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Uno de los frentes activos candentes de la política social de las democracias capitalistas en los últimos años ha venido siendo sin duda la lucha contra la discriminación por motivos de género. En España, la llamada «brecha salarial» constituye acaso la expresión más pujante del referido compromiso de los poderes públicos con la protección de los derechos de las mujeres, a través de la intervención del mercado –y de la sociedad civil misma– con objeto de corregir sus naturales inclinaciones o distorsiones machistas y discriminatorias. En efecto, la propuesta brechista acerca de las remuneraciones laborales, a la que no falta sin duda fundamento real, pues no cabe negar que las mujeres cobran menos que sus congéneres masculinos al vender su energía profesional en el mercado de trabajo, ha irrumpido con gran fuerza en la sociedad española. De hecho, se ha expandido sin apenas resistencia en ciertos ámbitos de conocimiento históricamente caracterizados por el compromiso con la causa de los trabajadores más débiles y las personas necesitadas, orillando todo atisbo de argumento crítico o de simple contemplación del fenómeno de las diferencias salariales de una forma alternativa, desde una perspectiva menos directa –más de rodeo o largo alcance– y por ello no intuitiva o autoevidente, aunque no necesariamente falta de verdad ni insensata o descabellada. Este punto de vista alternativo –más distante, contraintutivo, decimos– es el que ofrece la crítica liberal-económica de la brecha salarial, en cuyo contexto –de razones de libre mercado– ésta termina quedando reducida a un «pseudo-problema» que no puede llegar a justificar la sobre-reacción que el Estado ha expresado en medidas de intervención del mercado y la sociedad tan intensas como las que se han venido practicando –y se proyecta practicar– efectivamente, sea en forma de acciones políticas, sea en forma de cambios en el sistema regulatorio (cuotas, regulaciones salariales, permisos para atender cargas familiares, etc.).

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This commentary attempts to contextualize the articles in this issue by interrogating the purpose of Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography. Why should students learn geography? Why should they learn geography as an "AP" course—one that indicates college-level challenge and the potential for college credit? Leveraging David Labaree's consideration about the public and private purposes of education—social mobility, economic efficiency, and democratic equality—the analysis considers the value of the course to students, their communities, and our country. The commentary concludes that on these three counts, the value of AP Human Geography is mixed. Although the course has potential to further all three goals of education, there remain challenges—some inherent to the AP program, and others specific to AP Human Geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuels is eminent over time due to its non-renewable nature. The use of biodiesel is a viable option to stop its decline since it is obtained from biomass. Due to the importance of the percentage of biodiesel that can be added without affecting the operation of the MWM International model 6.10T engine coupled to a Worthington vertical deep well pump. This research was developed in the Department of Engineering and Environment, of the Institute of Animal Science. The pumping system used in the water supply for the institute and the community was evaluated. Biodiesel-diesel blends (B-0, B-5, B-10, B-15, B-20, B-25 and B-30) were handled with three rotation frequencies (1350, 1550, 1750 min-1). The hourly consumption (Gh) did not show statistically significant differences in the rotation frequencies 1350 and 1550 min-1, only at 1750 min-1 the highest consumption is obtained when using 30% biodiesel. The specific fuel consumption (ge) at 1750 min-1 showed statistically significant differences only in B-30 and at 1350 min-1 the highest consumption was observed in B-5 and B-30. When the engine is running for 1000 hours of work, the B-20 and B-25 blends obtain the most economically efficient values, with 9 780 and 9 070 pesos, respectively. By studying all the blends analyzed, it can be stated that B-20 and B-25 are the most recommended to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la eficiencia técnica y económica en la producción de quinua en el Departamento de Puno, Perú, mediante el uso del modelo de la función de producción estocástica. Para ello, se aplicaron encuestas presenciales a 461 productores, los cuales fueron segmentados según su práctica cultural (quechua y aymara) y su zona agroecológica (Circunlacustre, Suni y Puna). Los resultados indican que los aymaras son más eficientes que los quechuas. A nivel de zonas agroecológicas, la zona Suni presenta mayor eficiencia técnica del productor de quinua (0.74) en comparación con otras zonas. El promedio de todas ellas fue 0.68. Además, se encontró que en zonas donde predominan prácticas productivas tradicionales, la eficiencia técnica explica mejor la relación entre los insumos y los productores, ya que en su mayoría estos se sienten motivados a garantizar su seguridad alimentaria, en tanto, lograr eficiencia en costos no sería propósito de las economías familiares altoandinas, pues pocos productores se motivan a maximizar beneficios monetarios.

The essay aims at presenting a model that formally evidences the inseparability between economy, politics and sustainability in societies, based on Historical Materialism. Methodologically, the formulation of the model was carried out based on an analysis of the currently dominant conceptions of the relationship between economy and politics, which are clearly expressed in the category of economic efficiency. In the first section of the essay, we present an introduction to the topic. In the second, an analysis of the historical context of the emergence of the hegemonic category of economic efficiency is carried out. In the third section, the scientific foundations that support it and the main criticisms addressed to it are briefly presented, with emphasis on those related to environmental problems. The fourth section presents the model which grounds the concept that economic efficiency is inseparable from the political decisions taken in society about its material wealth, even those relating to natural systems. In the fifth section, some implications of the inseparability between economy and politics on democracy are discussed. In the sixth section, the final considerations are presented. The discussion carried out in the second and third sections indicates that only with the perspective of overcoming Capitalist social relations can the hegemonic category of economic efficiency be effectively replaced by another more adequate to the analysis of the material reproduction conditions of contemporary societies, even in what concerns their relations with the dynamics of natural systems. Adopting this perspective, the analysis carried out in the fourth section using the formal model shows that, due to the qualitative nature of wealth, economic efficiency cannot be defined independently of the political decisions taken by societies in relation to exploitation, production and distribution of its riches. In the fifth section, it is shown that this inseparability between economy and politics implies the need for a radical democratization of society.

La premisa de este artículo gira en torno considerar si los procedimientos de escogencia de los futuros colaboradores de la administración pública debe ser el resultado de un proceso plural y abierto. Es decir, a través del mercado. Esto con la finalidad de que puedan presentarse la mayor cantidad de ofertas, y que precisamente esa apertura que deriva en la indeterminación del número de participantes es lo que hará que cada uno de ellos se esfuerce en presentar la mejor oferta. Por lo tanto, partir de la incorporación de algunos preceptos del Derecho y de la Economía, en este artículo se apunta a defender una postura que se entiende como socialmente eficiente.

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Las bolsas plásticas son un producto consumido y distribuido en la sociedad por parte del sector comercio y constituye una fuente importante en la economía, pero a la vez es altamente contaminante. Ante esto, en 1965 Sten Gustaf Thulin creó las bolsas ecológicas como una estrategia de mitigación y reemplazo de las bolsas plásticas. Por tal motivo, este estudio se centró en analizar la eficiencia económica y ambiental de las bolsas ecológicas en la producción del sector comercio del departamento del Cesar. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa con un alcance descriptivo. La técnica utilizada para la recolección de datos fue una revisión documental, haciendo un análisis bibliométrico con bases de datos de Scopus y Google académico. El análisis se centrará en analizar la rentabilidad ambiental y económica al reemplazar las bolsas plásticas de polietileno por ecológicas reutilizables, mitigando el impacto al medio ambiente, sin afectar el presupuesto de los ciudadanos.

The Business Judgment Rule (BJR) is a rule developed by the case law of the American courts that establishes that judges will respect directors' business decisions, as long as they made an informed decision, in the best interest of the company and without violating the law or breaching their fiduciary duties. This paper reviews the application of the BJR in Colombia and the unsuccessful bills presented on this matter. In addition, it aims to analyze the economic implications of its adoption and, through a qualitative methodology and from a law and economics perspective, demonstrates its significant macroeconomic and microeconomic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo del artículo es evaluar, con un enfoque integral, la eficiencia económica de la producción de frijol en los marcos del Programa de Desarrollo Integral de Granos de la provincia Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, para identificar los problemas que la limitan. En la investigación se utilizaron técnicas de recogida y procesamiento de información; de validación de encuestas; de selección y trabajo con expertos para identificar los factores determinantes, y métodos estadísticos. Se identificaron los problemas que limitan la eficiencia económica, que son: el rendimiento promedio anual para el territorio es de apenas 0,52 t/ha, muy por debajo de la media nacional; los costos de producción son altos; los costos de oportunidad de la producción de frijol con respecto al maíz son elevados; la remuneración efectiva no cubre suficientemente las necesidades básicas de un trabajador agrícola y su familia; el consumo es insuficiente; existe insatisfacción de los consumidores en cuanto a la cantidad, calidad, precio y preferencias con el producto. Los resultados muestran que todos los tipos de eficiencia encuentran obstáculos en el comportamiento de sus factores determinante, por lo que se limita el cumplimiento de los objetivos del programa arriba mencionado.

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Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El estudio evalúa la hipótesis que Loreto presenta alta concentración productiva y ésta impacta negativamente en la producción, y que la ejecución del gasto público como la concentración por sector tienen escaso efecto sobre la eficiencia económica regional. Los resultados encuentran moderada concentración productiva por sector económico, así como un impacto negativo de la concentración en la producción y un escaso impacto en la productividad. Un aumento de 1% en el gasto traslada en promedio 0.1575% al incremento en la productividad. La participación en el PBI de Loreto es impulsada por el gasto del sector público, lo que explica la persistente penúltima posición en el índice de competitividad regional.

Pesquisas nas áreas de finanças públicas e economia aplicada têm estudado por anos a tributação ótima e o desenho de uma matriz tributária ideal envolvendo importantes compensações no que diz respeito à eficiência econômica e equidade. Este artigo apresenta o campo de pesquisa da tributação ótima para os impostos sobre a renda estruturada com os impostos especiais de consumo, ao tempo que discute a interação entre a teoria e a política tributária ótima. O método jurídico-descritivo e a revisão bibliográfica amparam as discussões da cobrança de impostos sem afetar substancialmente as ações das pessoas físicas e jurídicas. Os autores concluem que a tributação ótima não implica a adoção do mesmo modelo por todos os países, mas deve ser tratada de forma dinâmica e inclusiva de acordo com o nível de desenvolvimento econômico, de competição tributária internacional, de fluxos de capital, de fatores ambientais e de estruturas socioeconômicas das economias avançadas e economias em desenvolvimento.

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Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los procedimientos para la cochura de barnices rojos sinterizados en los grandes focos productores de sigillatae en Hispania, así como las estructuras que su puesta en práctica conlleva, aún hoy día, y a pesar del conocimiento y modelos generados en el ámbito académico, especialmente francés, han permanecido en gran medida fuera del núcleo de la investigación sobre los procesos productivos de la cerámica de época romana en la península ibérica. Con el acercamiento que ahora realizamos se pone de relieve, a partir del análisis crítico de ciertas estructuras de cocción y cerámicas arqueológicas procedentes de centros productores como Los Villares de Andújar-Isturgi, la existencia de más de un modelo para la obtención de sigillatae de un alto estándar cualitativo y barnices rojos sinterizados. A la vez, se define la implantación geográfica de los hornos denominados de conductos perimetrales en el marco de un evidente fenómeno de transferencia tecnológica con origen en las provincias galas al norte de los Pirineos y circunscrito a la mitad septentrional de la península en torno, a grandes rasgos, al foco productor de Tricio y el valle del Ebro.

El presente escrito propone hacer una contextualización de los postulados de la escuela de Harvard y la escuela de Chicago como corrientes doctrinales que fundamentaron la protección de la competencia en el mundo. A partir de los cuales se realizará un análisis de la normativa actual en materia de aplicación pública del derecho de la competencia en Colombia y de las resoluciones sancionatorias de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio entre los años 2009 a 2020 en materia de fijación de precios. Todo ello en aras de definir la corriente doctrinaria implementada en Colombia y sus implicaciones.

Copyright of Revista CienciaUAT is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista En-Contexto is the property of Tecnologico de Antioquia, Institucion Universitari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article has for objective to analyze the importance of the integral focus of the economic efficiency to improve the taking of decisions. It is used the methods: historical - logical for the analysis of the concept of economic efficiency and of analysis - synthesis, induction-deduction for the precision of the main characteristics of the variables that you/they are investigated. The study demonstrated: that the conceptualization of the economic efficiency, with an integral focus, demands to consider: the integration of their three essential typologies and the systemic relationship among them; that the partial conceptualization of the economic, conditioned efficiency, fundamentally, for the preponderant place that occupies the material production in the system of the production relationships, it limits that the taking of decisions is effective and that the focus of economic efficiency that bases the article had vital importance because he/she will offer the necessary information for the taking of decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In assessing dairy cows, both quantitative and technological milk properties are essential. The contents of dry matter and nonfat milk solids determine the nutritional value of milk and its consumption for obtaining dairy products. The article presents a study of the characteristics of milk from cows of Holstein and black-motley breeds. The study aimed to determine the suitability of milk for cheese making. In the scientific and economic experiment, the technological properties of the milk from the Holstein and black-motley cows with various levels of milk productivity were comparatively analyzed. By the results of the studies, it has been found that with a high level of milk productivity, the milk of the Holstein cows contained less dry matter by 12.4 %, and the milk of black-motley cows contained less dry matter by 10.9 %. Increasing the content of dry matter has resulted in overall increasing fat and protein content to 93.0 % and 87.1 %, respectively. A predominantly positive correlation between the milk components has been found. For cheese-making, cow milk with a higher concentration of dry matter is the most valuable. The milk sale by its dry matter content allows an economy to obtain more revenue by USD 3.07 for the Holstein breed and by USD 1.90 for the black-motley breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En la actualidad, el estudio de la diversidad de género en el ámbito empresarial está alcanzando una relevancia considerable, debido a la incorporación de la mujer a la vida laboral. Las Empresas Familiares han sido claves para la incorporación de las mujeres al mercado de trabajo, debido, entre otros motivos a la existencia de roles compartidos y al solapamiento de valores familiares y empresariales. La mayor parte de los estudios existentes sobre temas de género se centran en el efecto de la presencia femenina sobre distintas medidas de rendimiento, pero los resultados no son concluyentes en absoluto. Para ahondar en estas cuestiones, el presente trabajo analiza cómo influye la participación femenina en tres órganos de gobierno corporativo: Consejo de Administración, Junta General de Accionistas y Equipo Directivo, sobre la eficiencia económica de las Empresas Familiares Agroalimentarias. Los resultados obtenidos de una muestra de 147 Empresas Familiares Agroalimentarias Españolas, ponen de manifiesto que, la presencia femenina en los Consejos de Administración y en la Junta General de Accionistas, ejerce un impacto positivo y significativo en la eficiencia económica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water scarcity is one of the leading causes of social conflict and disease around the world. Estimates of the benefits obtained by projects focused on eradicating water scarcity can be used to evaluate the efficiency of implementing these projects. We use the contingent valuation method to estimate households' willingness to pay (WTP), in addition to the monthly water rate, for projects aimed at eradicating water scarcity in Puerto Rico. After adjusting the estimates, the results of Logit models suggest that households in the metropolitan region are willing to pay $7.61 / month. In contrast, households in rural areas are willing to pay $4.99 / month for projects aimed at eliminating water scarcity. Additionally, we find that younger and higher-income residents are more likely to pay for these projects. We did not find conclusive results on the effect of water storage on households' WTP for these projects. La escasez de agua es una de las principales causas de conflictos sociales y enfermedades alrededor del mundo. Las estimaciones de los beneficios obtenidos por proyectos enfocados en erradicar la escasez de agua pueden ser utilizadas para evaluar la eficiencia de implementar estos proyectos. Utilizamos el método de valoración contingente para estimar la disposición a pagar (DAP) de los hogares, adicional a la tarifa mensual de agua, por proyectos dirigidos a erradicar la escasez de agua en Puerto Rico. Luego de ajustar las estimaciones, los resultados de modelos Logit sugieren que los hogares de la región metropolitana están dispuestos a pagar $7.61/mes, mientras los hogares en regiones rurales están dispuestos a pagar $4.99/mes por proyectos destinados a eliminar la escasez de agua. Además, encontramos que los más jóvenes y los residentes con mayor ingreso son más propensos a pagar por estos proyectos. No encontramos resultados contundentes [End Page 71] sobre el efecto del almacenamiento de agua a nivel de hogar sobre la DAP por estos proyectos. La pénurie d'eau est l'une des principales causes de conflits sociaux et de maladies dans le monde. Les estimations des avantages obtenus par les projets axés sur l'éradication de la pénurie d'eau peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'efficacité de la mise en œuvre de ces projets. Nous utilisons la méthode d'évaluation contingente pour estimer la volonté de payer des ménages (VDP), en plus du tarif mensuel de l'eau, pour des projets visant à éliminer la pénurie d'eau à Porto Rico. Après ajustement des estimations, les résultats des modèles Logit suggèrent que les ménages de la région métropolitaine sont prêts à payer 7,61 $ / mois, tandis que les ménages des régions rurales sont prêts à payer 4,99 $ / mois pour des projets visant à éliminer la pénurie d'eau. De plus, nous constatons que les résidents plus jeunes et à revenu plus élevé sont plus susceptibles de payer pour ces projets. Nous n'avons pas trouvé de résultats concluants sur l'effet du stockage de l'eau au niveau des ménages sur le VDP pour ces projets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propósito – Analisar a possibilidade de parceria entre o Ministério Público (doravante “MP”) e o Centro de Defesa da Concorrência (doravante “CADE”) para incentivar uma melhor análise de efeitos de concentração em mercados relevantes de menor faturamento a partir da teoria da regulação responsiva. Metodologia/abordagem/design – Breve revisão bibliográfica da teoria de regulação responsiva à luz do atual estado do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (doravante “SBDC”) e possíveis inovações governamentais. Resultados – Há espaço de crescimento de parceria entre o MP e o CADE também nas análises de concentração econômica, comunicação e conscientização pública, não apenas na cooperação para combate a condutas, o que pode ser um bom espaço a ser explorado pelo Estado para implementação de políticas públicas. Implicações práticas – o entendimento de que há novas formas de parceria entre as instituições em debate levaria à possibilidade de mudanças na formação das diretrizes das políticas públicas dessas instituições, a fim de que houvesse uma maior inserção geográfica do SBDC em mercados relevantes hoje inalcançáveis. Originalidade/relevância do texto – o texto se mostra original ao iniciar um debate a respeito de quais caminhos podemos tomar para avançar no controle regulatório de mercados relevantes que hoje não recebem atenção.

Se abordó la problemática del recurso hídrico en el Distrito de Riego 05-Delicias. El objetivo fue analizar el uso del recurso hídrico mediante indicadores, que permitan plantear alternativas de solución. Se analizaron 21 ciclos agrícolas, por medio de las variables: superficie, volumen, ingreso y sus interacciones, los cuales se evaluaron con estadística descriptiva, análisis de componentes princi- pales, análisis clúster y multivariado de la varianza. Se encontró que la producción presentó variación en el tiempo, incrementándose la superficie y el volumen de cultivos perenes, lo que ocasionó variabilidad en subciclos. Los indicadores de efi- ciencia productiva y económica indican tres grupos de cultivos, de mayor eficiencia económica, mayor eficiencia productiva, y el último con mayor superficie sembrada y consumo de agua que incluye el cultivo de alfalfa y nogal, los cuales tienen diferencias significativas entre sí y cultivos. Lo que indica diferentes alternativas productivas, que difieren en resultados en impacto ambiental, como la cebolla con la mayor eficiencia productiva y económica. Los indicadores muestran avance en eficiencia del recurso hídrico, pero se recomienda implementar programas que incentiven el uso de riego tecnificado, principalmente en los cultivos de mayor superficie y disminuir de forma paulatina la asignación de volúmenes de agua, para mejorar la eficiencia, donde los cultivos y consumos dependan del volumen asignado.

La papa amarilla a nivel regional es considerada como uno de los mejores productos para ser comercializado en los mercados mayoristas. El distrito de Huácar tiene el mayor dinamismo en su producción pero al mismo tiempo limitaciones por lo que el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la incidencia de la producción de papa amarilla en el desarrollo agrícola; se analizó la situación actual de su producción en Huácar, haciendo uso de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Bajo un nivel de estudio descriptivo–explicativo, se evaluó la relación significativa a través de indicadores y para concretar los resultados se utilizó los métodos deductivo, inductivo, de síntesis y analítico. Los resultados determinan que los factores de producción de papa amarilla si influyen en el desarrollo agrícola de Huácar en el 2018, con un valor correlacional de 0.419 siendo una relación directa y positiva. Se concluye que dentro de Huácar, los productores de papa amarilla buscan fortalecer el tema de la eficiencia económica, el 80% prefiere el uso del capital propio y el 40% cuenta con una experiencia de más de 11 años; lo que significa que la producción de papa amarilla en cantidades producidas como comercializadas es rentable bajo mejoras de su rendimiento productivo.

The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency level of tea farms operated by owners and shareholders, and to explore the effect of different decisional, structural and management factors on efficiency. The data were collected from a stratified sample of 138 tea farmers operated in Rize province Turkey in 2017. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) program was used to estimate the efficiency scores. Tobit model was used to explore determinants of technical efficiency. Results disclosed that farmers can reduce their inputs use by 43% without compromising their yield level. However, they have low economic efficiency (0.41). Shareholder-operated farms were highly efficient (0.76) than the owner-operated farms. The factors such as old tea parcels, high land slope, and altitude were having a significant negative effect on farms' efficiency. Applying fertilizer in the root zone or mixed with soil, terracing of farmland, and performing of soil test was positively and significantly contributing to efficiency. Generally, the efficiency of tea farmers is low, and mostly farm management and structure related factors were negatively affecting the farmer's efficiency. The farmers should be aware of associated benefits with early replanting tea, fertilizer application in the root zone and terracing to control their production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The viability index of forage sorghum (BRS Ponta Negra) implantation is evaluated at different irrigation laminas (50; 75; 100; 125; 150% of evapotranspiration of culture, ETC), associated to different levels of the dead coverage with carnauba palm straw (0.00; 2.50; 3.75; 5.00; 6.25 cm). Research was undertaken at the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), campus Umirim (CE), between September 2016 and January 2017. Experimental design comprised subdivided plots, 5 x 5, with 5 replications, totaling 125 experimental units. Indexes calculated were net value (VPL), cost-benefit relationship (RB/C), Internal return rate (TIR) and discount payback (PB) for a 10-year planning. Results showed that sorghum production in culture condition was financially viable for all indicators in all irrigation laminas and levels of dead coverage, confirming a promising culture in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Finanças Públicas is the property of Escola de Administracao Fazendaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim of the study: To analyze the efficiency of agricultural irrigation management in the municipalities of Goiás State with the largest area irrigated by a central pivot system. Methodology/approach: A qualitative and quantitative approach was used with an exploratory objective by conducting a document analysis, drawing comparisons between the information of the registration of irrigators in Goiás and regulatory institutions with regard to the technical and economic efficiency of irrigation systems. Originality/Relevance: The growing use of technologies that require water resources has led to scientific and political discussions, seeking to define institutional criteria to regulate the environmental and social impact of irrigated agriculture. Principal results: It was found that 48.52% of the irrigators who were consulted do not use any form of management of irrigation systems that promote the efficient use of water, either technically or economically. Theoretical/methodological contributions: By identifying the decision-making model for the use of irrigation systems based on rational expectations, the work highlights the need to gain further knowledge regarding the parameters that aid the decision making of irrigator farmers, with a view to achieving the efficient use of water resources. Conclusion: The results suggest that to achieve intertemporal efficiency in the management of irrigation systems, it is necessary to adopt managerial strategies that reduce losses in reservoirs and in the conduction and application of water in irrigated areas. It is also necessary to improve irrigation methods and the maintenance of equipment, as well as the economic selection of products that will be the result of the use of water. This is because the increased supply of these products is the social benefit resulting from the use of a public good, water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Santiago de Cuba it is necessary to carry out studies that promote the development of economic, efficient and cost-effective technological processes that encourage the use of waste as a source of suitable raw materials for the production of high added value products such as oils Essentials. Due to the need to identify the appropriate technology for the obtaining of essential oils, in this work the technical and economic evaluation of the project of its obtaining was carried out, in which market, technical and economic studies were carried out. As a result of the work developed, the method of extraction by steam trawl was selected, the teams evaluated were those offered by the company FIGMAY SRL. The environmental effects at each stage of the project proved to be both mitigable and reversible. For the extractors at laboratory, pilot, semi-industrial and industrial scale, the NPV values were $ 772,95; $ 19 506,03; $ 97 168,99 and $ 199 209,84 respectively, the IIR values were 20 %, 40 %, 84 % and 119 % respectively and the investment is recovered in 7 years and 2 months, 3 years and 7 months, 1 year and 8 months, 1 year and 4 months respectively. In the economic evaluation carried out, profitability indicators are positive and favorable for all extractors, so the decision of which to acquire must be based on the availability of raw material in each entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents briefly a theoretical approach about limited efficiency from the perspective Economic Analysis of Law (EAL) of the limited liability company by examining initially the question of limited liability, under the scrutiny of the pro-rata theory and model manager-investor. It approaches the liability of directors of corporations incorporated in the form of a limited company. Subsequently, its theoretical approaches are about the analysis of the first generation of agency theory (contract manager-investor incentives), the hypothesis of Modigliani-Miller irrelevance, and structures of great property.