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Edwardsiana rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figs 44 and 60 a–c) Recorded damage and economic importance in the orchards of Iran: Causing various degrees of economic damage on apple, pear, almond and grapevine (Tchouvakhin 1949; Farahbakhsh 1961; Esmaili 1984; Behdad 1991; Rajabi 1991; Abaii 2000; Koliayee et al. 2012; Nourbakhsh et al. 2012). Recorded damage in the orchards of other parts of the world: Bozbuga & Elekcioglu (2008) mentioned the species as a potential and not economic pest in olive orchards in Turkey. Recorded distribution in Iran: North, west and centre (Mozaffarian & Wilson 2016). Conclusion: The damage level caused by this species needs to be studied due to the variable records in Iran and other parts of the world., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba, 2018, An Identification key to the species of Auchenorrhyncha of Iranian fauna recorded as pests in orchards and a review on the pest status of the species, pp. 475-501 in Zootaxa 4420 (4) on page 493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1455385, {"references":["Tchouvakhin, V. (1949) Typhlocyba rosae L. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 9, 33 - 46 [in Persian with French summary]","Farahbakhsh, Gh. (1961) A checklist of economically important insects and other enemies of plants and agricultural products in Iran. Plant organization Press, Tehran, 153 pp.","Esmaiili, M. (1984) Important Pests of Fruit Trees. Markaz-e Nashr-e Sepehr publication, Tehran, 584 pp. [in Persian]","Behdad, E. (1991) Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran. Markaz-e Nashr-e Bahman, Isfahan, 822 pp.","Rajabi, Gh. (1991) Insects attacking Rosaceous fruit trees in Iran. Vol. 3: Homoptera. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, 256 pp.","Abaii, M. (2000) Pests of Forest Trees and Shrubs of Iran. 2 nd Edition. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Tehran, 178 pp.","Nourbakhsh, S., Sahraian, H., Soroush, M. J., Rezaii, V. & Fotouhi, A. R. (2012) List of Important Pests, Diseases and Weeds of Major Agricultural Products, Chemicals and Recommended Ways for their Control. Plant Protection organization, Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture, Tehran, 204 pp. [in Persian]","Bozbuga, R. & Elekcioglu, Z. (2008) Pests and Natural Enemies Determined in Olive Orchards in Turkey. Turk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 1 (1), 87 - 97.","Mozaffarian, F. & Wilson, M. R. (2016) A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 4062 (1), 1 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4062.1.1"]}

Edwardsiana ishidae (Matsumura 1932) (Fig. 9) Mantoudi (Euboea) Cultivation: FT Trapping method: Malaise trap General distribution: Europe (Poland, Germany, Αustria etc) (Nickel & Remane 2002; Söderman et al. 2009), Published as part of Th, Zoi N., Lekkou, D., Koutsogi, Terini, St, D., Voulg, N., Piperk, Sios, Ch, Terini & Ts, Ntonios E., 2018, New records and updated checklist of Cicadomorpha (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) species from Greece, pp. 133-157 in Zootaxa 4413 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1221974

Edwardsiana tersa (Edwards 1914) (Fig. 10) Mantoudi (Euboea), Karavomilos (Fthiotida) Cultivation: FT, OL Trapping method: Malaise trap General distribution: Europe (France, Germany, Lithuania etc), Russia, Turkey Canada, USΑ (McKamey 2001; Nickel & Remane 2002; Popa 2005; Söderman et al. 2009), Published as part of Th, Zoi N., Lekkou, D., Koutsogi, Terini, St, D., Voulg, N., Piperk, Sios, Ch, Terini & Ts, Ntonios E., 2018, New records and updated checklist of Cicadomorpha (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) species from Greece, pp. 133-157 in Zootaxa 4413 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1221974, {"references":["McKAmEy, S. H. (2001) ChEckLIst of LEAfhoppEr SpEcIEs 1758 - 1955 (HEmIptErA: MEmbrAcoIdEA: CIcAdELLIdAE ANd MysErsLopIIdAE) wIth SyNoNymy ANd DIstrIbutIoN. Catalogue of the Homoptera, Fascicle 6, Abridged. AvAILAbLE from: http: // www. bIo-NIcA. INfo / bIbLIotEcA / McKAmEyCIcAdELLIdAE. pdf (AccEssEd 6 AprIL 2018)"]}

Edwardsiana avellanae (Edwards, 1888) Typhlocyba avellanae Edwards, 1888: 157. Edwardsiana avellanae (Edwards, 1888): Mohammadzadeh Fard & Hodjat (2008). Recorded distribution in Iran: Southwest., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Edwards, J. (1888) Descriptions of four new species of Typhlocyb. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 25, 157 - 158.","Mohammadzadeh Fard, S. & Hodjat, S. H. (2008), Report of Typhlocyba (Edwardsiana) avellanae (Hem.: Cicadellidae) as a rice pest in Firoozabad, Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 27 (2), 21 - 22."]}

Edwardsiana diversa (Edwards, 1914) Typhlocyba diversa Edwards, 1914: 171. Edwardsiana diversa (Edwards, 1914): Dlabola (1981). Recorded distribution in Iran: North., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Edwards, J. (1914) Additional species of British Typhlocybidae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 50, 168 - 172."]}

Edwardsiana sociabilis (Ossiannilsson, 1936) (Fig. 1) Material. 1. allotment �� K��ferberg ��; N47�� 24��� 3.132���, E8�� 31��� 25.932��� (Fig. 2); 520 m; 8June 2015; 1 ♂; bowl trap. This Palearctic species is widespread in central-northern Europe. Its distribution area ranges from Germany to Sweden, and from The Netherlands to Russia (European part) with the most southern record from Georgia. Edwardsiana sociabilis represents one of the rare documented cases in which specialized native leafhoppers have shifted to exotic shrubs, such as Rosa rugosa,but in natural habitats it is confined to the tall herb Filipendula ulmaria (Nickel 2008). This species frequently occurs in urban areas on Rosa spp., which is one of the most frequently cultivated genera among garden plants. The presence of this leafhopper in gardens was expected in Switzerland as the species occurs in Germany and Austria (Nickel 2003). Considering that leafhoppers in gardens have hardly been investigated in Switzerland, it is not surprising that E. sociabilis has not previously been found., Published as part of Andrea Zanetta, David Frey, Marco Moretti & Valeria Trivellone, 2016, First records of Edwardsiana sociabilis (Ossiannilsson, 1936) and Laburrus pellax (Horv��th, 1903) (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in Switzerland, pp. 281-287 in Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 89 on page 283, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.192642, {"references":["Nickel, H. 2008. Tracking the elusive: leafhoppers and planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera) in tree canopies of European deciduous forests. - In: Floren, A. & Schmidl, J. (eds), Canopy arthropod research in Europe. Basic and applied studies from the high frontier. Bioform entomology & equipment, pp. 175 - 214.","Nickel, H. 2003. The leafhoppers and planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha): patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects. - Pensoft, Sofia and Moscow, 460 pp."]}

Edwardsiana iranicola Zachvatkin, 1945 Edwardsiana iranicola Zachvatkin, 1945: 112. Edwardsiana iranicola Zachvatkin, 1945: Zachvatkin (1945), Nast (1972) [listed], Dlabola (1981), Halperin (1990), Abaii (2000), Yarmand et al. (2006), Kotenev et al. (2006). Edwardsiana iranicola Dworakowska, 1968: Mirzayans (1995). Recorded distribution in Iran: South of central region of Alborz mountains and northwest of Iran., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Zachvatkin, A. A. (1945) Homoptera-Cicadina from north-western Persia I. Revue d'Entomologie de l'URSS, 28 (3 - 4), 106 - 115. [In Russian]","Nast, J. (1972) Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) An annotated check list. Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, Poland, 550 pp.","Abaii, M. (2000) Pests of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Iran, 178 pp.","Yarmand, H., Sadeghi, S. E., Mohammadi, M., Ebrahimi, S. S. & Seif Allahi, A. R. (2006) Survery of arthropods associated with range medicinal plants in Tehran, Ghazvin and Isfahan provinces. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Reseach, 3 (2), 107 - 227. [In Persian with English abstract]","Kotenev, Gnezdilov, V. M. & Golub, V. B. (2006) On the distribution and biology of Edwardsiana iranicola Zachvatkin in Krasnodar territory (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 15, 299 - 300.","Mirzayans, H. (1995) Insects of Iran, The list of Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha in the Insect Collection of plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Iran, 63 pp."]}

Edwardsiana lethierryi (Edwards, 1881) Typhlocyba lethierryi Edwards, 1881: 224. Edwardsiana hippocastani (Edwards, 1888): Dlabola (1981), Mirzayans (1995). Recorded distribution in Iran: South of central region of Alborz mountains. Comments: Nomenclaturial problems in the Edwardsiana lethierryi species group were discussed by Wilson & Claridge (1999). Typhocyba hippocastani Edwards 1888 was reinstated as a synonym of Typhlocyba lethierryi Edwards 1881., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Edwards, J. (1881) An additional species of British Homoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 17, 224.","Edwards, J. (1888) Descriptions of four new species of Typhlocyb. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 25, 157 - 158.","Mirzayans, H. (1995) Insects of Iran, The list of Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha in the Insect Collection of plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Iran, 63 pp.","Wilson, M. R. & Claridge, M. F. (1999) Species differentiation in the Edwardsiana lethierryi (Edwards) species group (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadomorpha: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae). Reichenbachia, 33, 123 - 130."]}

Edwardsiana salicicola (Edwards, 1885) Typhlocyba salicicola Edwards, 1885: 230. Edwardsiana salicicola (Edwards, 1885): Dlabola (1960 a), Nast (1972) [listed], Abaii (2000). Recorded distribution in Iran: Southeast and south., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Edwards, J. (1885) Notes on British Typhlocybidae with diagnoses of two new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 21, 228 - 231.","Dlabola, J. (1960 a) Iranische Zikaden (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). (Ergebnisse der entomologischen Reisen Willy Richter, Stuttgart, in Iran, 1954 und 1956, N: 31). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 41, 1 - 24.","Nast, J. (1972) Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) An annotated check list. Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, Poland, 550 pp.","Abaii, M. (2000) Pests of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Iran, 178 pp."]}

Edwardsiana rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) Cicada rosae Linnaeus, 1758: 439. Edwardsiana rosae (Linnaeus, 1758): Dlabola (1971 a), Davoodi (1980), Dlabola (1981), Esmaili (1984), Lodos and Kalkandelen, 1984 [listed], Rajabi (1989), Behdad (1991), Behdad (1992), Mirzayans (1995), Abaii (2000), Abaii (2000), Hesami et al. (2002), Yarmand et al. (2006), Pakarpour et al. (2011 c), Pakarpour et al. (2011 a), Nikoo et al. (2012), Kolyaee et al. (2012), Nourbakhsh et al. (2012), Abdollahi et al. (2015) [listed]. Typhlocyba rosae (Linnaeus, 1758): Tchouvakhin (1949), Farahbakhsh (1961). Recorded distribution in Iran: Northeast, north, northwest, centre, southwest and south., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) II. Hemiptera. Systema naturae: per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decimal, reformata. L. Salvii. (Stockholmiae), 1, 1 - 824.","Dlabola, J. (1971 a) Taxonomische und chorologische Erganzungen der Zikadenfauna von Anatolien, Iran, Afghanistan und Pakistan (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Acta entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 68, 377 - 396.","Davoodi, Z. (1980) Some morphological and bio-ecological stadies on Edwardsiana rosae L. Applied Entomology and Plant Pathology, 48 (1), 53 - 65 [In Persian with English summary].","Esmaiili, M. (1984) Important Pests of Fruit Trees. Markaz-e Nashr-e Sepehr publication, Tehran, 584 pp [In Persian].","Lodos, N. & Kalkandelen, A. (1984) Preliminary list of Auchenorrhyncha with notes on distribution and importance of species in Turkey, XIII family Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae: Typhlocybini (Part 1). Turkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi, 8, 33 - 44.","Behdad, E. (1991) Pests of fruit crops in Iran. Markaz-e Nashr-e Bahman, Iran, 822 pp [In Persian]","Behdad, E. (1992) Pests of field crops in Iran. Markaz-e Nashr-e Yadboud, Iran, 618 pp [In Persian]","Mirzayans, H. (1995) Insects of Iran, The list of Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha in the Insect Collection of plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Iran, 63 pp.","Abaii, M. (2000) Pests of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Iran, 178 pp.","Yarmand, H., Sadeghi, S. E., Mohammadi, M., Ebrahimi, S. S. & Seif Allahi, A. R. (2006) Survery of arthropods associated with range medicinal plants in Tehran, Ghazvin and Isfahan provinces. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Reseach, 3 (2), 107 - 227. [In Persian with English abstract]","Pakarpour, F., Nozari, J. & Hosseininaveh, V. (2011 c) A faunistic study of the Iranian leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Kerman province. March 59, 2011 Chiang Mai, Thailand.","Pakarpour, F., Nozari, J & Hosseininaveh, V. (2011 a) A faunistic study of the Iranian leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Kerman province. Proceedings of 2 nd Iranian Pest Management Conference (Kerman), pp. 371 - 411. [In Persian with English summary]","Nikoo, Z., Lotfalizadeh, H., Alizadeh, E., Zargaran, M. R. & Hashemi Khabir, Z. (2012) Population fluctuation of Edwardsiana rosae L. (Hom.: Cicadellidae) on different genotypes of Rosa damacena in West-Azarbaijani province. Proceedings of 20 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress (Shiraz), pp. 631.","Kolyaee, A., Rezvani, A. & Kamali, H. (2012) Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection publication, Tehran, 466 pp.","Abdollahi, T., Jalalizand, A. R., Mozaffarian, F. & Wilson, M. (2015) A faunistic study on the leafhoppers of Northwestern Iran (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae). Zookeys, 496, 27 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 496.9059","Tchouvakhin, V. (1949) Typhlocyba rosae L. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 9, 33 - 46 [In Persian with French summary].","Farahbakhsh, Gh. (1961) A checklist of economically important insects and other enemies of plants and agricultural products in Iran. Plant organization Press, Iran, 153 pp."]}

Edwardsiana elburzica Dlabola, 1974 Edwardsiana elburzica Dlabola, 1974 a: 53. Edwardsiana elburzica Dlabola, 1974: Dlabola (1974 a), Dlabola (1981), Abaii (2000). Recorded distribution in Iran: North. Comments: The species is considered endemic to Iran., Published as part of Mozaffarian, Fariba & Wilson, Michael R., 2016, A checklist of the leafhoppers of Iran (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4062 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4062.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256796, {"references":["Dlabola, J. (1974 a) Ergebnisse der Tschechoslowakisch- Iranischen Entomologischen Expedition nach dem Iran, 1970, No. 3 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (1 Teil). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, Supplement 6, 29 - 73.","Abaii, M. (2000) Pests of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Iran, 178 pp."]}

Tradescantia (including Setcresea) is treated as having 13 species native to Texas. They are: T. brevifolia, T. buckleyi, T. edwardsiana, T. gigantea, T. hirsutiflora, (including T. australis), T. humilis (including T. diffusa, T. eglandulosa and T. intermedia), T. leiandra, T. occidentalis (including T. vaginata), T. ohiensis (including T. difforme), T. pedicellata, T. reverchonii, T. subacaulis (including T. harbisonii, and T. texana) and T. wrightii. An additional species, T. crassifolia, might also occur in Trans-Pecos (Chinati Mts.), but this needs confirmation. Keys to species, and comments regarding relationships and putative hybridization among them, are provided, along with distribution maps of the species concerned.

Buprofezin was an effective insecticide against nymphs of Froggatt’s apple leafhopper (FALH) at commercial rates (125ppm ai) in a laboratory bioassay. However, spring emergence of many nymphs in a Hawke’s Bay orchard occurred after the final permissible application date for buprofezin (at the “pink” stage of flowering). Resistance to azinphosmethyl in Motueka was detected, emphasising the need for alternative control agents. The ability of buprofezin to control the spring generation of FALH depends on the persistence of pre-flowering applications, and cannot be determined without further field trials.

Op verzoek van de werkgroep Strateeg van LTO Groeiservice en met financiering van het Productschap Tuinbouw begon Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw in mei 2005 met een onderzoek aan cicaden in kassen. De voorkomende soorten werden geïnventariseerd, en mogelijkhedenvoor zowel biologsiche als chemische bestrijding werden onderzocht. Vijf soorten uit de familie van de dwergcicaden Cicadellidae) werden geïdentificeerd: Empoasca decipiens (cotton, green of greenhouse leafhopper), Eupteryx atropunctata, Graphocephala fennahi (rhododendroncicade), Edwardsiana rosae (rozencicade) en Ribautiana teneerrima (bramecicade). Omdat onder glas Empoasca decipiens het meest voorkwam, heeft het verdere onderzoek zich op deze soort geconcentreerd. De in de literatuur genoemde natuurlijke vijanden van cicaden zijn betrekkelijk zeldzame organismen met specifieke eisen aan een milieu. De meest prominente daarvan zijn eiparasieten van de familie Mymaridae. In Nederlandse kassen is de sort Anagrus atomus (L.) waargenomen. In het algemeen bereikt men geen hoog parasiteringspercentage met deze sluipwespen. Het opsporen van de in het bladmoes verborgen cicade-eieren is vermoedelijk de kritische factor. In geforceerde lab-opstellingen werd predatie door generaliste predatoren waargenomen. In het veld zijn zowel nimfen als volwassen cicaden echter zeer beweeglijk en dus moeilijk te vangen . In een praktijkproef bleek de sluipwesp A. atomus zich onder kasomstandigheden te kunnen voortplanten. Er werd echter geen hoog parasiteringspercdentage bereikt. en de mogeljkheden om deze wesp effectief in te zetten tegen cicaden lijken dan ook gering. Onder laboratorium-omstandigheden werden 23 chemische en biologische middelen getest. De neonicotinoïden imidacloprid (Admire), thiacloprid (Calypso), thiamethoxam (Actara) en acetamiprid (Gazelle) waren zeer effectief, evenals het tot de oxidiazinen behorende indoxacarb (Steward). Deze middelen werkten zowel tegen de nimfen als tegen de volwassen cicaden. Het rupsenmiddel indoxacarb geldt als selectiever en veiliger voor natuurlijike vijanden dan de neonicotinoïden

Op verzoek van de werkgroep Strateeg van LTO Groeiservice en met financiering van het Productschap Tuinbouw begon Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw in mei 2005 met een onderzoek aan cicaden in kassen. De voorkomende soorten werden geïnventariseerd, en mogelijkhedenvoor zowel biologsiche als chemische bestrijding werden onderzocht. Vijf soorten uit de familie van de dwergcicaden Cicadellidae) werden geïdentificeerd: Empoasca decipiens (cotton, green of greenhouse leafhopper), Eupteryx atropunctata, Graphocephala fennahi (rhododendroncicade), Edwardsiana rosae (rozencicade) en Ribautiana teneerrima (bramecicade). Omdat onder glas Empoasca decipiens het meest voorkwam, heeft het verdere onderzoek zich op deze soort geconcentreerd. De in de literatuur genoemde natuurlijke vijanden van cicaden zijn betrekkelijk zeldzame organismen met specifieke eisen aan een milieu. De meest prominente daarvan zijn eiparasieten van de familie Mymaridae. In Nederlandse kassen is de sort Anagrus atomus (L.) waargenomen. In het algemeen bereikt men geen hoog parasiteringspercentage met deze sluipwespen. Het opsporen van de in het bladmoes verborgen cicade-eieren is vermoedelijk de kritische factor. In geforceerde lab-opstellingen werd predatie door generaliste predatoren waargenomen. In het veld zijn zowel nimfen als volwassen cicaden echter zeer beweeglijk en dus moeilijk te vangen . In een praktijkproef bleek de sluipwesp A. atomus zich onder kasomstandigheden te kunnen voortplanten. Er werd echter geen hoog parasiteringspercdentage bereikt. en de mogeljkheden om deze wesp effectief in te zetten tegen cicaden lijken dan ook gering. Onder laboratorium-omstandigheden werden 23 chemische en biologische middelen getest. De neonicotinoïden imidacloprid (Admire), thiacloprid (Calypso), thiamethoxam (Actara) en acetamiprid (Gazelle) waren zeer effectief, evenals het tot de oxidiazinen behorende indoxacarb (Steward). Deze middelen werkten zowel tegen de nimfen als tegen de volwassen cicaden. Het rupsenmiddel indoxacarb geldt als selectiever en veiliger voor natuurlijike vijanden dan de neonicotinoïden

The species status and distribution of Edwardsiana iranicola Zachvatkin and E. tshinari Zachvatkin are discussed. Terms of development, number of generations and seasonal population dynamics of E. iranicola in Krasnodar Territory are described.

Many of the small leafhoppers that feed and reproduce upon the foliage of birch trees belong to the subfamily Typhlocybinae. The main species are Typhlocyba hockingensis Knull, T. pomaria McAtee, Ribautiana foliosa (Knull), Edwardsiana bergmani (Tullgren), Empoa latifasciata Christian, Dikrella cruentata (Gillette), Alebra albostriella (Fallen) and several Erythroneura species. Their ecological requirements and life histories are described. Notes on morphology and illustrations of each species except the Erythroneura are included.