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Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity between genotypes based on the physical, chemical and physicochemical characteristics of araçá-boi in tropical conditions. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Roraima, in the municipality of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. Genotypes were obtained in the F1 generation, through open pollination. Twelve plants were evaluated, with 10 fruits being collected per plant. The physical and physicalchemical characteristics of the fruits were evaluated: fresh mass, length and diameter of the fruits, pulp yield, firmness, mass of the pulp, peel and seeds, number of seeds, soluble solids, tritratable acidity, pH, ratio SS/AT and vitamin C from fruits. The araçá-boi genotypes showed medium to high genetic variability, obtaining averages for the physical and physicalchemical characteristics higher than those observed in the literature. G genotypes A9, A10 and A6 adopted fruits with larger sizes and produced a greater number of fruits genotypes A1 obtained fruits with higher organoleptic quality. Genotypes A3 produced fruits with higher levels of Vitamin C and fruits with greater firmness. Genotypes A3, A6, A9 and A10 were promising with high agronomic potential and could be selected for the genetic improvement program of the species.

Abstract Traditional peach production regions provide adequate chill for satisfactorily bud’s flower break dormancy, in cultivars there developed. However, considering the expansion of the orchards in mild winter areas and the expected global trends to warmer conditions, the local development of cultivars became relevant. Based on this background, this study proposed to evaluate the performance of 33 peach and nectarine cultivars and selections in mild winter climate. Features associated to the vegetative development, phenology, productivity and fruit characteristics were measured in nine seasons, and the data analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Significant correlations between features were remarked. The Pillai and F tests presented significant results, highlighting significant differences among cultivars for almost all features. Peach and nectarine genotypes showed genetic diversity that may be accessed for use as cultivars, or parental for crosses. ‘IAC Aurora 1’, ‘IAC Aurora 2’, ‘IAC Centenário’, ‘IAC Douradão’, ‘IAC Jóia4’, ‘IAC Ouromel 3’, ‘IAC Régis’, ‘Diamante’, ‘Eldorado’, ‘FlordaPrince’, ‘Premier’ and ‘Tropic Beauty’ were the cultivars with the best results. A large number of selections showed promising results, emphasizing, the ‘IAC 680-177’, ‘IAC 1085-27’, ‘IAC 785-9’, ‘IAC 2982-31’, ‘IAC 4682-45’and ‘IAC 6882-84’.

The E. stipitata is a native fruit tree from the Amazon, currently in the domestication phase due to its high nutritional and economic potential. In this process, studies aiming at the technical feasibility of propagating materials with desirable agronomic qualities are necessary but still incipient. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different grafting methods forE. stipitata propagation and the compatibility between scion and rootstock using anatomical analysis as a tool. For the experiment, a randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme over time, with three replications. The plots consisted of three grafting types: cleft grafting, side-veneer grafting, and budding. The subplots were four evaluation times: 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after grafting (DAG). The evaluated variables were the grafting success rate, the number of shoots per graft, shoot length, and shoot diameter. There was a significant interaction between the factors under study. During the experimental period, an increasing grafting success rate and the number of shoots emitted were observed for budding, although with a low success rate. Through cleft grafting, there was a complete loss of shoots at 120 DAG, leading to the subsequent death of all tissues. Budding grafting appears as a promising method for E. stipitata propagation, demonstrating vascular tissue connection feasibility, although this effect did not reflect in the grafting success rate.

Em América do Sul o camu-camu vêm sendo domesticado, no entanto, para seu cultivo ainda são poucas as informações técnicas para garantir sua adaptabilidade e produtividade em locais com estação seca bem definida. O objetivo neste estudo foi caracterizar a distribuição espacial do sistema radicular e determinar a profundidade efetiva (PE) das raízes em plantas de camu-camu com e sem cobertura vegetal morta (CVM) em condições de terra firme. Num pomar foram escolhidas ao acaso 3 plantas com 3, 5 e 7 anos, cada. Logo foi colocada CVM composta de capim (Trachypogon plumosus) em uma planta de cada idade na projeção da copa. Após 12 meses o volume e PE das raízes nas plantas de 3 anos com CVM foi de 200 mm3 e 0,3 m, e sem CVM foi de 500 mm3 e 0,48 m, respectivamente. Nas plantas com 5 anos foi de 4000 mm3 e 0,43 m com CVM, e sem CVM foi de 6000 mm3 e 0,64 m; e nas plantas com 7 anos o volume e PE das raízes com CVM foram de 12000 mm3 e 0,58 m, e sem CVM de 10000 mm3 e 0,71 m, respectivamente. A profundidade efetiva equivalente ao 80% da concentração das raízes foi menor com o uso de cobertura vegetal morta, o que é muito importante para a cultura do camu-camu, pois permite aplicar uma lâmina de água mais precisa e eficiente por meio da irrigação.

Myrciaria dubia (caçari or camu-camu) is a species with great relevance because of its high levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The species is propagated mainly by seed, which leads to high genetic diversity. Producing plants that maintain their characteristics on a large scale at a low cost is a challenge for fruit species, especially in the Myrtaceae family. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effects of different plant growth regulators at various concentrations for the induction of somatic embryogenesis from caçari nodal segments and leaf disk explants. Two independent experiments were performed using nodal segments and leaf disks from plants grown in the greenhouse. In the first experiment, the combined effect of auxin and cytokinin at different concentrations was evaluated: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg⋅L–1; and benzylaminopurine at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg⋅L–1). In the second experiment, the application of different plant growth regulators (benzylaminopurine, kinetin, thidiazuron, and isopentenyl adenine) and their concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg⋅L–1) were evaluated. In both experiments, the basic culture medium was woody plant medium. Callus formation via nodal segments and leaf disks occurred in the first 30 d from cultivation and proved to be responsive to induction by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine. Auxin proved to be essential for somatic embryogenesis induction in nodal segments using 1 and 4 mg⋅L–1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid alone. The results of this experiment will help advancing protocols for regeneration of somatic embryos and elucidating the physiological, molecular, and genetic mechanisms involved in the process of somatic embryogenesis for M. dubia. The development of an efficient protocol for in vitro clonal propagation of this species also lays the groundwork for further optimization of the system for genetic transformation.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of plant regulators (gibberellic acid and naphthalene acetic acid) and adjuvant LI 700® with and without hand pollination on the fruiting and quality of Annona squamosa L. cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the experimental orchard of the Florida Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC/UF) in Homestead, Florida, USA. The experimental design in random blocks comprised 14 treatments, 10 repetitions and 3 flowers per treatment and per tree for ‘Red’ and ‘Lessard Thai’ cultivars. To assess quality, 9 fruit from each treatment were used, with 3 repetitions and 3 fruit per repetition. High instability was observed in fruit fixation rates between cultivars. The application of growth regulators did not increase fruit fixation in the tested cultivars. The application of naphthalene acetic acid had a deleterious effect on the flowers of the sugar apple cultivars. The most uneven (asymmetrical) fruit was obtained in the treatments with the application of growth regulators. The application of the adjuvant showed toxicity, causing damage to the skin of the fruit. The fruit with the greatest symmetry had the lowest levels of soluble solids and the highest toxicity. The application of growth regulators associated with hand pollination was not efficient, presenting a low percentage of fruit fixation for Annonaceae cultivars. None of the studied treatments produced parthenocarpic fruit (without seeds). The utilization of an adjuvant in the applied concentration caused damage to the fruit peels (darkening) due to toxicity in both cultivars.

Abstract The main limitation of the micropropagation of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is related to in vitro contamination. In order to overcome contamination, the effect of essential oils was studied as an alternative to conventional chemical treatments. This study aimed to analyze the action of essential oils from four condiment and medicinal plants (Oregano, Origanum vulgare L.; Garlic, Allium sativum L.; Citronella, Cymbopogon nardus L.;and Ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in reducing microbial contamination growth and on the survival rate of explants in the micropropagation of camu-camu. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was analyzed on the in vitro contamination of tissue culture from camu-camu at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 µL mL-1 in woody plant medium (WPM), emulsified with 1% Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80). The antibacterial activity of essential oils on strains isolated from camu-camu tissue culture was also analyzed using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The use of essential oils allowed a reduction in the rate of in vitro contamination in tissue culture, it being observed that, from the concentration of 2 µL mL-1, there was no manifestation of fungal contaminants, with a significant reduction in the rate of bacterial contamination, with the exception of ginger essential oil that showed significant contamination in all analyzed concentrations. Inversely in relation to the reduction in microbial growth in vitro, there is an increase in explant oxidation as concentrations increase, with citronella and oregano oils showing phytotoxic potential from the lowest concentrations. Garlic essential oil showed better balance, with lower oxidation rates and greater control of microorganisms in tissue culture at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 µL mL-1. Oregano and citronella essential oils showed better antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion test.

The objective was to study the effectiveness of the growth regulator (ANA + GA3) associated or not to the application of adjuvant and artificial pollination in ‘Gefner’ atemoya. The experiment was conducted in the experimental orchard at Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center. The experimental design was in a randomized block, with 14 treatments, 10 repetitions and 3 flowers per plot. The highest percentages of fixed fruits were obtained with hand pollination – HP and 450 NAA + 1250 GA3 mg L-1 + adjuvant and HP. The use of hand pollination for ‘Gefner’ atemoya tree proved to be the most efficient method so far. Applying growth regulator without artificial pollination produces parthenocarpic fruits, however with high rate of abortions, and small fruits. Growth regulators together with hand pollination produces small and uneven fruits, and cause reduction in the fruits’ titratable acidity. The use of adjuvant caused low fixation and toxicity to fruits, and its use is not recommended.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), a fruit from the Amazon region, has received attention due to its high content of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and polyphenols. This study’s objective was to select camu-camu clones according to their morphological characteristics using multivariate analyses. We evaluated 56 camu-camu clones distributed in three blocks with two plants per experimental plot. The variables measured were plant height (H), number of basal branches (NBB), number of terminal buds (NTB), basal stem diameter (BSD), chlorophylls a (Chl a) and b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chl a + b). Principal component (PCA) and multivariate clustering analyses were performed using the average linkage mean and Mahalanobis distance algorithms. After 24 months, results showed that the characteristic that least contributed to clone selection was NBB. The plant height (H), number of terminal buds (NTB), basal stem diameter (BSD), chlorophylls a (Chl a) and b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chl a + b) had the most positive contribution towards the initial selection of camu-camu clones at two years of age. The 22 camu-camu clones showed the highest rate of vegetative development or vegetative quality index (VQI) in the transitional savanna/forest area of the northern Amazon, Brazil, after two years of transplanting.

The need to diversify agricultural production has fostered the cultivation of several crops under environmental conditions atypical to their origin, justifying the extreme importance of studies on the agricultural management of crops in semiarid regions. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation depth and potassium doses on fig quality under semiarid conditions. The experiment was conducted in a 4 × 4 split-split-plot design, in randomized block design, with three replicates. The plots corresponded to four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% ETc), the subplots consisted of four potassium doses (0, 60, 120, and 240 g K2O plant−1), and the sub-subplot corresponded to the crop years (2018/19 and 2019/20). Results showed that water deficit reduced fig productivity, and the irrigation levels equal to or greater than 100% ETc performed cumulatively throughout the growing cycles. Therefore, irrigation depths from 85.19% to 95.16% ETc are recommended for greater water-use efficiency and fruit quality. Furthermore, potassium fertilization mitigated water stress in fig plants, allowing for reduced irrigation levels, especially in the second year, without compromising fruit traits.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of and the content of bioactive compounds in camu-camu fruits harvested at different maturation stages and stored. The fruits were harvested in the municipality of Cantá, Roraima State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications, in a factorial arrangement consisting of three different maturation stages (immature, semi-mature and mature) and eight days of storage (3 x 8). The fruits were analysed every day regarding total vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH). According to the results obtained, the interaction of maturation stages x eight days of storage had a significant effect according to the F test at 5% probability. The highest antioxidant activity (FRAP) was observed in the fruits harvested in the semi-mature stage, providing a longer shelf life. The carotenoid pigment, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and vitamin C contents were higher in the fruits harvested in the mature stage, and this stage was the most suitable for obtaining these functional biocompounds. Additionally, in mature fruits, the highest mean content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were observed during storage. It was concluded that the mature stage is the most recommended for the extraction of pigments and antioxidant biocompounds from camu-camu fruits.

In vitro culture systems based on liquid culture media are considered to be more effective than semisolid culture medium systems. Liquid culture media systems provide better nutrient availability for plant tissues, easier culture handling, and the potential for scaling up and automation. However, in vitro liquid culture requires more careful handling due to the potential for contamination and the possibility of negative effects, such as hyperhydricity or vitrification, that hinder the growth and development of the plant material. Temporary immersion bioreactors have emerged as a workable alternative for capturing the benefits of liquid media, though semisolid systems are still traditional. Many studies have shown that silicon (Si) is a beneficial plant nutrient. Silicon might have a positive effect in both semisolid and liquid in vitro systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon on the micropropagation and acclimatization of banana plants cultivated in vitro by comparing liquid temporary immersion bioreactor technology and semisolid traditional culture systems. Different silicon concentrations (0 and 1 mL L-1) and culture systems (liquid temporary immersion bioreactor and semisolid traditional culture) were evaluated over a 36-day period. The growth characteristics plant size, fresh and dry weight, and number and length of leaves and roots were evaluated. After the 36-day in vitro growth period, plants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization and were evaluated after 30 days for the same growth characteristics used in the in vitro studies. The temporary immersion bioreactor system resulted in greater growth of banana plants compared to the traditional semisolid system. Temporary immersion bioreactors also showed a positive interaction with Si and resulted in higher values for all growth characteristics in the acclimatization phase.

A produção de mudas com qualidade é influenciada por diversos fatores, sendo o substrato um dos mais importantes para as espécies frutíferas. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e selecionar substratos alternativos para a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo em Roraima. O trabalho foi realizado em Boa Vista na Universidade Federal de Roraima. Os substratos utilizados foram: solo, composto comercial OrganoAmazon®, vermicomposto PuroHumus®, casca de arroz carbonizada, casca de arroz in natura e pó-de-serra. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 18, sendo duas cultivares de maracujazeiro-amarelo (Golden Star e Imperial) e dezoito substratos confeccionados por meio de misturas. As variáveis analisadas após 60 dias foram: altura da parte aérea (H), diâmetro do caule (DC), comprimento radicular (CR), número de folhas (NF), matéria seca total (MST), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSA), matéria seca das raízes (MSR) e os índice de qualidade das mudas. Os substratos confeccionados com 50% PuroHumus® + 50% Solo (S5) e 25% OrganoAmazon® + 25% PuroHumus® + 50% Solo (S12) favorecem a obtenção de mudas de maior qualidade na cultivar Golden Star. Os substratos formulados com 25% PuroHumus® + 25% pó-de-serra + 50% Solo (S18), 50% PuroHumus® + 50% Solo (S5) e 25% OrganoAmazon® + 25% PuroHumus® + 50% Solo (S12) são indicados para a produção de mudas da cultivar Imperial. A utilização de solo puro ou em mistura com casca de arroz (carbonizada ou in natura), pó-de-serra ou OrganoAmazon® não é indicada para a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo.

Agonandra brasiliensis is a tree from tropical forests, with a wide occurrence in the Brazilian Savannah region. Despite its potential as wood and for reforestarion, efficient protocols for its seedling production are still lacking. This study aimed to assess morphological characteristics for the seedling quality of A. brasiliensis, under nursery conditions, as a function of container volume and controlled-release fertilizer dose. The experiment was carried out in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, testing two container volumes (1.8 L and 2.2 L) and five doses (0 g L-1, 1 g L-1, 2 g L-1, 4 g L-1 and 8 g L-1) of the encapsulated fertilizer Forth Cote™ (formulation NPK 15-09-12). The plots consisted of five homogeneous seedlings transplanted in polyethylene bags (15 cm x 35 cm) with washed medium sand substrate. The following characteristics were measured: shoot length; stem diameter; increases in length and diameter; total dry matter; shoot and root dry matters and the ratio between them. The Dickson Quality Index was also obtained. The seedling quality for morphological traits, such as shoot length, stem diameter and total dry matter, was especially favoured by treatments combining the controlled-release fertilizer at a dose around 5.0 g L-1 and container volume of 2.2 L.

Abstract This article sought to assess the genetic diversity within and between natural populations of Astrocaryum acaule by means of AFLP markers. Ninety individuals were sampled in three populations located in Manaus (state of Amazonas) across regions with different intensities of anthropogenic activity. Two clusters were differentiated by means of dendrograms and Bayesian cluster analysis, the first consisting of individuals from the Tarumã-Açu population in an intensely agricultural region, and the second, of populations from UFAM and Tupé conservation areas. The physical isolation of A. acaule populations has resulted in good conservation of its genetic identity, since anthropogenic activity is an important modifier of the genetic diversity of natural populations. Genetic diversity was higher within populations (74.58%) than between them (25.42%), which means that we have to collect representative samples from each of the genetically distinct groups for genetic conservation of the species. Therefore, in situ conservation is recommended.

ABSTRACT African mahogany is a species preferred by many entrepreneurs as an investment in the forestry sector. However, there are few studies or research on the species, especially in Brazil. The aim of this work was to study the efficiency of nutrient uptake, accumulation, distribution and use in Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis, in addition to aspects of growth variables and of dry matter partitioning as a function of mineral fertilisation. Morphological, physiological and nutritional parameters were determined in the African mahogany plants 140 days after transplanting (DAT). The greatest zinc (Zn) content was detected in the shoots of both the Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis plants, accounting for more than 50% of the accumulated total of the plants with added nutrient solution. Maintaining the plants of Khaya senegalensis and Khaya ivorensis with the use of nutrient solution provides the best conditions for nutrient use, and allows plants with excellent morphological and nutritional characteristics to be ready for the field within five months after transplanting in a shaded nursery. The most efficient uptake, transport and use of macro and micronutrients is found in the species Khaya senegalensis with the addition of nutrient solution.

O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) é uma fruteira nativa que está em processo de domesticação, portanto, o conhecimento das necessidades nutricionais é essencial para melhorar a eficiência da adubação durante seu desenvolvimento. O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os teores de nutrientes em plantas de camu-camu em função da adubação nitrogenada via fertirrigação no primeiro ano de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido mediante delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos: 0; 40; 80; 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N, oito repetições e sete plantas por unidade experimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram a massa seca total e os teores de nutrientes nas folhas. Os resultados mostram que a massa seca total das plantas de camu-camu apresentou comportamento quadrático significativo em resposta às doses crescentes de N, sendo que doses maiores a 128 kg ha-1 propiciaram efeitos depressivos. Além disso, os teores foliares de N, K, Ca tiveram uma resposta quadrática significativa, sendo que as maiores concentrações foram registradas entre as doses de 113 e 115 kg de N ha-1. Por outro lado, os micronutrientes tiveram um comportamento polinomial depressivo de acordo com os incrementos das doses de N. Pode-se concluir que os teores foliares dos nutrientes estão dentro dos adequados para o desenvolvimento das plantas de camu-camu, e os nutrientes mais exigidos foram o N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn e B, e finalmente os teores de macro e micronutrientes determinados nas folhas responderam a seguinte ordem decrescente: N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Mn >Fe > B > Zn > Cu, respectivamente.

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a species with nutraceutical benefits traditionally consumed by Amazonic indigenous and urban communities. Studies on the genetic diversity and mating system are required to preserve and make the best use of the genetic resources for this species. This study aimed to estimate the genetic diversity and mating system parameters of sacha inchi progenies using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 360 progenies from 30 accessions of sacha inchi were analyzed using three AFLP primers combinations. The percentage variation between and within families and the crossing rate, among other parameters, were estimated. The AFLP markers were efficient in genetically differentiating progenies, revealing 251 (98.82 %) polymorphic fragments. The analysis of molecular variance showed that the strongest variation occurs between progenies (57.16 %). However, the genetic differentiation within progenies was considerable (42.84 %), and could be exploited in breeding programs. The estimated population outcrossing rate was high (0.957), indicating it is a predominantly allogamous species. On the other hand, 33.7 % of the crosses occurred between related individuals. The estimate for biparental crosses revealed that the progenies consisted mainly of half-siblings (66.9 %) and full-siblings (28.8 %). For purposes of breeding and ex situ genetic conservation, sacha inchi seeds should be collected from a large number of parent plants.

The rational use of water is essentual as it is a finite resource. Consequerntly, studies of methids that minimize water use water are essential. As a result, agricultural hydrogels have been extensively tested in as a means of promoting agriculture improvements because of their water- and nutriente-retention characteristics. However, even though hydrogels are used in several sectors of Brazilian agriculture, there are still very few studies on their applications, the best methods and the quantities to be used. Consequently, there is a need for research into the applicability of this technology in Brazil, so that future research needs can be identified and appropriate decisions made at the production level. Therefore, the aim of this study was to collate currently available information on the applicability of agricultural hydrogels in Brazilian agriculture. Over the last decade, forestry is the sector in Brazil that has most studied and used hydrogels, but others such as fruit- and coffeegrowing have also been involved. The method of applying the polymer in granules directly mixed-in with growth substrates is the most used in the production of seedlings. However, use of hydrated gel at planting sites has also been explored. While synthetic hydrogels are most commonly used, those made of natural materials have great potential due to the low preparation costs and their in-soil biodegradability. The quantities of hydrogel used vary according to the target species, application method and objective. = A utilização racional da água faz-se necessária uma vez que esse recurso é finito, assim, estudos sobre a produção e minimização do uso da água são essenciais. A partir disso, os hidrogéis agrícolas vêm sendo amplamente testados na agricultura por promoverem benfeitorias às plantas pelas suas características de retenção de água e nutrientes. No entanto, mesmo sendo utilizados em diversos ramos da agricultura brasileira, estudos quanto aos métodos de aplicação e às quantidades utilizadas ainda são escassos, justificando a necessidade de pesquisas que elucidem a aplicabilidade dessa tecnologia, para assim gerar informações que sustentem decisões precisas no nível produtivo e experimental. Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho compilar as principais informações atuais quanto à aplicabilidade dos hidrogéis agrícolas na agricultura brasileira. A silvicultura é o setor que mais vem estudando e utilizando o uso dos polímeros hidrorretentores nos últimos 10 anos no Brasil, porém, setores como a fruticultura e a cafeicultura também vêm se destacando. O método de aplicação do polímero em grânulos em mistura direta com substratos é o mais utilizado na produção de mudas, todavia, a utilização do gel hidratado no local de plantio apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora à agricultura brasileira. Os hidrogéis sintéticos são os mais utilizados, no entanto, os constituídos por materiais naturais têm grande potencial em função do baixo custo para preparação e por serem biodegradáveis no solo. As quantidades de hidrogel utilizadas variam em função da espécie, do método de aplicação e do objetivo que se almeja alcançar.

Camu - camu ( Myr ciaria dubia ) is a fruit species native to the Amazon and its economic importance is proven because the fruit contains high content of ascorbic acid. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigor of seedlings obtained from seeds of d ifferent sizes of two camu - camu populations. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of 2 x 3 (two provenances river Anauá and river Urubu and three seed sizes, small, medium and large) with 5 replicates of 20 seeds per plot . The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river presented higher mass (1.46 g) compared to the origin of the Urubu river (0.78 g). The speed and emergence of seed germination presented better values for the population of the Anauá river, justifying the adopti on of choice of origin for the formation of seedlings. For root length, dry shoot mass and dry mass of the root system, the seeds classified as medium and large originated from the Anauá river presented higher values. The size of the seeds is an important character to be used in the production of Myrciaria dubia seedlings. The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river are potentially more vigorous are indicate for the production of camu - camu ( Myrciaria dubia ) seedlings.

Camu-camu has aroused the interest of various industries like natural preservatives, ice creams, juices, jellies, wines, natural dyes, but there is little technical information about the seeds. The objective of this work was to determine the biometric, physical and vigor characteristics of camu-camu seeds. Seeds originating from native populations of Roraima were used. The biometry was determined and the data were analyzed in Excel spreadsheet and calculated the mean, median, variance, standard deviation and seeds classified as small, medium and large, based on mass. The vigor was determined by electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, emergence velocity, plant height, stem diameter, in a completely causal design, with four replicates of 25 seeds. The average results for width, thickness, length, individual mass, volume, weight of one thousand seeds and number of seeds per kilogram showed large variability. The size of the seed has direct correlation with vigor, large seeds have greater vigor.

Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., amplamente conhecida como rosa-do-deserto, tem despertado interesse pelas suas características estéticas que são influenciadas pelo processo de produção de mudas. Com isso, por meio de dois experimentos consecutivos instalados inteiramente ao acaso, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos e hidrogel na produção de mudas de rosa-do-deserto, em ambiente protegido. Primeiramente, foram testados onze substratos confeccionados a partir de: OrganoAmazon®; PuroHumus®; solo; casca-de-arroz in natura; casca-de-arroz carbonizada, serragem e esterco bovino. Em seguida, foram testados três substratos (S1 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus®; S2 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + casca-dearroz in natura e S3 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + casca-de-arroz carbonizada) associados a quatro níveis de hidrogel: 0 (irrigação diária), 1, 2 e 3 g L-1 (irrigados em dias alternados). Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento e índices de qualidade das mudas. Seis substratos (todos sem adição de serragem e quando usados em mistura) agruparam-se como os que promoveram o adequado crescimento das mudas, com: altura, número de folhas, diâmetro do colo, comprimento radicular e biomassa da parte aérea superiores a 6,5 cm; 13; 12 mm; 7,5 cm e 0,45 g, respectivamente. O substrato composto por OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® (1:1 v/v), quando irrigado diariamente, foi o que mais favoreceu a produção de mudas de qualidade. A utilização de hidrogel em substratos com turnos de rega realizados em dias alternados não favoreceu a produção das mudas de rosa-do-deserto.

A ata (Annona squamosa L.) é uma das anonáceas mais cultivadas em várias regiões, porém ainda carece de informações agronômicas inerentes ao manejo nas fases iniciais de crescimento nas condições de Cerrado. Com isso, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção de mudas de Annona squamosa L. em diferentes ambientes constituídos com malhas fotoconversoras [(A1) ChromatiNet® Silver 50%; (A2) ChromatiNet® vermelha 50%; (A3) ChromatiNet® vermelha 35% e (A4) ChromatiNet® Silver 35%] associados a quatro substratos [(S1) solo + areia + esterco de galinha; (S2) solo + areia + esterco bovino; (S3) solo + areia + esterco bovino + esterco de galinha e (S4) solo + areia + esterco de ovino]. Instalou-se um experimento inteiramente ao acaso, com tratamentos arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições e dez plantas por unidade experimental, sendo analisadas as variáveis de crescimento e os índices de qualidade das mudas. Os ambientes testados aumentaram a temperatura local em relação ao ambiente externo, sendo uma influência negativa para o crescimento das plantas. O ambiente A2 promoveu os maiores valores de altura e massa seca das plantas, porém com crescimento irregular entre as partes vegetais avaliadas. O substrato confeccionado com esterco ovino (S4) não favoreceu a produção das mudas avaliadas. Os substratos S2 [solo + areia + esterco bovino] e S3 [solo + areia + esterco bovino + esterco de galinha] promoveram os melhores resultados de crescimento e de qualidade das mudas, sendo, portanto, promissores à produção de mudas de Annona squamosa L. no Cerrado de Roraima.

Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae), known popularly as coriander, has nutraceutical and functional properties and presents bioactive antimicrobial potential. The essential oil of this herb has been widely investigated and demonstrated efficiency in the inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms. Knowing this, we aimed to perform a phytochemical screening and to verify the bioactivity of the essential oil of the coriander leaves cultivated in Roraimense Savannah, Brazilian Amazon, on bacteria and yeasts. The leaves were collected in a cultivated area, duly selected, washed and processed, and subsequently destined to a hydro distillation process using Clevenger. Identification and quantification of the volatile constituents were provided by Gas Chromatography of Coupled Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High Resolution Gas Chromatography (GC-FID), respectively. Five microorganisms were used in the bioassays for inhibition and IC50 tests. The oil had an inhibitory potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, greater than 80%. There was less than 40% inhibition for Salmonella typhimurium and there was no activity for Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Seven constituents were identified, of which three were: tetradecenal (22.9%); 2-dodecanal (21.6%); and palmitic acid (10.7%). It is believed that the synergy of the secondary constituents of the oil, can positively aid the antimicrobial action. Keywords: Coriandrum sativum, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, GC-MS, Tetradecenal.

Psidium striatulum is a fruit popularly known as araçá or araçari in region from Brazilian Amazon. These fruits are widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea and infections caused by microorganisms that cause harm to human health. Thus, this work aims to characterize the chemical profile and biological evaluation of the essential oil of the green fruits of Psidium striatulum DC. The plant material was collected in the municipality of Boa Vista-RR, on the margin of Rio Branco and submitted to hydrodestillation, in a Clevenger, Spell brand double - condenser type device for 2 hour interrupt period. Identification and quantification of twenty volatile constituents corresponding to 91.9% of its composition was provided through GC-MS and GC-FID, with 8.1% remaining unidentified, with the majority of a-pinene (11.9%), humulene (10.4%), a-copaene (7.1%), globulol (5.7%), d-cadinene (4.2%) and ß-pinene (4.2%). Microbiological tests of essential oil at 250 µg/mL were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 29212 (67.03±4.06%); Bacillus cereus, ATCC 11778 (73.14±2.70%); Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922 (11.47±0.28%); Salmonella typhimurium, ATCC 14028 (78.43±2.12%) and C. albicans (13.18±1.69%) and showed moderate inhibitory activity for the AChE enzyme (44.42%). The results showed that the essential oil had an activity greater than 65% against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium, as well as having a moderate inhibitory effect on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the conduction conditions of the bioassays of the present study.

Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae), popularly known as coriander, is one of the most consumed and cultivated vegetables in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly in the North and Northeast of Brazil. This species has functional properties, nutraceutical and bioactive compounds of biotechnological interest. For those reasons, coriander has been widely studied in different lines of research, especially the oil of its seeds. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of the essential oil of coriander seeds cultivated in the Savannah tropical region Brazil, in the state of Roraima, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high resolution gas chromatography (GC-FID). To obtain the oil, the seeds were processed and subjected to hydrodistillation process in Clevenger-type apparatus. The identification and quantification of the volatile constituents were provided by gas chromatography coupled by mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-resolution gas chromatography (GC-FID). The chromatographic analysis presented ten components, with the four main constituents corresponding to 80.3%: linalool (64.4%); 2-dodecanal (5.5%); palmitic acid (5.3%); and geraniol (5.1%). Among the chemical constituents of the profile, mainly monoterpenes were found, with linalol being the main one. This botanical genotype also has significant concentrations of palmitic and myristic acids. Keywords: Chromatography, Linalool, Chemotypes, Phytochem

Myrtaceae family is one of the largest and most important of the Brazilian flora. The leaves of most species of this family contain considerable amounts of volatile substances, which make them particularly rich in essential oils. In folk medicine the leaves of many species of this family are used in the most different diseases. Psidium striatulum DC species is a variety of this family, popularly known as araçá or araçari in the Amazon region and the best known are guava, guava bush and araçá mirim. In folk medicine they are used in the treatment of diarrhea and infections that cause harm to human health. Thus, this work aims to characterize the chemical profile and biological evaluation of essential oil of the fresh leaves of Psidium striatulum DC from Roraima, Brazil. The leaves were collected in the municipality of Boa Vista-RR, on the margin of Rio Branco and submitted to a hydrodistillation process, in a Clevenger, Spell brand double condenser type device for a 2 hour interrupt period. Identification of constituents of the essential oil was performed by comparing the mass spectra obtained by the GC-MS spectra with the NIST11 library and also by comparing the Kovats indexes calculated by GC-FID and literature data. The essential oil chromatogram of P. striatulum fresh leaves had 20 peaks. Among the major compounds identified are humulene (13%), ?-copaene (8.4%), 1.8-cineole (8.1%), aromadendrene (6.3%) and ?-terpinenol (2.1%), globulol (5.5%), ß-caryophyllene (5.2%), ß-cadinene (4.1%). Microbiological tests of the essential oil at 250 µg mL-1 were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 29212 (47.63 ± 1.58%); Bacillus cereus, ATCC 11778 (62.15 ± 0.10%); Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922 (0.24 ± 0.05%); Salmonella typhimurium, ATCC 14028 (64.03 ± 0.83%) and C. albicans (7.33 ± 2.50%) and showed moderate inhibitory activity for the enzyme AChE (53.12 ± 0.53%). The results in vitro of the essential oil indicate that they are important in the inhibition of microorganisms, Alzheimer's and can be used in nature form, in the form of tea infusion or as aromatic condiment.

The Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa, is a globose fruit (urchin) that has chestnuts or almonds in its interior, these being rich in Selenium and other minerals essential for the proper functioning of the human body, as well as linolenic (?3), linoleic (?6) and oleic (?9). Its oil presents nutraceutical, functional and therapeutic properties of biotechnological interest. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties and chemical composition of two samples of the Bertholletia excelsa oil, from chemo-types of the State of Roraima, Brazilian Amazon, by Gas Chromatography with a Flame-Ionization Detection-GC-FID, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy by Microwave Plasma-MP-AES and Medium Infrared Region Absorption Spectroscopy-MIR. The physico-chemical characteristics of the two samples are within the limits and parameters allowed by the norms of Brazilian legislation and comply with international recommendations. The most commonly found fatty acid was the oleic, 37.8% for the two samples. The concentration of the minerals in order of decreasing quantity in mg / 100g were Ca (22.3), Mg (5.4), K (3.0), Se (0.5), Mn (0.2), Cu (0.1) and Co (0.05). Thus, the quality of the oil from these evaluated chemical races is evidenced, being considered suitable for human consumption and indicated for systematic investigations of bioactivity for different biotechnological purposes, mainly food, pharmacological and therapeutic. Keywords: Oleic Acid, GC-FID, Essential Minerals, Gas Chromatography.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees (Lauraceae), popularly known as cinnamon, has been widely investigated for presenting functional properties, nutraceuticals and other diverse bioactive activities, mainly for the beneficial effects to human health. That is why natural products made from different extraction methods and different cinnamon botanical structures have aroused interest in the biotechnology industry in different sectors of the world economy. The objective of this work was to determine the phytochemical composition and to characterize the physical-chemical properties of the fixed oil of the cinnamon seeds submitted to the conditions of Savana Tropical in the Brazilian Amazon by 1H NRM and GC-FID. The following results were obtained for saturated fatty acids - FAS (97.21 %): lauric (88.60 %), the major constituent being; caprylic acid (2.34 %); myristic (2.70 %); pentadecyl ester (0.56 %); palmitic acid (1.89 %); stearic acid (0.96 %); and, arachidic acid (0.16 %). The percentage concentrations of linolenic (?3), linoleic (?6) and oleic (?9) calculated by 1H NRM and GC-FID, respectively, were: 0.20; 0.73; 1.86 %; and 0.19; 0.72; 1.88 %. The physico-chemical properties showed: Iodine content of 2.52 mg I2/g; Saponification Index of 255.97 mg KOH / g; Acid value of 3.32 mg KOH / g; and, Molecular Weight of 604.09 g / mol. These exploratory results indicate the potential of the fixed oil of the cinnamon seeds as a possible therapeutic agent, as well as its use in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Keywords: Essential Fatty Acids, Lauric acid, 1H NMR, GC-FID.

Some plants of the Myrtaceae family have active principles that inhibit the development and growth of many insects, according to experts, with antifeedant effect, repellent and insecticide. In the present study, we evaluated the bioactivity of three doses of compound extract from seeds of Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh, Myrtaceae, bioprocessed in order to use them for the biocontrol of Callosobruchus maculatus in the grass legume Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (cowpea) without previous treatment. The sequential probability ratio test for the period and minimum dose of extract application was applied with and without the presence of M. dubia, inter-related to the health and physiological behavior of cowpea, evaluated initially at six and fifty days of infestation. The positive effect was obtained around 94% for the health and in the physiological evaluation, an average value of 73% of effectiveness on the doses tested, which showed no significant difference with each other. The extract caused the death of adult C. maculatus and the immobilization of hatchings in cowpea. In the In vitro conditions, it has insecticidal and controlling bioactive properties with potential for use in preservation of stored seeds and grain of grass legumes such as Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

One of the oldest plants known and considered a symbol of wisdom in antiquity especially in China is cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees). The objective of this work was to study the fixed oil extracted from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees) seeds regarding its biological potential for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The inhibitory activity test of hexane extract studied on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was conducted based on Ellman spectrophotometric method. The percentage of acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition was 65.5%, being considered a potent inhibitor according to the literature standarts. In conclusion, the results indicate that the oil can be used in the pharmaceutical industry as part or to develop drugs for treatment of certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Keywords: Fixed oil, Biological activity, Neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer, Natural products.

Due to the shortage of information on both mineral fertilizer and organic substrate in Khaya senegalensis, it was proposed in the current study to verify the potential of the use or not of addition of nutrient solution in the production of high quality seedlings of K. senegalensis as well as to obtain the total accumulation of macro and micronutrients in the seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2x6, being the first factor constituted by the presence and nutritious solution absence of and the second factor for times evaluation (0, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 days after transplanting) repetitions with four seedlings. The following growth traits (height, stem diameter and shoot and root dry mass) and seedling quality parameters (total dry mass and Dickson quality index). The addition of nutrient solution supported the increase of the determined morphological characteristics of the seedlings of K. senegalensis as well as the total accumulation of macro and micronutrients. The nutrient solution modifies the absorption dynamics of nutrients in K. senegalensis and the amount absorbed at 140 days after transplantation obeys according to the order: N>K>P>Ca>S>Mg> Fe>B>Mn>Zn>Cu.

The Araca-boi is a native fruit of the Amazon region and its fruits have great potential for agro-industrial use due to the intrinsic characteristics of the pulp. The seeds are dormant and the primary cause could be due to the presence of inhibiting chemicals germination and can also be caused by the impermeability in tegument. The objective of this study was to assess the osmopriming efficiency promoted by Sucrose (C12H22O11) and Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 ) on germination of seeds of araca-boi in different immersion times. Thus, the seeds were osmoconditioned in following solutions: C12H22O11, KNO3 , KNO3 + C12H22O11 and H2 O, by period of 6, 12 and 24 h. Throughout of 70 days were evaluated the germination percentage and germination rate (index). The experiment is based on a completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4x3 with four replications of 10 seeds. The osmopriming of Araca-boi seed in KNO3 solution was shown to be efficient both to promote germination and the germination rate. The Araca-boi seeds osmoconditioned in KNO3 solution has an average efficiency of 99% in the germination percentage up to 70 days. The osmopriming period showed no influence on seed germination of the seeds of Araca-boi.

The inajá (Maximiliana maripa) is a palm from Arecaceae family. The inajá distribution occurs from Amazon to the west-central of South America. The inajá has edible parts: the palm heart and oils obtained from pulp and seed. The aims of this study were to verify the fatty acid profile from pulp oil by GC-FID and analyzing acetylcholinesterase inhibition by inajá pulp oil. Chromatographic analysis provided eleven fatty acids. The major unsaturated fatty acids are oleic (22.32%), linoleic (4.72%) and linolenic acids (3.95%). The major saturated fatty acids are palmitic (20.76%), myristic (20.48%) and lauric acids (17.42%). The acetylcholinesterase inhibition by inajá oil pulp was over 63.76%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i4.769

O The cupuassu can be propagated either sexually or asexually, with seeds being the process most widely employed. Suitable environments for the production of seedlings can therefore provide better conditions for initial growth in the field, and contribute to an increase in the homogeneity and health, and to a reduction in the mortality of plants when planting, with factors such as light and type of substrate being important for germination and initial emergence. To this effect, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different substrates, and the influence of shading on emergence and initial growth in cupuassu seedlings. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Roraima, using a completely randomised design in a 3 x 7 factorial scheme, comprising different environments (a plot with no covering, a plot with sombrite covering, giving 50% shade, and a plot with a clear-plastic, 100-micron covering) combined with different substrates (sand, soil, vivatto®, sawdust, sand+soil, sand+soil+vivatto® and sand+soil+sawdust). Percentage emergence and emergence speed index (ESI) were evaluated at five days after seeding, and shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area, root-system length, stem diameter, and shoot and root-system dry weight were evaluated at 50 days. It was found that the best values for percentage emergence, ESI and initial development of the cupuassu seedlings were obtained when using a substrate consisting of sand+soil+sawdust. The environment with 50% shade affords greater percentage emergence, ESI, stem diameter and root dry mass. = O cupuaçu pode ser propagado por via sexuada ou assexuada, sendo a via seminífera o processo mais utilizado. Dessa forma, ambientes apropriados para a produção de mudas propiciam melhores condições para o crescimento inicial em campo, colaborando para o aumento da homogeneidade, sanidade e redução da mortalidade de plantas no momento do plantio. Assim, fatores como luz e tipo de substrato são importantes para a germinação de sementes e emergência inicial de plantas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos, bem como a influência do sombreamento na emergência e no crescimento inicial de plântulas de cupuaçu. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Roraima, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 7, constituídos de diferentes ambientes (canteiro sem cobertura, canteiro com cobertura tipo sombrite de 50% de luminosidade e canteiro com cobertura plástica transparente de 100 micras), combinados com diferentes substratos (areia, solo, vivatto®, serragem, areia+solo, areia+solo+vivatto® e areia+solo+serragem). Após a semeadura, avaliou-se a porcentagem de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência no intervalo de cinco dias, quando, ao final dos 50 dias, avaliou-se o comprimento da parte aérea, o número de folhas, a área foliar, o comprimento do sistema radicular, o diâmetro do caule, a massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Observou-se que maior porcentagem de emergência, IVE e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de cupuaçuzeiro são obtidos ao se utilizar substrato constituído por areia+solo+serragem. O ambiente com sombreamento de 50% de luminosidade proporciona maior porcentagem de emergência, IVE, diâmetro do colo e massa seca do sistema radicular.

El trabajo fue realizado en el área de propagación vegetativa de la estación experimental del IIAP Pucallpa con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del Ácido Indolbutírico y tipo de estacas en el enraizamiento de Theobroma grandiflorum, en cámaras de subirrigación. El estudio se realizó mediante un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA), con arreglo factorial 2A x 5B, con 3 repeticiones y 10 estacas por unidad experimental. El factor A fue constituido por dos niveles: estacas semileñosas (apicales) y estacas leñosas (medias) y el factor B por cinco dosis de AIB: 0 ppm, 1000ppm, 3000ppm, 6000 ppm y 9000 ppm respectivamente. El enraizamiento fue evaluado después de 90 días. Se observó que hubo interacción estadística significativa para las variables: porcentaje de enraizamiento, longitud y número de raíces. Para las variables porcentaje de callo y porcentaje de mortalidad se encontró efecto simple del tipo de estaca y dosis de AIB. En el proceso de enraizamiento los mejores resultados se encontraron en las estacas apicales combinado con las dosis de 6000 ppm y 9000 ppm de AIB, con 30,00% y 43,33% respectivamente, debido a las estacas juveniles en el proceso a la madurez tienen la capacidad de formar inhibidores del enraizamiento. Con base a los resultados se concluye que las estacas apicales en combinación con la dosis 9000 ppm de AIB afecta de manera altamente significativa en el proceso de enraizamiento de Theobroma grandiflorum.

Similarly to most breeding programs of native species, camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunt) McVaugh) improvement is also restricted, due to the scarcity of research results. In this situation, the prospection, collection and conservation of germplasm in genebanks ensure successful selection and breeding studies of the species. In this sense, the purpose of this study was the intraspecific characterization of the biometric variability in fruits of native camu-camu populations of the State of Roraima, in the northern Amazon region. Of 16 populations, 247 sub-samples were evaluated. Analyses were performed with the multivariate technique of principal components and hierarchical clustering, to determine the variables with highest intraspecific variability for the studied traits. The populations found in the lower Rio Branco region performed best for the studied traits, indicating the great potential of the region as a reservoir of promising subsamples for future breeding programs of the species in the northern Amazon.

An alternative to the production of quality seedlings is the use of in-vitro systems of propagation. However, the conventional in-vitro environment is different from the external environment, and is often the reason for physiological and morphological disorders in the plant. To this effect, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of filters and artificial ventilation to increase air exchange between the flask and environment, and adjust the concentration of sucrose in the culture medium for a better development of the photosynthetic apparatus, and stimulate the growth of pineapple plants in vitro. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with nine replications. The factors under study consisted of three concentrations of sucrose (0, 15, and 30 g L-1) and three methods for ventilating the flask (unfiltered flask with no ventilation, filtered flask with no ventilation, and filtered flask with ventilation). The use of unfiltered flasks with no ventilation and 15 g L-1 of added sucrose, result in greater growth of the pineapple plants in vitro. The use of filtered flasks with ventilation promotes an increase in the levels of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll, as well as improvements in the system of photosynthesis of the pineapple seedlings = Uma alternativa para a produção de mudas de qualidade é a utilização de sistemas de propagação in vitro . Porém, o ambiente de cultivo convencional in vitro é diferente do ambiente externo e comumente há razão de distúrbios fisiológicos e morfológicos na planta. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o uso de filtros e ventilação artificial visando aumentar as trocas de ar do frasco com o ambiente e ajustar a concentração de sacarose no meio de cultura para o melhor desenvolvimento do aparelho fotossintético e estímulo do crescimento das plantas in vitro de abacaxizeiro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3 x 3), com nove repetições. Os fatores em estudo consistiram de três concentrações de sacarose (0, 15, e 30 g L-1) e três condições de ventilação do frasco (frasco sem filtro e sem ventilação, frasco com filtros sem ventilação e frascos com filtro com ventilação). O uso de frascos sem filtro e sem ventilação, acrescido de 15 g L-1 de sacarose, proporciona maior crescimento das plantas in vitro de abacaxizeiro. O uso de frasco com filtro e com ventilação promove o aumento do teor de clorofila a, b, e total, bem como melhorias no sistema fotossintético das plântulas de abacaxizeiro.

1 O conhecimento das condições ótimas para a germinação, principalmente quanto à influência dos métodos de escarificações térmicas e mecânica, é de fundamental importância, tendo em vista que à recomendação destes métodos variam entre sementes de diferentes espécies. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os métodos de escarificação em sementes de açaí com e sem refrigeração visando acelerar a emergência, o crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de açaizeiro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e a parcela composta por 50 sementes com cinco repetições. No tratamento testemunha (T1) as sementes não foram escarificadas; (T2) escarificação térmica em água a 80ºC por duas horas; (T3) escarificação térmica em água a temperatura de 100ºC por duas horas; (T4) escarificação mecânica em lata de alumínio previamente perfurada com movimentos circulares por quatro minutos; (T5) imersão em 20 L de água contendo 500 g de soda cáustica, durante duas horas. Avaliou-se o número de plântulas emergidas (NPE, %), o comprimento da parte aérea das plântulas (CPA, cm), o comprimento da folha (CF, cm), o comprimento da raiz (CR, cm) e a massa seca (MS, g). O resfriamento prévio dos frutos de açaí não é indicado, pois reduz a percentagem de emergência das sementes e o desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas. Maior percentagem de emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de açaí são obtidos com escarificação mecânica das sementes. = The knowledge of the optimum conditions for germination, mainly as to the influence of thermal and mechanical scarification methods is of outstanding importance, having in one’s mind that the use of these methods range among seeds of different species. So, it was intended in this work to evaluate the scarification methods on açaí seeds with or without refrigeration aiming to accelerate emergence, growth and initial development of açaí palm seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, five replications with 50 seeds per plot. The treatments corresponded to the use of four methods for breaking seed dormancy. In the control treatment (T1), the seeds were not scarified; (T2) thermal scarification at 80ºC from two hours; (T3) thermal scarification in water at the temperature of 100ºC for two hours; (T4) the seeds were submitted to mechanical scarification in aluminum can previously pierced with circular movements for four minutes for 250-seed samples, (T5) the seeds wee submersed in 20 L of water containing 500 g of caustic soda for two hours. The number of emerged seedlings (NPE, %), the length of the seedlings’ shoot (CPA, cm), the leaf length (CF, cm), the root length (CR, cm) and dry matter (DM, g) were evaluated. The previous cooling of açaí fruits is not indicated because it reduces the percentage of seed emergence and initial seedling development. Higher emergence of percentage and initial seedling development of açaí are obtained with mechanical scarification of the seeds.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da alteração da qualidade espectral da luz, utilizando malhas de transmissão de luz diferenciada, sobre características da anatomia foliar em plantas de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.), visando à obtenção de plantas mais propícias ao plantio. Mudas de tamarindo foram cultivadas sob malhas de 50% de sombreamento nas cores branca, azul, vermelha e preta em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 90 dias de cultivo sob as malhas, as folhas foram avaliadas quanto à anatomia e micromorfologia. Plantas submetidas ao cultivo sob malha branca apresentaram maior altura das células da epiderme na face abaxial e maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico e da nervura central. Melhores resultados para epiderme na face adaxial e limbo foliar foram observados sob malhas branca e azul. Maiores densidades estomáticas foram obtidas sob malhas azul e vermelha. As folhas de Tamarindus indica apresentam plasticidade anatômica em resposta às modificações no espectro da radiação. Em face desses resultados, as malhas branca e azul podem ser recomendadas para obtenção de plantas mais propícias ao plantio.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is a fruit species native to the Amazon and its economic importance is proven because the fruit contains high content of ascorbic acid. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigor of seedlings obtained from seeds of different sizes of two camu-camu populations. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of 2 x 3 (two provenances river Anauá and river Urubu and three seed sizes, small, medium and large) with 5 replicates of 20 seeds per plot. The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river presented higher mass (1.46 g) compared to the origin of the Urubu river (0.78 g). The speed and emergence of seed germination presented better values for the population of the Anauá river, justifying the adoption of choice of origin for the formation of seedlings. For root length, dry shoot mass and dry mass of the root system, the seeds classified as medium and large originated from the Anauá river presented higher values. The size of the seeds is an important character to be used in the production of Myrciaria dubia seedlings. The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river are potentially more vigorous are indicate for the production of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) seedlings.

São muitos os fatores que influenciam a qualidade final do fruto do maracujazeiro. Dentre esses podem ser destacados a qualidade das mudas, o manejo e tratos culturais adequados. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar qualidade de frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo cultivados com mudas em diferentes idades. Para a formação das mudas foram utilizadas sementes do maracujazeiro-amarelo cv. Redondo Amarelo, substrato composto por terra+areia+esterco na proporção de 3:1:1 e sacos plásticos com capacidade para 8 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso (DBC), com cinco tratamentos, formado por mudas de diferentes idades (25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 dias, após emergência), com quatro repetições de 12 plantas. As variáveis analisadas foram: massa fresca do fruto (g) diâmetro longitudinal e transversal do fruto (mm), índice de formato do fruto, espessura da casca (mm), porcentagem de casca, suco e semente (%), sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e pH. A utilização de mudas com idades de 100 e 125 dias após emergência no cultivo do maracujazeiro-amarelo apresentou resultados satisfatórios para todas as características avaliadas, deduzindo-se ser viável sua utilização. O cultivo do maracujazeiro-amarelo formado com mudas de menor idade, em relação às demais obtiveram uma baixa produtividade, frutos menores e com menor rendimento de suco.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade pós-colheita de cultivares de pereira nas condições subtropicais da região leste paulista. Para tanto, um ensaio de competição de cultivares foi implantado no município de Jundiaí-SP, com cinco cultivares ('Centenária', 'Triunfo', 'Primorosa', 'Seleta' e 'Tenra'). O experimento foi implantado em 2007, no espaçamento de 3,0mx4,0m, com mudas enxertadas no porta-enxerto Pyrus calleryana. As avaliações foram realizadas em três ciclos vegetativos (2009/10, 2010/11 e 2011/12), analisando-se os aspectos fenológicos, produtivos e a qualidade pós-colheita das frutas. A pereira 'Tenra' apresentou a maior produção, com 6kg de frutos por planta. As cultivares estudadas produziram frutas com coloração típica e firmeza aceitável, porém pouco doces

The use of rootstock in the cultivation of passion fruit aims to solve problems related to diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. The seedling production by this method may provide greater longevity for plants and smaller losses for the producer of passion fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the grafting of different canopy / rootstock, using Passiflora alata and Passiflora cincinnata as rootstocks for yellow, sweet and purple passion fruit plants. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 3 scheme (two rootstocks and three types of scions), with four replications and ten plants per plot. The Passiflora cincinnata when used as rootstock for yellow, purple, and sweet passion fruit showed lower grafting success rate and seedling development. The formation of seedlings by grafting of yellow and purple passion fruit on Passiflora alata proved to be feasible for the majority of those characteristics.

The seeds of vegetable soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), the same species as the common soybean, have some special characteristics, such as: flavor, texture differentiated for use as vegetable, being consumed when the seeds are still immature at the R6 stage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of five types of fertilization and evaluation times in the health and viability of seeds of vegetable soybeans cultivar BRS 258, and lineage BR 9452273. The experimental design was a randomized block, 5 x 2 factorial design with four replications. The factors consisted of five types of fertilizer and two evaluation periods (after harvest and the twelve months of storage). For treatments with twelve months of storage, the seeds of vegetable soybeans of both genotypes were stored in polyethylene bottles terephthalate (Pet). Seeds were subjected to stringent health and germination tests. The average reduction in seed quality during storage was 4% for BRS 258 and 23% for BR 9452273. The reduction in seed quality of the two genotypes was not affected by the fertilization method used, nor by pathogens and bacteria saprophytes, but by the storage in polyethylene terephthalate bottles for 12 months=As sementes de soja-hortaliça, mesma espécie da soja comum, possuem características especiais, tais como: sabor, textura diferenciada para utilização na alimentação humana como hortaliça, quando as sementes estão imaturas, no estádio R6. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de cinco tipos de adubação e duas épocas de avaliação na sanidade e a viabilidade de sementes de soja-hortaliça, cultivar BRS 258 e linhagem BR 9452273. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (5 x 2), com quatro repetições. Os fatores consistiram de cinco tipos de adubação e duas épocas de avaliação (após a colheita e aos doze meses de armazenamento). Para os tratamentos com doze meses de armazenamento, as sementes de soja-hortaliça dos dois genótipos foram armazenadas em garrafas politereftalato de etileno (Pet). As sementes foram submetidas aos testes de sanidade e de germinação. A redução média de qualidade fisiológica das sementes durante o armazenamento foi de 4% para BRS 258 e de 23% para a BR 9452273. A redução na qualidade fisiológica das sementes dos dois genótipos não foi influenciada pelas adubações utilizadas na produção ou pelos patógenos e bactérias saprófitas, e sim pelo armazenamento por 12 meses em garrafas de politereftalato de etileno.

Camu camu es una fruta nativa de la Amazonía, que llama la atención por el alto contenido de vitamina C (6,116 mg/ 100 g de pulpa), está en proceso de domesticación, por lo cual se está investigando un método de propagación vegetativa que permita avanzar en el proceso de mejoramiento genético. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad rizogénica de plantas matrices promisorias de camu camu "Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh" según el aumento del número de hojas, mediante la técnica de estacas herbáceas en cámaras de subirrigación. El ensayo fue conducido mediante un Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar (DBCA) con arreglo factorial 9Ax3B, con 3 repeticiones y 15 estacas por unidad experimental. El factor A, estuvo constituido por nueve plantas matrices y el factor B: pares de hojas con 3 niveles: 1; 2 y 3 pares. El enraizamiento fue evaluado después de 90 días. Se observó que existió interacción estadística significativa para las variables: porcentaje de enraizamiento, longitud y número de raíces. Para las variables porcentaje de callo y porcentaje de mortalidad se encontró efecto de la planta matriz y pares de hojas. Los resultados muestran que el porcentaje de enraizamiento estuvo influenciado por efectos intrínsecos adherentes a la variabilidad genotípica de las plantas matrices, presentando un alto grado de dispersión, que osciló entre 91,11 % y 0,00 %, mostrando una alta variabilidad y marcada influencia de la planta matriz sobre el proceso de rizogénesis, influyendo de manera altamente significativa en el enraizamiento. Con respecto al área foliar, estacas con 2 y 3 pares de hojas, independiente de la planta matriz, presentaron mayor capacidad de enraizamiento. Con base en estos resultados se concluye que el efecto de la variabilidad genotípica y el área foliar influyen de manera altamente significativa en el proceso de rizogénesis de estacas herbáceas de camu camu.

O biribazeiro (Rollinia mucosa [Jacq.]) é uma frutífera nativa da América Central e América do Sul que se destaca das demais espécies do gênero por apresentar frutos grandes e comestíveis. Tendo em vista que pouco se conhece a respeito da anatomia da planta, tipo de reserva da semente, como também sobre o conteúdo de DNA de espécies da família anonáceas, este trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar histoquimicamente as sementes e anatomicamente as plântulas, e determinar o conteúdo de DNA de biribazeiro. As plântulas foram obtidas de sementes coletadas na região Amazônica pela Embrapa Roraima e enviadas à Universidade Federal de Lavras. Os frutos foram despolpados, e suas sementes foram previamente lavadas e semeadas em bandejas de 48 células, contendo como substrato pó de serragem, permanecendo em câmara de germinação a 30ºC por 90 dias. Nas plantas obtidas, procedeu-se à análise histoquímica, à caracterização anatômica e à determinação do conteúdo de DNA. As principais conclusões deste trabalho foram que: (1) as sementes da Rollinia mucosa apresentam reserva principal lipídica; (2) as secções transversais da lâmina foliar indicam organização dorsiventral, do tipo hipoestomática com estômatos paracíticos e tricomas em ambas as faces da folha; (3) as folhas de biribazeiro apresentam, em média, 4,77 pg de DNA.

The aim was to verify the initial development of camu camu plants with different organic substrates in conventional nursery bedding microsprinkler irrigation and shade management Chromatine® mesh with 50% red light. We used genetic material from mother plants Germplasm Bank of INIA-camu camu Iquitos, seeds were germinated in decomposed sawdust and kept for a period of 40 days after subculturing was performed with 10 cm in height in different substrates according treatments in nursery beds with dimensions of 1.20 m wide x 10 m long with a depth of 30 cm. After conducting assessments of height (cm) and basal diameter (mm) for a period of 120 days, it was found that the substrate manure has become the substrate for greater efficiency in plant development camu camu substrate followed by humus worm.

Camu-camu is a native fruit tree of the Amazon, is highly value nutritious and great economic potential due to the high content of ascorbic acid (6112 mg/100 g) present in fruits. Camu-camu, like any other plant, when it becomes cultivated outside their natural environment, loses its ecological balance and, consequently, is attacked by phytophagous and severe insect pests, which cause serious damage to the orchard. In this sense, the aim with this study, reporting the identification and control of insect pests in the cultivation of camu-camu, using different methods to attract and capture. It was observed that the best results were obtained in applying Neenmax®, followed by traps shading of black color screen, furthermore, higher occurrence of insects were recorded belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.