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It is difficult to analyze different concentrations of pharmaceutical active substances in dosage forms simultaneously, especially in formulations containing high amounts of excipients, on environmentally friendly principles without the need for any intervention. This study proposes a powerful analytical method for the simultaneous determination of L-ascorbic Acid and N-Acetyl Cysteine in an effervescent tablet using high performance liquid chromatography technique. In the study, it was aimed to reduce the use of toxic solvents/chemicals and waste emissions, to increase efficiency and to reduce the negative environmental consequences that may arise from them. The method was developed using a C18 (ACE-121-2546, 4.6 x 250 mm, 5 µm) column and a sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer mobile phase. Detection wavelengths were taken as 210 and 240 nm while the flow rate was 1 mL/min. The linearity, accuracy and precision, selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness of the proposed method were validated using International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Q2R criteria and its green assessment was validated by AGREE and AGREEprep applications. The linear range was taken as 0.1-100 µg/mL for both compounds analyzed in the developed method. The detection limit of the method was 0.02 and 0.04 µg/mL respectively for L-ascorbic Acid and N-Acetyl Cysteine. The recovery of the method was between 98.75%-102.20% and the accuracy and precision of the method for all compounds were 0.17% and 0.11% respectively. This new environmentally friendly method can be easily used by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for regular analysis without any restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia oxyphylla was used as raw material,taking the disintegration time, brittleness and foaming amount of effervescent tablets as evaluation indexes, orthogonal test method was used to determine the optimal formula of the processing technology of effervescent tablet on the basis of single factor test. The results showed that the optimal formula for processing technology of Alpinia oxyphylla effervescent tablets was 10% of Alpinia oxyphylla powder, 45% of effervescent citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (mass ratio: 1. 2 ∶ 1),40% of lactose,2. 25% of stevia side,lubricant PEG 6000 at 3%, and adhesive at 90% ethanol. The prepared effervescent tablets had a smooth surface, clear soup color and rapid disintegration, meeting the quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the preparation process of Ficus hirta Vahl effervescent tablets, the active ingredients were extracted with the aid of ultrasound using water as solvent, and the extract species were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and the formulation of Ficus hirta Vahl effervescent tablets was optimized by single-factor experiments and orthogonal optimization experiment. The results showed that 433 substances were detected in the aqueous extract of Ficus hirta Vahl, and the three most species were carboxylic acids and derivatives (103 species), fatty acyls (45 species) and benzene and substituted derivatives (36 species). The main active ingredients were 23 sugars (6.71% content), 9 flavonoids (0.22% content), 16 phenols (1.65% content), 5 coumarins (0.51‰ content) and 9 phenylpropanoic acids. The best preparation conditions of the effervescent tablets were 25% dried aqueous extract of Ficus hirta Vahl, 50% disintegrant (1:1.5 mass ratio of citric acid to sodium bicarbonate), 20% mannitol, 5% PEG-6000, and the solution of Ficus hirta Vahl effervescent tablets was brownish-yellow, clear and transparent with a sweet and sour taste. The DPPH free radical scavenging ability IC50 was 1.65 mg/mL. The preparation of effervescent tablets from the aqueous extract of Ficus hirta Vahl was rich in active ingredients and possesses antioxidant activity.

Solid beverages of effervescent tablets have good taste and portable features and are favored by consumers, but product quality and nutrition cannot meet the need of increasing nutritional requirements. Sea buckthorn fruit has a special flavor and nutrient-rich characteristics, but the related products of effervescent tablets have not been developed. In this paper, different additive contents (sea buckthorn fruit powder, erythritol, disintegrant, maltodextrin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) were optimized using the random centroid method; the obtained effervescent effect sensory evaluation characteristics (appearance, beverage, appearance, taste, solubility) were used to establish a fuzzy mathematic model for sensory evaluation method of process optimizing; and the nutritional components and characteristics of optimized sea buckthorn powder effervescent tablets were compared to the ones of the commercial product. The results show that the optimal process conditions (47.7% sea buckthorn fruit powder, 1.3% erythritol, 1:1 disintegrant ratio, 2% maltodextrin and 2.9% PVP) were obtained according to the highest fuzzy comprehensive sensory score (87.76). Moreover, the optimized one contains a higher content of vitamin C (50.36 mg/100 g), carotenoids (10.18 mg/100 g), total phenols (11.52 GAE/g), and total flavonoids (28.46 mg RE/100 g), as well as a shorter disintegration time (10 s). The results indicate the RCO, combined with fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation, is preferably suitable for effervescent tablet process optimization, and the quality indicators met the requirements of the effervescent tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application scope of antioxidant peptides is limited due to their bitter taste, easy to moisture absorption, difficult to preservation, and easy to loss of activity during processing. In order to enrich its product form, the preparation technology and quality evaluation of the Scomberomorus niphonius visceral antioxidant peptide effervescent tablets were investigated in this paper. In this study, the sensory score, disintegration time limited, pH and foaming volume were used as indicators to optimize the preparation technology of effervescent tablets by single factor tests and response surface test, and direct pressing method was used to prepare effervescent tablets. The results showed that the optimal technological conditions were as follows: Acid-base ratio 1:0.88, stevioside addition 1.55%, PEG6000 addition 10.70%, antioxidant peptide powder addition 20%, tartaric acid addition 26.60%, sodium bicarbonate addition 23.40%, PVP-K30 addition 4%, maltodextrin addition 13.75%. Three validation tests were carried out under this process conditions, and the sensory score of mackerel visceral antioxidant peptide effervescent tablets was (4.615±0.012). The disintegration time limited, tablet weight variation, pH value, foaming volume, hardness and fragility of the effervescent tablets of antioxidant peptide from Scomberomorus niphonius visceral, which prepared under this technological condition all in line with the quality requirements of the effervescent tablets in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition, and the DPPH· clearance rate was 85.17%±0.07%. Effervescent tablets were light yellow in color, smooth surface, suitable sweet and sour, and good clarity after blending.

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. Exogenous estrogen or Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is the potential therapy for osteoporosis. Still, the patient rarely chooses this treatment because of the risk of breast and endometrial cancer. Phytoestrogens or estrogen-like compounds, particularly isoflavones, are a potentially safe alternative to HRT. Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) is a plant that contains many phytoestrogens. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of jicama extract in effervescent tablets with various concentrations of binder and sweetener. The manufacturing of jicama effervescent tablets used raw materials extracted from 96% p.a. ethanol by maceration. The extract is then formulated with various binder concentrations (PVP 40 and gelatin) and sweeteners (lactose and Mannitol) using the wet granulation method. Based on the test results on the physicochemical properties of tablets, all the formula meets the requirement of a good tablet, and the preferred formula is Formula 4 with 0.75% of PVP40 and 47,75% Mannitol. Ethanol extract of jicama can be formulated into effervescent tablets and has the potential to be developed as a treatment for osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a liquid‐phase microextraction‐based effervescent tablet‐assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection as an eco‐efficient, convenient‐to‐use, cost‐effective, sensitive, rapid, and efficient method for extracting, preconcentrating, and quantifying trace amounts of diazinon in river water samples. As a switchable solvent, triethylamine (TEA) was used. In situ generation of CO2 using effervescent tablet containing Na2CO3 and citric acid changed the hydrophobic TEA to the hydrophilic protonated triethylamine carbonate (P‐TEA‐C). CO2 removal from the specimen solution using NaOH caused P‐TEA‐C to be converted into TEA and led to phase separation, during which diazinon was extracted into the TEA phase. The salting‐out process was helpful in enhancing extraction efficiency. In addition, a number of significant parameters that affect extraction recovery were examined. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The extraction recovery percentage and pre‐concentration factor were obtained at 95 and 190%, respectively, and the precision (inter‐ and intra‐day, relative standard deviation %, n = 5) was <5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish is a vegetable high in nutritional and phytochemical contents that are beneficial to the human body, especially for managing kidney stone disease. However, it is less consumed as compared to other vegetables due to its pungent flavour and odour. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to formulate a radish effervescent tablet to enhance the palatability of the vegetable. The radish effervescent tablet was formulated by using Simplex Lattice Mixture Design where the percentages of sucralose and strawberry flavour were chosen as the factors. Five formulations were generated, and sensory acceptance test was conducted on them. Next, the halalan toyyiban principle compliance was evaluated based on the Halal Control Points (HCPs), toxicity assay (brine shrimp lethality assay), anti-urolithiatic properties (turbidimetric assay), and nutritional composition (energy, total protein, total fat, total carbohydrate, and total sugar). Formulation 5 (F5) with 20% citric acid, 12% sodium bicarbonate, 58% radish powder, 2.5% sucralose, and 7.5% strawberry flavour was selected as the most acceptable formulation (p < 0.05). For the halalan toyyiban principle compliance, F5 was evaluated, and it complied with the halalan toyyiban principles. It is halal, non-toxic, and safe for consumption as the LC50 was greater than 1,000 µg/mL (2,223.31 µg/mL) for toxicity test, and exhibited significant potential as an anti-urolithiatic agent (88.13% inhibition). In the future, prototype development of radish effervescent tablet with potential anti-urolithiatic and fast-dissolving properties can be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valacyclovir (VA) displays antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella zoster virus (VZV). The aim of this study was to design, formulate and evaluate the physicochemical properties of effervescent tablets containing VA in order to facilitate pill swallowing for the pediatric, elderly and bed-ridden patients. Sixteen formulations with different amounts of effervescent base were prepared by modified direct compression for the loading of 500 mg VA. The Design-Expert® software was then used to generate formulations using a full factorial design with four different variables: citric acid (A), sodium bicarbonate to citric acid molar ratio (B) 6000 (D). The prepared tablets were assessed for weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, CO2 content, effervescence time and pH. To improve the taste of formulations, several sweeteners and fruity essences such as raspberry and cherries were used. F2 formulation was selected as the optimized formulation with the desirability of 72.8%. The optimized formulation had an effervescent time of 98.33±3.51 seconds, friability % of 0.55, pH value of 4.67±0.06, CO2 amount of 261.33 ± 20.26 mg and hardness of 77.23±3.12 N. It, therefore, seems that optimized effervescent tablets may be helpful for the delivery of VA in the treatment of herpes simplex or herpes zoster and chikenpox. Keywords: Valacyclovir, Effervescent Tablet, Dry Granulation, Direct compression method. Please cite this article as: Somayeh Taymouri, Abolfazl Mostafavi, Sajjad Zaretaghiabadi. Design, Formulation and Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Valacyclovir Effervescent Tablet. Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022;8(3):135-146. doi: 10.30476/TIPS.2022.95385.1145.

Theaflavins (TFs), as the major polyphenolic components of fermented tea, possess beneficial effects on human health. In this study, the effervescent tablets based on theaflavins were developed. The optimal formulation of TF effervescent tablets was obtained by response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design. Then, the physiochemical properties were evaluated, including hardness, friability, effervescent time and pH of the solution. At last, the antioxidant ability of TF effervescent tablets was studied through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. According to the results, the optimal formulation of the tablets contained TF powder 9.09%, disintegrating agent 43.80% (the weight ratio of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate was 1:1), aspartame 1.86%, PEG-600 3%, and mannitol in balance. With the wet granulation method, the TF effervescent tablets displayed suitable hardness, fast disintegration time, good color, pleasant taste and high antioxidant activity. This study demonstrated that the TF effervescent tablets could be a valuable product for the supplement market and contribute to promoting practical application of TFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New product development of Moringa oleifera effervescent tablet was optimization of the acid-base in the formula by using the D-optimal mix design. Chemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera extract was evaluated. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Moringa oleifera effervescent tablet was measured. The results shows that chemical compounds of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera extracts were hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, and fatty acids. Both extracts exhibited high antioxidant by the IC50 value at 240.27 μg/mL and 301.21 μg/mL respectively. The quadratic model was found to be the best fitted for evaluating the solubility time, colour, taste and aroma; meanwhile, the special cubic model appeared to be the best fitting model for assessing the hardness response. The optimization process suggested that citric acid (22.19% w/w), tartaric acid (11.17% w/w), and sodium bicarbonate (33.64% w/w) was the best solution for this combination of variables, with a desirability value of 0.798. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Astaxanthin is a type of keto-carotene with potential health benefits. However, astaxanthin has poor solubility and stability, resulting in its low oral bio-availability. Microcapsules can be used to improve the water solubility, stability and oral bio-availability of lipophilic bioactive compounds. Effervescent tablets can further improve the stability, smell and taste of microcapsules, and are more easily accepted by consumers. Results: Astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules were prepared by layer-by-layer assembly and freeze-drying technologies. Sodium caseinate and κ-carrageenan were applied as wall materials. The prepared microcapsules had good flow properties and encapsulation efficiencies (> 85%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the mechanisms of layer-by-layer self-assembly between sodium caseinate and κ-carrageenan might be electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding. The preparation process and excipients did not affect the antioxidant effect of astaxanthin. The in vitro simulated digestion study showed that microcapsules were mainly dissolved and digested in the simulated intestinal solution. Compared with its raw material, microencapsulation could improve the bio-accessibility of astaxanthin greatly. Then, astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules were incorporated into effervescent tablets by wet granulation and tablet-pressing methods. The dissolution of astaxanthin from effervescent tablets was over 90% in 2 h, which indicated a good dissolution effect. A cytotoxicity study revealed that astaxanthin loaded effervescent tablets had a good biocompatibility. Encapsulating astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules in effervescent tablets can improve its chemical stability. CONCLUSION: Effervescent tablets containing microcapsules could be used to improve the solubility, stability and bioaccessibility of lipophilic bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel method, magnetic effervescent tablet-assisted ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (META-IL-DLLME), was pioneered for extraction and preconcentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in liquid matrix samples. In this proposed method, a magnetic effervescent tablet, containing CO2 sources, ionic liquids and Fe3S4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), combines extractant dispersion and magnetic recovery into one-step. Fe3S4 was synthesized, characterized and applied it for the first time to the newly developed method, and its extraction recoveries (ERs) for PBDEs were 20.8-32.0% higher than those of conventional Fe3O4 MNPs. The increased ERs of Fe3S4 resulted from its larger specific surface area and pore size. Some important parameters were rigorously optimized, such as kinds of magnetic nanoparticles, effervescent agents, extraction solvents and their volumes, elution solvents, extraction temperature and salt addition. Under the optimized conditions, the META-IL-DLLME method combined with HPLC-DAD analysis gave the linear ranges of 0.1-0.5-100 µg L-1 with correlation coefficients of > 0.9990. The ERs ranged from 80.7% to 99.3%, and the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.012-0.078 µg L-1 and 0.04-0.26 µg L-1, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precisions, expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6), were 1.32-4.83% and 1.99-4.25%, respectively. To evaluate its matrix effect, the relative recoveries of PBDEs from tap and river water, skim and whole milk, pregnant women and women serum samples at three fortification levels (2.0, 5.0 and 20.0 µg L-1) were in the range of 77.3-106.7%. Overall, the commercial Fe3O4 MNPs can only be used for magnetic separation in microextraction procedures, while Fe3S4 MNPs gave the higher adsorption and extraction efficiency for organic analytes besides the convenient magnetic separation. Therefore, the results obtained in this study provide a superior alternative for the conventional magnetic separation and adsorbent material. Also, this newly developed method has a great potential in routine monitoring of liquid matrix samples.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to prepare effervescent tablets of traditional Chinese medicine Xianganfang with fresh juice using a semi-solid 3D printer with three cartridge holders to seperate acid and alkali source by drug paste through model design to avoid sticking impact and premature effervescence during the tableting in the conventional preparation process. The powder of Xianganfang including fresh juice of Phyllanthus emblica and licorice extract was obtained by vacuum freeze-drying with 50% mannitol as cryoprotectant. Then, the formulation of 3D-printed effervescent tablets was investigated. Further 5% HPMC hydroalcoholic gel was mixed with sodium bicarbonate and freeze-dried Xianganfang powder to prepare alkali source and drug paste respectively while 30% PVP ethanol solution was mixed with tartaric acid to prepare acid source paste; these three pastes had good printability. The pastes of drug, acid, and alkali were loaded into three syringe cartridges separately and numbered as "3," "5," and "7," according to cartridge holders of the 3D printer, and printed in the order of "537,353,735" for separating acid and alkali by drug to avoid premature effervescence. And the basic printing parameters were optimized. The tablets were evaluated by the appearance, tablet weight variation, hardness, disintegration time, friability, pH, and stability. The physicochemical properties all conformed to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition. The content of the active ingredient gallic acid was 0.769 ± 0.019 mg/g. This study provided a new method to prepare effervescent tablets of traditional Chinese medicine with fresh juice using 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wettability, gel formation and erosion behaviors could influence the drug release pattern of solid dosage forms. Typically, these parameters are evaluated using a variety of techniques. Nonetheless, there has been no previous research on versatile tool development for evaluating several tablet characteristics with a single tool. The aim of this study was to develop the versatile tool for measuring various physical properties of eutectic effervescent tablets and also investigate the relationship between these parameters with parameters from drug dissolution. Ibuprofen (IBU)-poloxamer 407 (P407) eutectic effervescent tablets were fabricated with a direct compression method. Their wetting properties, gel formation and erosion behaviors were investigated using a stereomicroscope with imaging analysis in terms of the liquid penetration distance, gel thickness and erosion boundary diameter, respectively. In addition, the dissolution rate (k) and disintegration time of eutectic effervescent tablets in 0.1 N HCl buffer pH 1.2 were also determined. Incorporation of P407 into the IBU tablet improved the tablet wetting properties with increasing liquid penetration distance under stereoscope. CO2 liberation from effervescent agents promoted tablet surface roughness from matrix erosion. The relationship between observed physical properties and disintegration and dissolution parameters suggested that the combination of erosion by effervescent agents and gel formation by P407 had a potential influence on dissolution enhancement of the formulation. Therefore, a developed stereomicroscope with an imaging analysis technique was exhibited as an alternative versatile tool for determining the wetting properties, gel formation and erosion behaviors of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effervescent tablet‐assisted switchable polarity solvent–based homogeneous liquid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection has been conducted for the separation, preconcentration, and detection of permethrin and deltamethrin in the river water specimens. Triethylamine (TEA) was utilized as the switchable polarity solvent in this method. The switching process was carried out by the dissolution of an effervescent tablet including an effervescency agent (sodium carbonate) and a proton donor agent (citric acid). Changing the pH of the specimen solution enhanced the conversion of TEA into protonated triethylamine carbonate through the tablet that generated carbon dioxide bubbles in situ. Finally, the addition of sodium hydroxide changed the ionization state of TEA and separated the two phases. Influential factors in the extraction were investigated. According to optimal situations, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.16 and 0.5 μg L−1 for permethrin and 0.03 and 0.1 μg L−1 for deltamethrin, respectively. The preconcentration factor was 194 in river water samples and inter‐ and intra‐day precision (relative standard deviation %; n = 5) was <5%. The extraction recovery was obtained in the range of 93.0%–97% for permethrin and deltamethrin in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg white is one source of protein that has many functions, including as an antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-cancer, and this can also be used as a preservative and sweetener. The addition of egg white powder to effervescent tablets with lemon essence is expected to increase protein levels in the tablet. The purpose of this study was to study the physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of effervescent tablets by adding egg white powder to the formulation. The study design used a randomized block design (RBD) with the making period as a group. The treatments used were different concentrations of effervescent mix (sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid), that is, 55, 60 and 65%. Data from the test results were tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA), further tests with the Duncan test. The physical characteristics of effervescent tablets with the addition of egg white powder and the difference in the concentration of effervescent mix as a treatment were not significantly different among treatments. The chemical characteristics of egg white effervescent tablets did not change with the treatment concentration of effervescent mix 55, 60 and 65% but the water activity (aw) of the effervescent tablets changed. Increasing the concentration of effervescent mix treatment can reduce the value of aw from 0.58 to 0.50. The addition of albumen powder with different concentrations of effervescent mix resulted in effervescent tablets according to predetermined standards. The organoleptic test results on the overall assessment of egg white powder effervescent tablets were somewhat favorable

Poor chromatographic resolution is one of the main challenges in chromatographic analysis. Partially separated chromatographic peaks frequently occur, due to the nature of analytes and the demand for fast analysis using high flow rates and shorter columns. Modeling of chromatographic three‐way data using suitable chemometric tools enables determining co‐eluted peaks without using additional experimental efforts. In this paper, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to chromatographic data for the quantitative resolution of a quaternary mixture at the co‐elution condition of acetaminophen, aspirin, ascorbic acid, and guaifenesin in a spectrochromatogram. The spectrochromatograms of the calibration set, validation set, and real samples were arranged as a three‐way array. In the next step, the PARAFAC model was implemented to decompose the spectrochromatographic array into trilinear components, corresponding to spectral, chromatographic, and relative concentration profiles of the analytes. The chromatographic and spectral modes were used for the qualitative analysis of components, whereas the analytes in commercial tablets were quantified from their individual profiles in their concentration mode. This study indicated that the application of the PARAFAC model provided a novel strategy for determining overlapping peaks in a chromatogram to perform the analysis of multicomponent mixtures with reduced runtime and without additional efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/purpose: Multivitamin syrups and effervescent tablets are commonly used for dietary support in children; however, these preparations may have detrimental effects on the surface of restorative materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two multivitamin syrups and two effervescent tablets taken daily on the surface microhardness and roughness of two different restorative materials. Materials and methods: The study groups were comprised of a conventional glass ionomer cement, Ketac Molar, and a giomer, Beautifil II. A total of 140 disc-shaped specimens were prepared and randomly assigned to 5 subgroups. The samples were immersed in 4 multivitamins (Supradyne syrup, Supradyne effervescent, Sambucol syrup, Sambucol effervescent) and deionized water (control group) for 2 min once a day for 28 days. Surface microhardness and roughness measurements were recorded at baseline and on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Surface microhardness was measured using a Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness was determined using a profilometer. Results: For all subgroups; the surface microhardness values of the Ketac Molar and Beautifil II demonstrated a statistically significant decrease from the baseline to the 28th day measurements (p

Abstract Background The main objective of the present study was to develop and optimize an effervescent tablet of levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug, using central composite design with response surface methodology (RSM).The present investigation helps to overcome the problem associated with levetiracetam tablets and liquid dosage forms with children and elderly people like bad taste and swallowing difficulties. It also facilitates as an alternative manufacturing process for advanced patented technology like 3D printing process employed in SPRITAM® tablet. Levetiracetam effervescent tablets were prepared by dry granulation (roll compaction) method using water-soluble excipients and optimized by central composite rotatable design (CCRD) using two variables (citric acid and effersoda) at two levels (high and low). Overall, fourteen formulation trials were generated through statistical software Minitab 17.3.0 placing 6 center points, 4 cube points, and 4 axial points. All formulations were subjected to compression using single punch machine. Results Quality attributes of compressed tablets were evaluated using various compendial and non-compendial tests. RSM was used to observe the responses like effervescent time, hardness, and friability of the prepared tablet batches for different levels of all the variables. Polynomial equations were developed, and model plots (contour plot and 3-dimensional model surface plots) were generated to study the impact of acid-base couple on the responses. Finally, the optimized formulation was selected on the basis of desired effervescent time, hardness, friability, percent drug release, and drug content. From the studied RSM design, it was observed that small changes in the independent variables (citric acid and effersoda) correlate with shifts in the dependent variables, i.e., the desired responses. The study reveals that all the independent variables (citric acid and effersoda) and dependent variables (effervescent time, hardness, and friability) have a good correlation as indicated by good linear regression coefficient of 0.9808, 0.9939, and 0.9892 for effervescent time, hardness, and friability respectively. Conclusion Levetiracetam effervescent tablets are satisfactorily prepared by dry granulation (roll compaction) approach. All desired critical quality attributes were found to be satisfactory. The applicability of RSM with desirability function in optimizing the levetiracetam formulation has made it possible to identify the impact of various independent variables and explore their effect on required responses.

This paper describes an effervescence-assisted liquid phase microextraction (EA-LPME) method coupled to the SQT-FAAS system for determining trace levels of cadmium in domestic wastewater samples. Preconcentration of the cadmium ions was carried out by forming carbon dioxide bubbles with the help of effervescent tablets without the need for a dispersive solvent. 1-undecanol was used both as the extractant and solidifying agent for the tablets, and the complexation of the Cd metal was provided by diphenylcarbazone. To achieve maximum efficiency in the extraction process, optimization steps were investigated individually and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, LOD and LOQ values calculated for the developed method were 0.38 and 1.3 µg/L, respectively. An 84-fold enhancement in the detection power of the FAAS system was achieved with the proposed method. Developed EA-LPME-SQT-FAAS method was applied to domestic wastewater samples and the recovery results demonstrated high experimental precision (%RSD < 10) with percent recoveries close to 100%. Developed method is easy, sensitive and accurate for the determination of analyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a kind of novel multi-layer core-shell nanocomposites (NSPN) was prepared by employing SiO2 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymers as modifiers and amino-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (NH2-MIL101(Fe)) as coating. It was referred to as the NSPN and ILs-based effervescence-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction, hereafter abbreviated as NIE-DSM. In terms of extraction efficiency, SiO2 and PVP as modifiers and NH2-MIL(Fe) as coating onto the surface of NiFe2O4 cores played a synergistically enhancing effect on adsorption/extraction. Effervescent tablets were prepared by integrating the NSPN magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as extractants as well as acidic and alkaline sources. Under vigorous dispersion of CO2 bubbles, the NIE-DSM method realized the goal of rapidly diffusing and separating the adsorbent/extractant (~3 min) without needing conventional vortexing or centrifugation step. Consequently, the NIE-DSM approach combined dispersion and adsorption/extractant in a synchronous way. Under optimized conditions, the NIE-DSM/HPLC-FLD method gave low limits of detection (0.008–0.034 μg kg−1) and satisfactory extraction recoveries (74.1–101.6%) for five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene) in milk samples. The intra-day and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviations, was

Wettability, gel formation and erosion behaviors could influence the drug release pattern of solid dosage forms. Typically, these parameters are evaluated using a variety of techniques. Nonetheless, there has been no previous research on versatile tool development for evaluating several tablet characteristics with a single tool. The aim of this study was to develop the versatile tool for measuring various physical properties of eutectic effervescent tablets and also investigate the relationship between these parameters with parameters from drug dissolution. Ibuprofen (IBU)-poloxamer 407 (P407) eutectic effervescent tablets were fabricated with a direct compression method. Their wetting properties, gel formation and erosion behaviors were investigated using a stereomicroscope with imaging analysis in terms of the liquid penetration distance, gel thickness and erosion boundary diameter, respectively. In addition, the dissolution rate (k) and disintegration time of eutectic effervescent tablets in 0.1 N HCl buffer pH 1.2 were also determined. Incorporation of P407 into the IBU tablet improved the tablet wetting properties with increasing liquid penetration distance under stereoscope. CO2 liberation from effervescent agents promoted tablet surface roughness from matrix erosion. The relationship between observed physical properties and disintegration and dissolution parameters suggested that the combination of erosion by effervescent agents and gel formation by P407 had a potential influence on dissolution enhancement of the formulation. Therefore, a developed stereomicroscope with an imaging analysis technique was exhibited as an alternative versatile tool for determining the wetting properties, gel formation and erosion behaviors of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.

Mosquito problem remains a major problem due to unavailability of effective formulation for controlling mosquito at the starting stages. The aim of this study was to develop a neem based effervescent tablet for immediate and fast destruction of mosquito larvae in any unrecognized ecosystems like stagnant water after rain or water blockage or for household applications. Effervescent tablet was prepared by the 30% neem oil absorbed over silica and then combine acids/acid salts and bicarbonates in definite proportion (citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate). The powdered mixer was then compressed in tablet machine. The tablet shows bubbling reaction by releasing CO2 when dispersed in water. The tablet was evaluated for hardness, thickness, disintegration, weight variation, Ph, content % and accelerated storage test. The tablet shows all the physicochemical parameters within the limits. Bio-efficacy evaluation was tested against larvae. It shows 75–90% mortality for Aedes agyptii larvae.

Multivitamin syrups and effervescent tablets are commonly used for dietary support in children; however, these preparations may have detrimental effects on the surface of restorative materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two multivitamin syrups and two effervescent tablets taken daily on the surface microhardness and roughness of two different restorative materials. The study groups were comprised of a conventional glass ionomer cement, Ketac Molar, and a giomer, Beautifil II. A total of 140 disc-shaped specimens were prepared and randomly assigned to 5 subgroups. The samples were immersed in 4 multivitamins (Supradyne syrup, Supradyne effervescent, Sambucol syrup, Sambucol effervescent) and deionized water (control group) for 2 min once a day for 28 days. Surface microhardness and roughness measurements were recorded at baseline and on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Surface microhardness was measured using a Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness was determined using a profilometer. For all subgroups; the surface microhardness values of the Ketac Molar and Beautifil II demonstrated a statistically significant decrease from the baseline to the 28th day measurements (p < 0.05), while the surface roughness displayed increased values that were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). The Ketac Molar surface roughness values were significantly higher than Beautifil II in all subgroups for all measurement days (p = 0.0001). The prolonged use of multivitamin syrups and effervescent tablets may have negative effects on the physical properties of restorative materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel effervescent tablet‐assisted demulsified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplet was developed to determine methadone prior to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. In this method, a tablet composed of citric acid, sodium carbonate, and 1‐undecanol was utilized. The resulting effervescent tablet generated carbon dioxide in situ to disperse 1‐undecanol in the sample. Thus, the dispersive and extraction processes were performed in one synchronous step. An aliquot of acetonitrile as the demulsifier solvent was used for the separation of two phases instead of centrifugation. Under optimal conditions, the developed method was linear up to 50 000 µg/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. Moreover, limits of detection and limits of the quantification were in the range of 3‐10 and 7‐30 µg/L in water and biological samples, respectively. Intra‐ and interday precisions (n = 6) of the spiked methadone at a concentration level of 50 µg/L were over ranges of 5.1‐6.8% and 5.7‐7.1%, respectively. The preconcentration factors and recovery values were obtained in the range of 140‐145 and 98.1 to 101.6% in real samples, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Effervescent tablet is a tablet intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration. It has become popular dosage form among patients who have difficulty in swallowing tablets and capsules. Objective The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate effervescent tablet with the optimum percentages of effervescent agents and study the effect of addition of superdisintegrant. Methodology This study was divided into two parts. The effect of different percentages of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate on the effervescent tablet was studied in the first part of the study. The second part of the study was to formulate effervescent tablet with different percentages of sodium starch glycolate which acted as superdisintegrant. The effervescent tablets were evaluated based on their hardness, disintegration time, percentage of weight loss, uniformity in weight and thickness. Result and discussion Formulation 7 which contains 40% of effervescent agent and 10% of superdisintegrant has the fastest disintegration time (44.83 ± 6.97s) and sufficient crushing strength (4.32 ± 0.67kg). Conclusion: Formulation 7 was selected as optimum formulation in term of disintegration time due to a combination effect of effervescent and swelling of tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, a novel HDES-based effervescent tablet was firstly synthesized as an extractant of ETA-LPME and combined with micro UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the determination of trace cobalt (Co) in Gastrodia elata Bl. [Display omitted] • A novel HDES-based effervescent tablet was firstly synthesized. • HDES-based ETA-LPME was combined with micro UV-Vis spectrophotometry. • The combination was firstly applied to analyze Gastrodia elata Bl. • The effective and rapid extraction of Co was accomplished in one step for the method. • The developed method has a good application prospect in field analysis. A novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES)-based effervescent tablet was first synthesized as an extractant of effervescent tablet-assisted liquid phase microextraction (ETA-LPME) and combined with micro UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the determination of trace cobalt (Co) in Gastrodia elata Bl. The novel effervescent tablets were prepared by mixing the extractants (HDES) and effervescent precursors (sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) and malonic acid (MA)). The effective and rapid extraction of Co was accomplished in one step when NaHCO 3 and MA in the effervescent tablet react to produce CO 2 , and HDES are uniformly dispersed into the sample solution. After the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the ETA-LPME process, it was found that the enhancement factor (EF), the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method were 38, 0.05 μg/L, and 0.18 μg/L, respectively. The method has the advantages of highly efficient, rapid, and environmentally friendly and has been used in the determination of trace Co in Gastrodia elata Bl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the design of an experimental potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the recognition of various samples of effervescent tablets with different ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents. The ET consisted of twelve potentiometric sensors based on conductive polymers, which were derived from 4-amino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, and neutral red on the surface of the platinum electrode using cyclic voltammetry. The aim of the potentiometric study was to assess the influence of the vitamin C content and the composition of the matrix of commercial samples on the potentiometric response. The results obtained from the sensor array proved that the stability of the potentiometric signal and the accuracy of measurements are affected by individual sensors. The identification of the vitamin C content in the individual samples of effervescent tablets obtained by means of the potentiometric electronic tongue corresponded with the results of the coulometric titration.

Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablet are more and more extensively to adjust the behaviour of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. This review demonstrated the new applying of effervescent technique in effervescent tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to design, formulate and physicochemically evaluate effervescent ranitidine hydrochloride (HCl) tablets since they are easily administered while the elderly and children sometimes have difficulties in swallowing oral dosage forms. Methods: Effervescent ranitidine HCl tablets were prepared in a dosage of 300 mg by fusion and direct compression methods. The powder blend and granule mixture were evaluated for various pre-compression characteristics, such as angle of repose, compressibility index, mean particle size and Hausner's ratio. The tablets were evaluated for post-compression features including weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, dissolution time, carbon dioxide content, effervescence time, pH, content uniformity and water content. Effervescent systems with appropriate pre and post-compression qualities dissolved rapidly in water were selected as the best formulations. Results: The results showed that the flowability of fusion method is more than that of direct compression and the F5 and F6 formulations of 300 mg tablets were selected as the best formulations because of their physicochemical characteristics. Conclusion: In this study, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate and sweeteners (including mannitol, sucrose and aspartame) were selected. Aspartame, mint and orange flavors were more effective for masking the bitter taste of ranitidine. The fusion method is the best alternative in terms of physicochemical and physical properties.

The research on The Application of Effervescent Technology of Aloe vera as Functional Drink has been done. The objectives were to obtain effrvescent tablet prefered by the panelist as well as nutritious as aloe vera-based functional food also to obtain appropriate formula resulting good quality of effervescent tablet. Formulation of effervescent tablet with treatments of maltodextrin concentration were done. The result showed that the best formulas of aloe vera effervescent tablet were aloe vera concentration 33%, maltodextrin 7,5%, acid-karbonat total 43%, sorbitol 5%, sukralose 3 % and Polyethylenglicol 8000 %.