produced xylitol. Randomized Group Design Method is a data processing method used in this research which consisted of two factors: inlet temperature (160 oC and 180 oC) and maltodextrin concentrations (20%, 25%, and 30%). Based on the result of the research, the inlet temperature significantly affected the water content, solubility, hygroscopic levels and calorie content. Results also showed that maltodextrin concentration had a significant effect on the hygroscopic levels, water content and calorie content. Xylitol powder similar to the commercially produced xylitol was obtained from the inlet temperature of 160 oC and 20% of maltodextrin, with the water content of 5.17%, hygroscopic levels of 8.55%, solubility of 99.346%, calorie content of 2.71 cal/g and xylitol content of 0.034 g/L.

The global market’s sustainability demand for coffee as a result of environmental concerns has influenced coffee producers to practice green coffee production. The efforts to improve the environmental performance of coffee production should also consider the other sustainability aspects: energy and economics. Using a green fertilizer from agricultural biomass can lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions since the cultivation process, which is directly impacted by fertilizer use, has been identified as an environmental damage hotspot for coffee production. This study aims to determine the impact of coffee pulp biomass utilization on coffee production in terms of energy savings, CO2 emission reduction, and economic value added. The methodologies used were environmental Life Cycle Assessment, energy requirement analysis, life cycle costing, and eco-efficiency analysis. The study findings showed that using coffee pulp biomass in coffee cultivation impacted the energy savings, environmental damage reduction, and increased economic value added. Applying coffee pulp biomass can potentially reduce 39–87% of cumulative energy demand, 49.69–72% of CO2 emissions, and 6–26% of the economic value-added increase. Moreover, coffee pulp utilization as a fertilizer is recommended to be applied broadly to promote sustainable coffee production according to its beneficial impact. This study provided that scientific information farmers need to apply green fertilizers in coffee production.

Hydrolysis and fermentation processes are key stages in xylitol production from lignocellulosic materials. In this study, pineapple cores, one of the wastes from the canned pineapple industry, were used as raw material for xylitol production. Two methods was used for hydrolysis: enzymatically using commercial enzyme Cellic HTec2, and acid hydrolysis using 4% H2SO4. In contrast, the fermentation process was carried out with two selected yeasts commonly employed in xylitol fermentation, Debaryomycess hansenii, and Candida tropicalis. Before these two processes, the pineapple cores were characterized using the Van Soest method to determine their lignocellulosic content. The hemicellulose content was 36.06%, the cellulose content was 14.20%, and the lignin content was 10.05%. This result indicates that the hemicellulose content of pineapple cores has the potential to be used as a raw material in the production of xylitol. The hydrolysis efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was 21% higher than that of acid hydrolysis. The highest xylitol and biomass yield of 0.371 gxylitol/gxylose and 0.225 gcell/gxylose were observed by C. tropicalis using an enzymatic hydrolysate.

Sorghum is potential to be developed into flour based products due its high starch content (around 80.42%). However, native sorghum flour is unstable during cooking, has low viscosity, and limited swelling power resulting in limited use in the industry. Starch in sorghum flour requires long cooking time and high cooking temperature, therefore modifications is needed to improve the properties of the sorghum starch. Enzymatic modification using α-amylase at (0, 200, 400, and 600 units/g) was selected. The results showed that modification using α-amylase of 200 units/g flour produced better characteristics of modified sorghum flour. The α-amylase modified flour has A type pattern of amylography, gelatinization temperature of 78.77°C, peak viscosity of 1266.67 BU, starch content of 48.41%, amylose content of 15.77%, and amylopectin content of 32.64%. The characteristics make the flour suitable for use in the manufacture of extrusion products.

Abstrak Limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Kandungan yang cukup besar dari TKKS adalah hemiselulosa. Hemiselulosa dapat dihidrolisis menjadi xilosa, dan xilosa dapat difermentasi menjadi xilitol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi sel khamir awal dan pH medium pada proses fermentasi xilitol dari hidrolisat TKKS. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental dan dianalisis secara deskriptif terhadap variasi konsentrasi sel khamir awal dan pH. Analisis dilakukan dalam 9 perlakuan dengan 2 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa xilitol hanya terbentuk pada perlakuan pH 5 dengan konsentrasi sel awal 108 sel/mL pada jam ke 24 dan ke 96. Pada jam ke 24 dihasilkan xilitol sebesar 0,047 g/L dan perolehan xilitol terhadap xilosa 0,045 g/g. Pada jam ke 96 sebesar 0,138 g/L dan perolehan xilitol terhadap xilosa 0,094 g/g. Kata kunci: konsentrasi sel, pH, tandan kosong kelapa sawit, xilitol Abstract Waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) can utilize optimally. The essential content of OPEFB was hemicellulose. Hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed into xylose, and the xylose fermented into xylitol. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of yeast initial cell concentration and medium pH on xylitol fermentation process from OPEFB hydrolysate. The research method used was an experimental method and analyzed descriptively to the variation of yeast initial cell concentration and pH. The analysis was performed in 9 treatments with two replications. The results showed that xylitol was only formed at the treatment with pH 5 and an initial cell concentration of 108 cells/mL. At 24 hours xylitol was produced by 0.0474 g/L, and xylitol result to the xylose was 0.454 g/g. At 96 hours xylitol was produced 0.1381 g/L and xylitol yield to the xylose was 0.0938 g/g. Keywords: cell concentrations, pH, oil palm empty fruit bunches, xylitol

Whey protein in the form of isolate or concentrate is widely used in food industries due to its functionality to form gel under certain condition and its nutritive value. Controlling or manipulating the formation of gel aggregates is used often to evaluate food texture. Many researchers made use of fractal analysis that provides the quantitative data (i.e., fractal dimension) for fundamentally and rationally analyzing and designing whey protein-based food texture. This quantitative analysis is also done to better understand how the texture of whey protein-based food is formed. Two methods for fractal analysis were discussed in this review: image analysis (microscopy) and rheology. These methods, however, have several limitations which greatly affect the accuracy of both fractal dimension values and types of aggregation obtained. This review therefore also discussed problem encountered and ways to reduce the potential errors during fractal analysis of each method.

Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) merupakan salah satu tanaman perkebunan yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia dan memiliki banyak manfaat. Salah satu produk dari buah kelapa adalah Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) yang dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku lotion. Krim lotion adalah bentuk emulsi setengah padat yang digunakan sebagai pelembab atau pemakaian pelindung pada kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : (1) menentukan metode isolasi VCO yang tepat, sehingga dihasilkan rendemen tertinggi dan karakteristik yang baik, (2) menentukan rasio antara VCO dan air yang tepat dalam pembuatan lotion. Penelitian tahap I, yaitu menentukan metode isolasi VCO terdiri atas empat perlakuan, yaitu (1) metode asam, (2) metode enzimatis, (3) metode pengocokan dengan mixer, dan (4) metode sentrifugasi. Pengamatan pada VCO yang dihasilkan, yaitu rendemen, asam lemak bebas, dan kadar air. Penelitian tahap II, yaitu menentukan perbandingan VCO dan air, yaitu 0:83,4; 2:2,17; 2,25:1,92; 2,5:1,67; 2,75:1,42; dan 3:1,17. Pengamatan pada lotion meliputi uji homogenitas, uji stabilitas, uji pH, bobot jenis, dan uji organoleptik. Pengujian karakteristik VCO dan lotion dilakukan analisis dengan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan dan uji Games Howell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan metode isolasi pengocokan dengan mixer menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi, kadar air dan asam lemak bebas yang memenuhi standar SNI, sehingga metode tersebut diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan lotion. Lotion yang memiliki nilai karakteristik mutu sesuai SNI dan organoleptik yang disukai adalah lotion dengan rasio penambahan VCO dan air 3:1,17 dengan nilai yang mendekati dengan lotion komersial.

Among the two pyrolysis methods, the two-stage type gives better results than the single-stage in converting mixed municipal solid waste (MMSW) into synthetic oil (O-Synthec) and gaseous products (G-Synthec). However, the double energy supply for the heating process in the first and second reactors needs to be considered in terms of efficiency. Therefore to complete the research of two-stage pyrolysis, this study improvised a two-stage co-pyrolysis process supported by a Long Fixed-Bed Catalytic Insert (LFCi) attached to the inner wall of the reactor. In the test, 500 g of MMSW with 8 components was fed into a reactor with LFCi containing a dolomite natural catalyst. The co-pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature variation of 400–550 °C, and the best results obtained were used as a reference for variations in reaction time from 120 to 210 min. Based on the physical and chemical properties, the co-pyrolysis O-synthec and G-synthec products were subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis and American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) standard to physical properties test. The results were compared with those of one-stage pyrolysis, direct catalytic and without catalyst. Based on the results, the presence of LFCi in the reactor had a significant effect in increasing the mass yield of O-Synthec at 550 °C with a residence time of 150 min. An increase of 20,14% and decrease 16.77% of O-Synthec and G-Synthec respectively were achieved compared to the uncatalyzed, although the presence of 15.5% peak area oxygenated fractions and 3.0% peak area acid needs to be considered as it impacts the calorific value. The dominant aromatic compound indicates that O-Synthec has similarities with conventional gasoline fuel. Meanwhile, the non-condensable gas (G-Synthec) produced contains a concentration of hydrocarbon compounds in the distribution of C1–C12, which is dominant with tripropylaluminum, formic acid and butenes. The high content of formic acid and tripropylaluminum compounds in G-Synthec must be considered because they are very corrosive and hazardous to the environment.

Patchouli oil is one of Indonesia's important essential oils as an export commodity. Δ-Guaiene is one of the terpenes in the oil, which is shown to have antimicrobial activity against some fungi and bacteria. Thus, the production of δ-guaiene needs to be optimized. This study aims to determine the appropriate pressure and reflux ratio for the fractional distillation process that isolates the highest δ-guaiene content. The experiment used the response surface method. The pressure of the fractional distillation process and reflux ratio were: 1;10; 20 mmHg; and 5:1; 20:1; 35:1. The temperature ranged from 270‒272°C. Various pressure did not give different yields, except at a pressure of 1 mmHg that resulted in 4% yield and δ-guaiene content of 20.46%; both conditions were optimum. The δ-guaiene was characterized for the density, refractive index, distillate formation rate, distillation time, residual mass, and electrical energy requirements, which were 0.9519, 1.5027, 4 mL/min, 1 minute, 6.31 g, and 6.0477 kW/h, respectively. The lower the reflux ratio, the faster the distillation process; the faster the processing time, the lower the energy requirement; and the higher the ratio of reflux, the purer the percentage of the δ-guaiene. The optimum process was reached as the reflux ratio was lower, where the yield and δ-guaiene content were the highest, and the processing time was faster. Keywords: δ-guaiene, fractional distillation, patchouli oil, reflux pressure, RSM

Wastewater produced from cheese industry is rich in biological component such as whey protein, fat and lactose. Whey protein is the residual liquid of cheese making process with a high protein efficiency ratio. The wastewater source used in this study was whey liquid from cheese processing industry located at West Java, Indonesia. Conversion of soluble whey protein into whey protein microparticle is required to produce food with nutritional value that can be adjusted to the needs of the specific target with high digestibility and palatability. Whey protein was collected by separation technique through heat treatment at specific condition. This was done by changing the heat treatment condition and pH of the samples. Changing the pH of the samples before heat treatment affect the ionic strength of the whey protein hence, altering the properties of the concentrate. This study aims to produce whey protein concentrate heated at various pH level and to observe physicochemical and functional properties of the concentrates. The method used in this research was a descriptive method conducted on three treatments and two replications namely whey protein concentrate production in a pH condition 6.4; 6.65; and 7.0. The parameters observed were physicochemical and functional properties. Furthermore, the result showed that there were decrease in protein content, along with the increasing pH before heat treatment. Microstructure image (SEM) showed a finer particles with the increasing pH. Meanwhile, solubility of the rehydrated samples tends to increase along with the increasing pH. The measurement of functional properties of the samples showed that denatured whey protein produced at different pH before heat treatment have different water holding capacity and a tendency to form bonds between protein particles thereby increasing the viscosity value. These physicochemical and functional properties were suitable for denatured whey protein to be used as a texture controller in whey protein based-food production.

Bone fracture healing involves complex physiological processes that require biological events that are well coordinated. In recent decades, the process of fracture healing has been upheld through various treatments, including bone implants and bio-adhesive utilization. Bio-adhesion can be interpreted as the process in which synthetic or natural materials adhere to body surfaces. Bio-based adhesives have superiority in many value-added applications because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and large molecular weight. The increased variety and utilization of bio-based materials with strong adhesion characteristics provide new possibilities in the field of orthopedics in terms of using bio-based adhesives with excellent resorbability, biocompatibility, ease of use, and low immunoreactivity. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information and evaluation of the various types of bio-based adhesives used clinically with a specific focus on their application in orthopedics. The main properties of bio-based adhesives, their benefits, and challenges compared with the traditional bio-based materials in orthopedics, as well as the future perspectives in the field, have also been outlined and discussed.

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is the largest biomass waste from the palm oil industry. The OPEFB has a lignocellulose content of 34.77% cellulose, 22.55% hemicellulose, and 10.58% lignin. Therefore, this material’s hemicellulose and cellulose content have a high potential for xylitol and ethanol production, respectively. This study investigated the integrated microaerobic xylitol production by Debaryomyces hansenii and anaerobic ethanol semi simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (semi-SSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the same OPEFB material. A maximum xylitol concentration of 2.86 g/L was obtained with a yield of 0.297 g/gxylose. After 96 h of anaerobic fermentation, the maximum ethanol concentration was 6.48 g/L, corresponding to 71.38% of the theoretical ethanol yield. Significant morphological changes occurred in the OPEFB after hydrolysis and xylitol and ethanol fermentation were shown from SEM analysis.