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Resenha do livro Cinema (ao vivo) e memória: coleção, performance e tecnologia, de Wilson Oliveira Filho. Nessa obra, o autor aborda formas diversas do cinema para além da sala escura e reivindica o lugar dessa arte que remixa, desde os primórdios, outras artes.

Este artigo aborda a questão da cópia no âmbito do debate acerca de noções como autoria, originalidade e perda da centralidade da figura do autor a partir da descoberta da existência de uma adaptação não autorizada envolvendo o filme indiano Currency, de 2009, dirigido pelo cineasta Swathi Bhaskar, e o longametragem brasileiro O Homem que Copiava, de 2003, roteirizado e dirigido por Jorge Furtado. A partir da retomada de questões intertextuais contidas na obra de Furtado e da conhecida relação do diretor com o cânone literário, pretende-se discutir o fragmento e a montagem contemplados na obra brasileira. Também se objetiva analisar a mise en abyme, que extrapola o circuito ficcional diante da reação irônica e lúdica de Jorge Furtado ao saber de um copiador que plagiou seu filme sobre um copiador.

O artigo propõe uma leitura do filme Divino amor, de 2019, com direção de Gabriel Mascaro, em dois eixos a partir de um método que articula análise fílmica a questões teóricas levantadas sobre pontos concernentes à obra. O primeiro diz respeito a um retorno do gênero narrativo no cinema fora do circuito mais comercial. No caso do filme de Mascaro, opera-se na chave da ficção científica. O segundo eixo salienta aspectos distópicos que dialogam com a realidade e com narrativas ficcionais, documentais e científicas da contemporaneidade. No aspecto visual, estabelecemos relações entre um enredo que aborda a valorização do conservadorismo cristão em um mundo permeado por uma tecnologia avançada no cotidiano dos personagens. Nesse sentido, suscitamos aqui o “vaporwave”, estética retrô-futurista surgida no contexto da música eletrônica e crítica ao capitalismo, mas que foi posteriormente capturada na internet por movimentos político-partidários da extrema-direita no mundo.

Tendo como ponto de partida as reflexões de Rodrigo S.M. no romance A Hora da Estrela, de Clarice Lispector, o artigo se propõe a discutir algumas das opções narrativas em duas adaptações audiovisuais da obra literária. Na primeira obra, o filme homônimo A Hora da Estrela, de 1985, a diretora Suzana Amaral opta por focalizar apenas a história de Macabéa, deixando de fora as elucubrações de um narrador culpado. Em um segundo momento, o programa de televisão Cena Aberta, de 2003, do diretor e roteirista Jorge Furtado, ajusta seu foco justamente na problemática de se falar pelo outro de classe. Nossa hipótese inicial sugere uma dificuldade do cinema de destituir o intelectual tradicional de seu poder de narrar, no caso do filme de Suzana Amaral. Mas também aponta para a perda do outrora poder de choque a qual a metalinguagem se propunha. Essa mesma metalinguagem é o instrumento primeiro de fatura utilizado por Jorge Furtado na adaptação de Lispector para o programa da TV Globo.

Cephalexin (CEX) is an antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. However, it is also a micropollutant. Thus, this study evaluated the degradation of CEX using ultraviolet irradiation (UV-C) and analyzed the by-products as well as their residual antimicrobial activity. A reactor with a mercury vapor lamp was used for the degradation. Irradiated CEX solutions were collected over a period of 4 hours and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. For the residual antimicrobial activity the susceptibility test was performed using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli microorganisms by broth microdilution. It was found that CEX, after treatment, generated a metabolite with a mass of 150 m/z in 15 min. A four- and eightfold increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug against S. aureus and E. coli could be observed, respectively, after 20 min. Therefore, this treatment proved to be effective in the degradation of CEX, being able to degrade 81% of the initial molecule of the drug in 20 min. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the CEX solution decreased as the irradiation time increased, indicating loss of antimicrobial function of the initial CEX molecule and the resulting by-products. HIGHLIGHTS Degradation of micropollutant cephalexin.; Metabolites analyzed and residual antimicrobial activity.; Water treatment with irradiation.; Antimicrobial activity using susceptibility test.;

Abstract Non-conventional food plants have a variety of bioactive compounds with nutritional value. Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil., belonging to the Caricaceae family, is a dietary alternative with excellent nutritional composition. This study aimed at characterizing the nutritional composition of mountain papaya (V. quercifolia) green fruit flour, in order to incorporate it in a functional food. For that purpose, the flour was characterized regarding its macro and micronutrients, anti-nutritional factors, pH, water activity, and color. This flour showed contents of carbohydrate of 22.31%; protein of 9.65%; dietary fiber of 32.80%; lipids of 14.95%, 63.56% of which are unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid; and ash of 9.10%, with higher concentrations for potassium, calcium and magnesium. Therefore, V. quercifolia flour had good nutritional characteristics and might be used as supplementary food.

Como se sabe, o campo da arte vem se apropriando de procedimentos e formatos da cultura de massa. No texto, aborda-se essa aproximação na ficção brasileira do século XXI, com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre o uso de matrizes de gêneros narrativos e a composição de um quadro distópico do país e do mundo atual. Trata-se de pensar os efeitos críticos da interseção de gêneros narrativos diversos na abordagem das questões sociais e de verificar como convenções da narrativa de terror, da ficção científica e do western são acionadas para representação das tensões do mundo contemporâneo. Dentre outras, são discutidas obras como o filme Divino amor (2019), de Gabriel Mascaro, e o livro A nova ordem (2019), de Bernardo Kucinski.

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is a rare renal tumor of childhood. It is part of a spectrum of multicystic renal tumors that also includes cystic nephroma and cystic Wilms’ tumor. We present a case of cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma, highlighting the clinical and imaging diagnostic challenge. Although the histological diagnostic criteria for all these 3 entities are well established, they are clinically and radiologically indistinguishable. Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is often observed in male children under 2 years old. Typical clinical presentations include abdominal masses, abdominal pain and/or hematuria. Patients should be treated according to tumor histology and stage.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Penile pain is one of the most stressful symptoms in men with Peyronie's disease (PD). Aim: To evaluate the prevalence, clinical presentation and risk factors associated with penile pain in men with PD as well as to assess the psychosocial impact. Methods: We revised our institution's database of men diagnosed with PD. The information collected included penile pain assessments, and the scores of the PD Questionnaire (PDQ), Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire (SEAR) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Questionnaire (CES-D). Descriptive and comparative statistics were used. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate predictive factors associated with penile pain. Main outcome measures: Penile pain descriptive assessment and factors associated with penile pain in men with PD. Comparison of SEAR, CES-D and PDQ domain scores of men with and without penile pain. Results: 431 men with PD were included for this analysis with a mean age of 55.9 years. Penile pain was reported by 36.7%; 65.2% of those had painful erection, 7% pain with flaccid state only, and 20% in both stages. The median pain severity was 3 with erection and 1 with flaccid stage. After adjusted logistic regression analyses, advanced age was associated with less pain (OR 0.94, P ≤ 0.001). Men with penile pain had no significant difference in CES-D and SEAR mean scores compared to men without penile pain. The PDQ scores for the physical/psychological symptoms domain and the bother domain were significantly higher in men with penile pain (12 vs 8.7; P < 0.01 and 9 vs 7.1; P < 0.01 respectively). Men with penile pain had a higher rate of clinically significant bother scores than men without penile pain (52% vs 35%, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Penile pain is common in men with PD. It was more common in young men and was associated with physical and psychological bothers in this population.Flores JM, Salter CA, Nascimento B, et al. The Prevalence and Predictors of Penile Pain in Men with Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med 2021;9:100398.

Este artículo se trata de una evaluación de modelos de turbulencia para la predicción de la pérdida de presión y el coeficiente de transferencia de calor durante el flujo de refrigerantes con bajo GWP en el interior de microcanales. En este estudio, características de mecánica de fluidos y transferencia de calor se simulan incorporando condiciones de flujo turbulento en un microcanal circular de 1.1 mm de diámetro. Los modelos de turbulencia con las formulaciones k - ε y k - ω son evaluados para números de Reynolds hasta 10000 y son implementados computacionalmente en el software OpenFoam. Los perfiles de velocidad, factores de fricción y números de Nusselt son calculados y analizados en función de variables paramétricas. Los resultados numéricos son validados con métodos de predicción analíticos y con datos experimentales medidos en trabajos previos para flujos de R134a, R1234fy, R1234ze(E) y R600a. La variación de la caída de presión y coeficiente de transferencia de calor convectivo son analizados de acuerdo al efecto al tipo de fluido y al modelo de turbulencia empleado. Los resultados indican que los modelos describen cualitativamente el comportamiento del flujo y la transferencia de calor en condiciones de turbulencia. Cuantitativamente, los modelos Low-Re k -ε, k - ω estándar y k - ω SST presentan mejores predicciones para las variables de interés. Por otro lado, el modelo Low-Re k - ε presenta el menor error medio absoluto.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar si las sociedades cooperativas españolas del sector agroalimentario utilizan las obligaciones, participaciones especiales y títulos participativos como método alternativo de financiación. Para ello, se analizaron los aspectos jurídicos más relevantes y la incidencia contable de estos instrumentos financieros en las sociedades cooperativas. Posteriormente, se analizaron las cuentas anuales de las 10 mayores sociedades cooperativas agroalimentarias por volumen de facturación y se compararon estos resultados con los obtenidos por las 10 mayores sociedades de responsabilidad limitada y anónimas. Lamentablemente, a excepción de dos casos concretos, ninguna de las sociedades analizadas ha hecho uso de este tipo de instrumentos financieros, cuando sí están necesitadas de financiación ajena, dado su elevado endeudamiento, por lo que, cabría plantearse sí, quizás, sería necesario adaptar la legislación estatal y autonómica en materia de cooperativas para regular nuevas formas de financiación que fueran más atractivas para las sociedades cooperativas del sector agroalimentario.

The insertion of antibiotics in water resources results from anthropogenic sources; however, at residual concentrations, they characterize potential risks to the ecosystem, such as the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria. It is necessary to develop technologies to provide sustainable solutions for low- and middle-income countries. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the ability to remove the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CPX) with a biosorbent produced with pecan shells (PSB). The PSB structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopy in the infrared region by Fourier Transform. For adsorption assays, solutions of 10 mg L−1 of CPX were used. The results show that the process reaches equilibrium at 240 min, and follows the pseudo-second order model kinetic and the Freundlich equilibrium model. The increase in temperature and the pH variation of the solution strongly influence the process. In general, the adsorption of CPX using PS is a potential method for treating water and contaminated effluents, as well as being a low-cost method; this is because it uses a byproduct from the agricultural industry that results in a reduction of approximately 60% of the antibiotic load contained in the liquid effluent.

Within the last 20 years, medium-sized cities in Portugal’s interior have been subject to a process of “desertification.” They have progressively lost in terms of economic activity, value and vitality, with the corresponding erosion of their heritage value. One exception to this general trend is the town of Évora. Of particular note is the vitality of its historic center (designated as a World Heritage Site in 1986) and the balance achieved between the center and a number of subcenters outside the walls. Here, urban centralities have proven to be an essential component of the urban structure in the fight against urban failure. This research project analyzes the relationship between town planning and the emergence of urban centralities. Historic towns are a very particular case, with subcenters emerging as a town grows and the historic center co-evolving with the entire urban area and surrounding urban centralities. The rise of centralities testifies to the vitality of the town. This article seeks to understand what factors have led to the balance of urban centralities in Évora by examining their structure and how they have emerged in the context of planning policies and urban growth. The methodology adopted crosses the results of three different approaches to highlight the emergence of urban centralities: identification and assessment of urban centralities, analysis of urban areas based on a space syntax approach, and the study of urban planning and management policies focused on centralities. The results help to characterize urban centralities that coexist with a strong historic center.

The task of finding optimal protocols that minimize the energetic cost of thermodynamic processes of long yet finite duration τ is a pressing one. We approach this problem here in a rigorous and systematic fashion by means of the adiabatic perturbation theory of closed Hamiltonian quantum systems. Our main finding is a 1/ τ ^2 scaling of the excess work for large τ in gapped systems. This result is at odds with the asymptotic 1/ τ prediction of the geometric approach to optimization, which is predicated on the slow evolution of open systems close to canonical equilibrium. In contrast, our approach does not lead to an obvious geometric interpretation. Furthermore, as the thermodynamic work does not depend on how an isolated quantum system is split into a system of interest and its environment, our results imply the failure of the geometric approach prediction even for open systems. Additionally, we provide alternative optimization procedures, both for slowly-varying processes described by adiabatic perturbation theory and for weakly-varying processes described by linear response theory. Our findings are benchmarked and confirmed through the application to the driven transverse-field Ising chain.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de óleos vegetais à alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na qualidade física de ovos armazenados sob refrigeração (R) e em temperatura ambiente (TA). As aves receberam ração formulada à base de milho e farelo de soja com a suplementação de níveis crescentes de óleo de Copaifera langsdorffii (CP-0,03; 0,06 e 0,09%) ou Pterodon emarginatus (SC-0,03 e 0,06%) mais um controle negativo (CN). Periodicamente, foram analisados três ovos por tratamento para Unidade Haugh (UH), índice de gema (IG), cor, pH (gema e albúmen) e porcentagens de casca (PC), gema (PG) e albúmen (PA). Para análise estatística dos resultados, foi adotado um modelo misto (SAS 9.3) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A inclusão de até CP0,06% CP ou SC0,03% preservou (P

The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic yield of the indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) test for the detection of antibodies against HTLV-1. A diagnostic test evaluation study was performed. HTLV-1-infected MT2 cells and HTLV-1-uninfected K-562 cells were cultured; then these cells were impregnated and fixed in sheets for immunofluorescence and faced to Peruvian sera. A total of 155 sera (80 HTLV-1-positive sera and 75 sera positive for other diseases) from the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Salud were used. In addition, the parameters of repeatability (intra-laboratory) and reproducibility (in laboratories of the Peruvian coast, mountains and jungle) of the test were evaluated. The IFI test detected the presence of antibodies against HTLV-1 reaching a sensitivity of 98.75% (95% CI: 95.69 – 100.00%), a specificity of 98.67% (95% CI: 95.40 – 100.00%) and the Kappa index was 0.975. There were no false positives or false negatives; however, one undetermined result and one non-specific result were obtained. The test showed 100% qualitative agreement when performing the repeatability and reproducibility. The results obtained are comparable to the reference test. Therefore, the IFI test had a good diagnostic performance and would be useful for the confirmation of HTLV-1.

In South American folk medicine members of the genus Myrciaria are used for the treatment of malaria, diarrhoea, asthma, inflammation and post-partum uterine cleansing. The aim of this work was to evaluate its antileishmanial properties (in vitro) of essential oil derived from leaves of Myrciaria plinioides D. Legrand, a plant species that is native in South of Brazil. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation using fresh leaves of M. plinioides. The chemical composition of this essential oil (MPEO, M. plinioides essential oil) was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MPEO was assayed in vitro for antileishmanial properties against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania infantum, and for cytotoxicity against murine peritoneal macrophages. The MPEO comprised 66 components and was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (82.66%) containing spathulenol (21.12%) as its major constituent. The MPEO was effective against L. amazonensis with IC50 value of 14.16 ± 7.40 µg/mL, while against L. infantum the IC50 value was higher with 101.50 ± 5.78 µg/mL. The MPEO showed significant activity against L. amazonensis, and presented a selectivity index (SI) of 6.60. The results suggest that the essential oil from leaves of M. plinioides is a promising source for new antileishmanial agents against L. amazonensis.

No campo da literatura, a partir do final do século XIX, o ceticismo diante da possibilidade de uma representação objetiva, a ideia de que, antes de qualquer conteúdo ideológico, já seria ideológica a pretensão do narrador de representar a realidade, tem como resultado a perda de espaço da narrativa em terceira pessoa: esta cede lugar aos relatos em primeira pessoa, nos quais o narrador, frequentemente, se autoparodia, como se tivesse de se justificar, de pedir desculpas por ter ousado relatar algo, multiplicando-se os pontos de vista de modo a relativizar qualquer certeza. No âmbito deste artigo, busca-se pensar tal questionamento da objetividade narrativa no campo cinematográfico, considerando a crítica realizada, no Brasil, a partir dos anos 70, à “voz do saber” e ao uso da terceira pessoa, predominante no discurso do Cinema Novo. Parte-se da conjunção, no pós-golpe militar, entre a autocrítica dos cineastas intelectuais e o surgimento do cinema direto, com captação simultânea de imagem e som, para pensar a opção pelo ponto de vista – primeira ou terceira pessoa – no atual cinema de ficção brasileiro e sua relação com as demandas éticas e políticas que têm pontuado as duas primeiras décadas do século XXI.

Kondo insulators are strongly correlated systems in which a clean insulating gap emerges only at very low temperature due to many-body effects involving localized f electrons. However, certain Kondo insulators, like SmB_{6} and Ce_{3}Bi_{4}Pt_{3}, display metallic behaviors at extremely low temperature and have defied current understanding. Recent advances in topological effects in materials have raised attention on the protected surface states in these “topological Kondo insulators” as a potential resolution to some of the puzzling behaviors. Here we resolve these puzzles via a different route, by showing that the emergent Kondo insulating scale is extremely vulnerable against a moderate degree of disorder, such that the gap is filled with a small number of states. Therefore, the real samples are probably never truly insulating and this in turn compromises the essential building block of topological considerations. Our results suggest strongly that systems like the Slater insulators would be a more promising direction to extend the realm of topology to strongly correlated systems.

We show that dilute magnetic impurities in a conventional superconductor give origin to an odd-frequency component of superconductivity, manifesting itself in Yu-Shiba-Rusinov bands forming within the bulk superconducting gap. Our results are obtained in a general model solved within the dynamical mean field theory. By exploiting a disorder analysis and the limit to a single impurity, we are able to provide general expressions that can be used to extract explicitly the odd-frequency superconducting function from scanning tunneling measurements.

Male humpback whales produce hierarchically structured songs, primarily during the breeding season. These songs gradually change over the course of the breeding season, and are generally population specific. However, instances have been recorded of more rapid song changes where the song of a population can be replaced by the song of an adjacent population. The mechanisms that drive these changes are not currently understood, and difficulties in tracking individual whales over long migratory routes mean field studies to understand these mechanisms are not feasible. In order to help understand the mechanisms that drive these song changes, we present here a spatially explicit agent-based model inspired by methods used in computer music research. We model the migratory patterns of humpback whales, a simple song learning and production method coupled with sound transmission loss, and how often singing occurs during these migratory cycles. This model is then extended to include learning biases that may be responsible for driving changes in the song, such as a bias towards novel song, production errors, and the coupling of novel song bias and production errors. While none of the methods showed population song replacement, our model shows that shared feeding grounds where conspecifics are able to mix provide key opportunities for cultural transmission, and that production errors facilitated gradually changing songs. Our results point towards other learning biases being necessary in order for population song replacement to occur.

Objectives. Evaluate the efficiency of the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot test (EITB) for the detection of human cysticercosis using purified native antigen mix from cysticercus fluid of Taenia solium. Material and methods. Observational study of the evaluation of the diagnostic test. The purified native antigen mix was extracted from the fluid of cysticercus from naturally parasitized pigs from areas considered endemic. Four purification methods were evaluated and one was selected: ammonium sulfate, lentil lectin-Sepharose, Sephadex G-75 and Electro-elution. The sensitivity of the purified antigen was determined with EITB and was evaluated with 50 sera positive for cysticercosis and the specificity with 50 sera negative for cysticercosis (20 free of parasitic infection and 30 positive for different parasites). Results. The optimal concentration of the purified native antigen mix to prepare the EITB strips was 0.82 μg/mm. By affinity chromatography with Lentil Lectin-Sepharose we visualized and purified 8 specific antigenic glycoproteins, their relative masses being: 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 24, 31 and 35 kDa. The purified antigens obtained by the other methods were not evaluated by EITB because they did not correspond to the specific antigenic proteins considered between 13 and 35 kDa. The EITB test using purified native antigen mix showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusions. The purified antigen native mix improved the diagnostic efficiency of the EITB test. We recommend the preparation of an in-house kit and field validation so that it can be transferred and implemented in laboratories in endemic areas of Peru.

The creation of soundtracks for feature length films is a major undertaking. One method involves watching the film for sections that inspire some emotional response, and then improvising live. The composing of a score is often a combination of bottom up and top down processes. For example small segments of score are composed first, while in parallel a broader structure is planned based on the narrative. We present a system that attempts to aid the composer in this creative process. The system focuses on the script rather than moving image of the film. This has two advantages: (a) a composer can begin their work earlier in the process of film production; (b) the automated analysis of text is simpler than the automated analysis of video and speech. The system performs an automated analysis that approximates the script structure. It also attempts, using word analysis, to give insight into the emotional trajectory of the story and the characters. These are then used as part of an algorithmic creativity system that suggests musical sketches to the composer for parts of the script.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é identificar quais tipos de resíduos sólidos provenientes das indústrias moveleiras podem ser potencializados para reaproveitamento na fabricação de novas chapas de aglomerado e/ou para geração de energia. Para tanto, foram identificadas as principais indústrias de móveis que utilizam como matéria prima o MDP e MDF junto ao SINDMÓVEIS de Bento Gonçalves. O método utilizado foi de pesquisa aplicada quanto aos fins e pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e estudo de caso quanto aos meios. O trabalho buscou quantificar e evidenciar o aproveitamento destes resíduos como matérias-primas alternativas tanto na produção de novas chapas de aglomerado como para geração de energia (biomassa). Os resultados obtidos mostram que há grande quantidade de resíduos gerados no polo moveleiro de Bento Gonçalves, onde, comparando-os com a quantidade de resíduos de matérias-primas virgens utilizadas na empresa de aglomerados, o aproveitamento destes resíduos alternativos reduziria consideravelmente o consumo de florestas plantadas.

Objetivou-se comparar a resposta autonômica cardiovascular (RAC) de praticantes de musculação, corredores de longa distância e não praticantes de exercício. Homens, 21 a 55 anos, foram agrupados em: Praticantes Musculação (PM, n = 31); Praticantes Corrida (PC, n = 28); Controle (C, n = 35). Foram selecionadas quatro técnicas para avaliação da RAC: Frequência cardíaca de repouso (FCR), Teste pressórico do frio (TPF), Variabilidade da FC (VFC) e recuperação da FC pós-teste máximo em esteira. A FCR foi menor no grupo PC (PC = 54 ± 2; PM= 62 ± 2; C = 65 ± 2 bpm; média ± EPM). A recuperação da FC aos 60 s pós-teste de esforço foi maior no grupo PC (PC = 34 ± 3; PM = 23 ± 1; C = 24 ± 2; bpm). Quanto aos parâmetros espectrais de alta (HF) e baixa (LF) frequência da VFC, o grupo PC apresentou maior HF (55,1 ± 4,0 n.u) e menor LF (43,1 ± 4,0 n.u) comparado ao grupo C (HF = 40,7 ± 3,3; LF = 56,7 ± 3,5 n.u). O grupo PM não apresentou qualquer diferença de RAC em comparação ao grupo C. Conclui-se que prática contínua em musculação por longo prazo, diferentemente da prática de corrida de longa distância, não é capaz de alterar significativamente a RAC.

Este artigo descreve os exames clínicos realizados no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Alguns deles (antropometria, pressão arterial e índice tornozelo-braquial) já têm uso clínico consolidado. Outros, como a velocidade de onda de pulso, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e medida da espessura médio-intimal de carótidas, carecem de valor de referência na população brasileira não doente e podem constituir preditores importantes de desfechos cardiovasculares. A medida da pressão arterial após manobra postural foi incluída no ELSA-Brasil porque foi pouco testada em estudos epidemiológicos. O ELSA-Brasil inovou na realização do índice tornozelo-braquial, ao usar um aparelho automático em substituição à coluna de mercúrio na medida da pressão arterial, e também na medida do diâmetro ântero-posterior do lobo direito do fígado pela ultrassonografia, proposta para avaliação quantitativa da doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica. Os participantes são indivíduos mais jovens (a partir dos 35 anos) do que em outras coortes focadas no estudo da aterosclerose subclínica. A inclusão de indivíduos mais jovens e a diversidade dos exames realizados tornam o ELSA-Brasil um estudo relevante no contexto da epidemiologia brasileira e internacional.

AIMS:The aim of this study is to confirm the function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This retrospective study included 633 patients with invasive melanoma who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy in 7 referral centers certified by the Brazilian Melanoma Group. Independent risk factors of sentinel node metastasis (SNL) were identified by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS:SLN metastasis was detected in 101 of 633 cases (16.1%) and in 93 of 428 patients (21.7%) when melanomas ≤ 1mm were excluded. By multiple logistic regression, the absence of TILs was as an independent risk factor of SLN metastasis (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.0), in addition to Breslow index (greater than 2.00 mm), lymph vascular invasion, and presence of mitosis. CONCLUSION:SLNB can identify patients who might benefit from immunotherapy, and the determination of predictors of SLNB positivity can help select the proper population for this type of therapy. The absence of TILs is a reproducible parameter that can predict SLNB positivity in melanoma patients, since this study was made with several centers with different dermatopathologists.

The identification of the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus present in livestock and wild animals within regions endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE) is epidemiologically important. Individual strains display different biological characteristics that contribute to outbreaks of CE and that must be taken into account in the design of intervention programs. In this study, samples of hydatid cysts due to E. granulosus were collected from alpacas (4) in Puno and pigs (8) in Ayacucho in Peru, an endemic region for CE. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing of specific regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 genes confirmed the presence of a strain common to sheep, the G1 genotype, in alpacas. Two different strains of E. granulosus were identified in pigs: the G1 and the G7 genotypes. This is the first report of the G1 genotype of E. granulosus in alpacas in endemic regions of CE in Peru.

FUNDAMENTO: Não há dados relativos à epidemiologia da hiperuricemia em estudos brasileiros de base populacional. OBJETIVO: Investigar a distribuição de ácido úrico sérico e sua relação com variáveis demográficas e cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 1.346 indivíduos. A hiperuricemia foi definida como > 6,8 e > 5,4 mg/dL para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. A síndrome metabólica (SM) foi definida utilizando-se os critérios NCEP ATP III. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hiperuricemia foi de 13,2%. A associação de ácido úrico sérico (AUS) com fatores de risco cardiovasculares foi específica para o gênero: em mulheres, maiores níveis de AUS estiveram associados com IMC elevado, mesmo após ajustes da pressão arterial sistólica para idade (PAS). Em homens, a relação do AUS com o colesterol HDL esteve mediada pelo IMC, enquanto em mulheres, o AUS mostrou-se semelhante e dependente do IMC, independentemente dos níveis glicose e presença de hipertensão. Nos homens, os triglicerídeos, a circunferência abdominal (CA) e a PAS explicaram 11%, 4% e 1% da variabilidade do AUS, respectivamente. Nas mulheres, a circunferência abdominal e os triglicerídeos explicaram 9% e 1% da variabilidade de AUS, respectivamente. Em comparação com o primeiro quartil, homens e mulheres no quarto quartil apresentavam 3,29 e 4,18 vezes mais de aumento de risco de SM, respectivamente. As mulheres apresentaram uma prevalência quase três vezes maior de diabetes melito. Homens normotensos com MS apresentaram maiores níveis de AUS, independente do IMC. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados parecem justificar a necessidade de uma avaliação baseada no gênero em relação à associação do AUS com fatores de risco cardiovasculares, que se mostraram mais acentuados em mulheres. A SM esteve positivamente associada com AUS elevado, independentemente do gênero. A obesidade abdominal e a hipertrigliceridemia foram os principais fatores associados com a hiperuricemia mesmo em indivíduos normotensos, o que pode adicionar maior risco para a hipertensão.

Para estimar la prevalencia de teniosis y la seroprevalencia de cisticercosis humana en la población del distrito de Pampa Cangallo, en la sierra central de Perú (Ayacucho); se realizó un estudio transversal en el año 2008, con 368 personas de 5 a 70 años de edad. El diagnóstico de teniosis se efectuó mediante la prueba coproparasitológica (sedimentación rápida) mientras que para el diagnóstico de cisticercosis se realizó un tamizaje con la prueba de ELISA, y los casos positivos fueron confirmados por inmunoblot. Se encontró cinco casos positivos a huevos de Taenia sp, lo que representa una prevalencia de teniosis de 1,4% (IC95%: 0,2 - 2,5%), siendo los individuos entre los 20 a 49 años los que presentan la mayor proporción. Se encontró una seroprevalencia de cisticercosis de 3,3% (IC95%: 1,4 - 5,1%) por 12 casos positivos, siendo más frecuente en mujeres. No se encontró asociación con ninguno de los factores estudiados. Si bien la prevalencia es baja, se confirma la existencia de la teniosis y cisticercosis en esta población, por lo que se sugiere el establecimiento de estrategias de prevención y control, con énfasis en la educación comunitaria.To estimate the taeniosis prevalence and human cysticercosis seroprevalence in a rural town from the Peruvian central Andes (Pampa Cangallo, Ayacucho), we performed a cross sectional study in 2008, included 368 people between 5 and 70 years. Fast sedimentation technique and direct examination of stool samples were used to taeniosis diagnosis, and ELISA are used as screening test to cysticercosis, positives cases were confirmed with immunoblot. We found five positives cases to Taenia sp. eggs, which represents a 1.4% (95%CI: 0.2 - 2.5%) of a taeniosis prevalence, being individuals between the 20 to 49 years those which presented high proportion. We found 3.3% (95%CI: 1.5 - 5.1%) of cysticercosis prevalence for 12 positives cases, being most frequent in women. No association with evaluated factors was found. Though the prevalence is low, the existence of the taeniosis and cysticercosis is confirmed in this population, by what there is suggested the establishment of prevention and control strategies, emphatically in the community education.

Para estimar el valor diagnóstico del antígeno hidatídico de caprino y de ovino en la prueba de inmunoblot para echinococosis quística, se usó 135 sueros, de los cuales 70 procedían de pacientes con hidatidosis confirmada por el hallazgo de protoescólices y membrana en el estudio anatomopatológico con la pieza quirúrgica; 45 a pacientes con otras enfermedades parasitarias y 20 a personas aparentemente sanas. La sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la prueba de inmunoblot, con antígeno hidatídico de caprino fue de 92,8%, 100%, 100% y 92,8%, respectivamente; mientras que de ovino fueron 91,4%, 95,3%, 95,5% y 91,1 %, respectivamente. El índice kappa fue de 0,93 para el antígeno caprino y de 0,86 con el ovino en relación con el estudio anatomopatológico. Se recomienda el uso de ambos antígenos para el diagnóstico serológico de la equinococosis quística humana.To estimate the diagnosis value of goat and ovine antigen for echinococcosis immunoblot test, 135 serums were used, of which 70 were coming from patients with hydatid disease confirmed by the finding of proto scolex and membrane in the pathology study of surgical piece, 45 from patients with other parasitic diseases and 20 apparently healthy people. The sensitivity, the specificity, positive and negative predictive value of immunoblot test, with hidatyd antigen of goat was of 92.8%, 100%, 100%, 92.8%, respectively, than for ovine antigen was 91.4%, 95.3%, 95.5%, 91.1%, respectively. Kappa index was 0.93 for goat antigen and 0.86 with sheep in relation to the pathological study. We recommended the use of both antigens for the serologic diagnosis of human echinococcosis.

Metais pesados, também denominados elementos traço, podem ser essenciais ao metabolismo de organismos vivos, e, ao mesmo tempo, dependendo de suas concentrações, altamente tóxicos. Com o objetivo de investigar a toxicidade da água da Bacia dos Rios Butuí-Icamaquã, na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foram analisados, através de espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica, os teores de alumínio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, manganês, níquel e zinco em vísceras abdominais de peixes, coletados, entre junho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008, em pontos determinados nos rios Butuí, Icamaquã e Uruguai. Mostraram-se acima do nível considerado seguro para consumo humano: alumínio, cádmio, manganês e níquel e teores próximos aos limites legais foram encontrados para cobre e cromo. A análise simultânea de amostras da água coletadas nos mesmos locais acusou em espectrofotômetro de luz visível, níveis superiores aos limites legais de bromo, chumbo, cianeto, cobre, cromato, fenóis, fosfato, manganês e sulfeto. Estes elementos, em tais concentrações na água e nos peixes, podem comprometer o ecossistema ou representar riscos à saúde humana.Heavy metals, also called trace elements, may be essential to the metabolism of living organisms, and at the same time, depending on their concentrations, highly toxic. With the objective to investigate the toxicity of water of the Butuí-Icamaquã Rivers Basin on the border west of Rio Grande do Sul, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the contents of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in abdominal viscera of fish, collected between June 2007 and February 2008, at selected points in Butuí, Icamaquã and Uruguai rivers. Aluminum, cadmium, manganese and nickel were above the levels considered safe for human consumption and levels near the legal limit were found for chrome and copper. The simultaneous analysis of water samples collected in the same locations showed levels above the legal limits of bromine, chromate, copper, cyanide, lead, manganese, phenols, phosphate and sulfate. These elements, in such concentrations in water and in fish, may compromise the ecosystem or pose risks to human health.

Con el objetivo de determinar la seroprevalencia de hidatidosis humana en la población adulta de 18 a 65 años de edad residentes en el distrito de Sancos (Ayacucho) en la sierra central del Perú, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal durante los meses de mayo a diciembre del año 2005. El diagnóstico de hidatidosis se realizó primero con un tamizaje con ELISA y las que fueron positivas se les realizó inmunoblot. De 355 personas estudiadas, 13 presentaron serología positiva para hidatidosis, lo que representa una prevalencia de 3,7% (IC95% 1,6-5,8%), de estos, sólo dos mostraron sintomatología. El grupo de edad con mayor frecuencia de casos fue el de 30 a 50 años de edad. Los ganaderos pastores y ganaderos comerciantes fueron los grupos ocupacionales más afectados. No se encontró factores asociados con la presencia de hidatidosis.

Se evaluó una prueba de aglutinación de látex estandarizada para el diagnóstico serológico de la echinococosis quística. Se utilizó partículas de látex de 0,25 um de diámetro, las cuales fueron sensibilizadas con antígeno total de líquido liofilizado de quiste hidatídico de ovino. Se usaron 80 sueros, 40 de pacientes operados por enfermedad hidatídica confirmada patología, 20 de pacientes con otras enfermedades parasitarias como cisticercosis, fasciolosis, toxoplasmosis, teniosis, enfermedad de chagas y malaria y 20 de personas sanas. Se encontró que de los 40 sueros de pacientes con hidatidosis uno dio resultado negativo y de los 40 sueros de pacientes o personas sin hidatidosis cuatro dieron resultados positivo obteniéndose una sensibilidad de 97,5%, una especificidad de 90,0%, un valor predictivo positivo de 90,7% y negativo de 97,3%, siendo la concordancia encontrada al evaluar la repetibilidad y reproducibilidad del 100% en laboratorios de zonas endémicas. Se recomienda el uso de esta prueba para el descarte de hidatidosis en regiones endémicas del país, así como prueba de tamizaje en estudios epidemiológicos.

In order to protect the hydraulic heritage of Évora, a restoration project was carried on eighteen structures with different typologies (wall fountains, free standing fountains, drinking fountains) characterized by their diversity in historical value and state of conservation. The main objectives of this work promoted by the Municipality of Évora and developed by the company Nova Conservação, Lda. were the conservation, restoration and reactivation of these structures in order to give them back to the public. This paper presents the methodologies for their recovering. A particular emphasis was given to the fountains of "Largo de São Mamede" and, specially, of "Rua de Alconchel" due to the discovery of decorative mural paintings made using fresco techniques (feigned marbles) underneath layers of lime wash.

Los roedores nativos Abrothrix andinus, Phyllotis xanthopygus y el lagomorfo introducido Lepus europaeus, coexisten en ambientes altoandinos del centro-norte de Chile, donde la disponibilidad de alimento es escasa y distribuida heterogéneamente en el paisaje. Propusimos que en estos ambientes las especies en estudio se comportarían como herbívoros generalistas y que existiría una alta sobreposición en la dieta entre la liebre y los roedores nativos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar la composición de la dieta de las tres especies y determinar su amplitud, preferencia y sobreposición en la dieta a partir del análisis microhistológico de heces frescas. Los resultados indican que las tres especies se comportaron como herbívoros-folívoros, siendo la dieta de L. europaeus la de mayor amplitud trófica. Abrothrix andinus seleccionó todos los ítemes que consume, mientras que P. xanthopygus y L. europaeus realizaron un consumo más oportunista. La mayor sobreposición en la dieta se observó entre los roedores nativosThe native rodents Abrothrix andinus, Phyllotis xanthopygus and the introduced lagomorph Lepus europaeus coexist in the highlands of north-central Chile, where food availability is scarce. We hypothesized that in these environments, the studied species would behave as generalist herbivores and where the diet of native rodents would overlap that of hares greatly. The aim of this study was to quantify feeding habits, amplitude, diet preferences and overlap of these three species through microhistological analysis of fresh faeces. While all three species behaved as herbivore-folivores, L. europaeus showed the largest niche breath. Abrothrix andinus selected all consumed items, while P. xanthopygus and L. europaeus exhibited a more opportunistic consumption food items. The highest diet overlap was observed between native rodents

A vermicompostagem é um processo biotecnológico que utiliza resíduos orgânicos e transforma em materiais ricos em nutrientes. Alguns resíduos podem conter metais pesados como Cd e se torna interessante avaliar a presença deste elemento no processo de adaptação das minhocas, bem como sua disponibilidade após a vermicultura. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o Fator de Bioacumulação do Cádmio nas minhocas no processo de vermicompostagem vertical e horizontal e avaliar a biodisponibilidade do metal no composto final. Dessa forma, fez-se a mistura de húmus e esterco bovino na proporção 1:1 e adicionou-se 100 mg Cd kg-1 de substrato úmido, inoculou-se 10 minhocas Eisenia andrei (Vermelha da Califórnia) em minhocários na forma vertical e horizontal por 60 dias. Conforme resultados, houve aumento da biomassa das minhocas em ambos tipos de minhocários. No teste de fuga, as minhocas rejeitaram o meio contaminado. O fator de bioacumulação foi maior que 1, portanto, evidencia-se o acumulo de Cd nos tecidos. Em relação à concentração de Cd nos substratos durante o processo de vermicompostagem não houve diferenças estatísticas, constatando que não houve diminuição do metal no composto.

Lagidium viscacia y Abrocoma cinerea son dos especies de roedores herbívoros de distribución geográfica simpátrida en los ambientes altoandinos del Norte Grande de Chile, donde la disponibilidad de alimento es escasa, fluctuante y poco predecible. Dada su sintopía, y por habitar en ambientes áridos altoandinos (Segunda Región de Chile) con escasez de recursos alimenticios, se espera que ambas especies de roedores seleccionen diferencialmente sus recursos, o segregarse en otros ejes de nicho (e.g., nicho espacial) a fin de evitar la presumible competencia explotativa por los recursos alimenticios. En este estudio evaluamos los hábitos alimenticios de estas dos especies durante dos estaciones contrastantes (invierno, 1996 y verano, 1997). Los resultados indicaron que: (1) L. viscacia consumió 10 ítemes alimenticios en invierno y siete en verano de las 12 únicas especies de plantas presentes en su ambiente. El ítem alimenticio mayormente consumido fue Stipa bomanii, con un 20,9 % (invierno 1996) y un 30,1 % (verano 1997). Otros ítemes alimenticios importantes, pero sólo consumidos en invierno, fueron Nicotiana longibracteata (12,1 %) y Parastrephia quadrangularis (9,4 %); mientras que en verano consumió: Festuca ortophylla (19,9 %). En cambio, A. cinerea consumió en invierno Baccharis tola (73,2 %), Lupinus oreophilus (11,9 %), Adesmia horrida (3,6 %) y P. quadrangularis (0,4 %), mientras que en verano consumió B. tola (33,7 %), A. horrida (22,5 %), L. oreophilus (24,0 %), P. quadrangularis (2,3 %) y Ephedra rupestris (2,9 %). (2) Lagidium viscacia presentó mayor amplitud de nicho trófico que A. cinerea (invierno: H' = 0,67 versus 0,25; verano: H' = 0,53 versus 0,56). (3) En invierno, L. viscacia mostró alta selección por N. longibracteata (Ei = 0,96) y Calceolaria stellarifolia (Ei = 0,80) y, en menor grado, por P. quadrangularis (Ei = 0,62) y S. bomanii (Ei = 0,26), mientras que en verano seleccionó a las gramíneas F. orthophylla (Ei = 0,52) y S. bomanii (Ei = 0,42) y, en menor grado, C. stellarifolia (Ei = 0,22). Durante invierno A. cinerea seleccionó, L. oreophilus (Ei = 0,91) y B. tola (Ei = 0,35); mientras que en verano los ítemes alimenticios seleccionados fueron L. oreophilus (Ei = 0,92), A. horrida (Ei = 0,56) y E. rupestris (Ei = 0,55), contrariamente, durante este período estacional A. cinerea mostró cierto rechazo por P. quadrangularis (Ei = -0,40). (4) Ambas especies tuvieron durante las dos estaciones estudiadas una baja sobreposición en sus dietas (invierno: C H = 0,18 y en verano C H = 0,06). En síntesis, estos roedores herbívoros sintópicos exhiben una baja tendencia a seleccionar una dieta, especialmente L. viscacia, que tendió a ser más generalista; no obstante, ambas especies presentaron nichos tróficos diferentes, de modo que la condición de sintopía para estas especies no implicaría necesariamente competencia explotativa por sus recursos alimenticios, al menos durante las dos estaciones analizadas en este estudioThe mountain viscacha (Lagidium viscacia) and the Andean chinchilla rat (Abrocoma cinerea) are syntopic species in the Andean highlands of northern Chile. Given that in this environment food availability is scarce, we predict that these rodents would select different food items in order to avoid presumable competition for food. We described the food habits of mountain viscachas and chinchilla rats in the highlands of northern Chile during contrasting seasons: winter (1996) and summer (1997). Results indicate that: (1) Out of the 12 plant species available, L. viscacia consumes 10 species during the winter and seven during the summer. The main species eaten was Stipa bomanii, making 20.9 and 30.1 % of the winter and summer diets, respectively. Other important plants consumed only during the winter were Nicotiana longibracteata (12.1 %) and Parastrephia quadrangularis (9.4 %). In turn, Festuca ortophylla (19.9%) was eaten only during the summer. The main plants consumed by A. cinerea during the winter were Baccharis tola (73.2 %) and Lupinus oreophilus (11.9 %), whereas during the summer these were B. tola (33.7 %), Adesmia horrida (22.5 %), and L. oreophilus (24.0 %); (2) L. viscacia had a broader trophic niche than A. cinerea (winter H' = 0.67 versus 0.25; summer H' = 0.53 versus 0.56, respectively). (3) During winter, L. viscacia showed high selection for N. longibracteata (Ei = 0.96) and Calceolaria stellarifolia (Ei = 0.80), and lower for P. quadrangularis (Ei = 0.62) and S. bomanii (Ei = 0.26), whereas during summer it selected the graminoids F. orthophylla (Ei = 0.52) and S. bomanii (Ei = 0.42). In contrast, A. cinerea selected L. oreophilus (Ei = 0.91) and B. tola (Ei = 0.35) during the winter and L. oreophilus (Ei = 0.92), A. horrida (Ei = 0.56), and E. rupestris (Ei = 0.55) during the summer. During summer season P. quadrangularis was rejected (Ei = - 0.40) by A. cinerea. (4) Both rodents showed low food overlap during both seasons (C H = 0.18 and 0.06 for winter and summer, respectively). In sum, these herbivorous species live in the same place and have rather broad diet selection, especially L. viscacia, which is more generalist than A. cinerea. However, they have distinctive trophic niches so that, unless during the sampled seasons, competition for food is unlikely

In order to evaluate dot blot tests and latex agglutination for the detection of human cysticercosis with liquid antigen of Taenia solium cysticerci, 125 human sera were used, of which 60 were from people with cysticercosis confirmed by Western Blot, 45 with other parasitic diseases and 20 apparently healthy. The optimal concentration of antigen to impregnate dot blot strips was 0.01 ug/uL, and to impregnate the latex particles was 0.092 ug/uL. For the dot blot test, a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 87.7% was found. For latex agglutination, a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 89.2% was found. Both tests may be useful and feasible to implement alternatives of serological diagnosis in laboratories in endemic areas of Peru.

Autonomic dysfunction is an important mechanism that could explain many symptoms observed in fibromyalgia (FM). Exercise is an effective treatment, with benefits potentially mediated through changes in autonomic modulation. Strengthening is one of the less studied exercises in FM, and the acute and chronic effects of strengthening on the autonomic system remain unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the chronic effects of strengthening exercises (STRE) on autonomic modulation, pain perception and the quality of life (QOL) of FM patients.Eighty sedentary women with FM (ACR 1990) were randomly selected to participate in STRE or flexibility (FLEX) exercises in a blinded controlled trial. The intensity of STRE was set at 45% of the estimated load of 1 Repetition Maximum (RM) in 12 different exercises. Outcomes were Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis, treadmill test, the sit and reach test (Wells and Dillon's Bench), maximal repetitions test and handgrip dynamometry; and quality of life by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the Beck and Idate Trait-State Inventory (IDATE), a short-form health survey (SF-36).The STRE group was more effective to strength gain for all muscles and pain control after 4 and 16 weeks (p

The hypothesis of this study is that it is possible to determine the plant stand in the soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) crop based on the spatial variability of management units, which are limiting factors in maximizing crop yield. Our objectives were as follows: (I) to evaluate the relationship between soil physical and chemical attributes to establish potential management units for variable-rate seeding; (II) to propose a method for varying plant stands based on the law of minimum soil nutrients; an (III) to relate the interaction between different plant stands on soybean grain yield, taking into account the interaction between the spatial variability of the mapped attributes. Field experiments were carried out on two plots over two agricultural years. The areas were seeded by randomly varying the soybean stand across strips in the first year. The most limiting soil nutrient was established and used, together with the soil CEC, to determine management units (MUs), which were also used to seed soybeans in VRT (Variable Rate Technology) in the same plots in the second year. MUs with the lowest restriction for maximizing yield were sown in the second year with the lowest plant stand. Data were processed using multivariate statistics. Our findings reveal that it is possible to establish MUs for seeding soybeans with different stands following the spatial variability of limiting soil nutrients according to the law of the minimum and thus increase the crop grain yield. Spatial variability of potassium (K) in the plot, identified as limiting, affected the spatial variability of grain yield. Decreasing plant stands in MUs with the lowest limitation level increases yield. However, increasing the stand in MUs with a higher limitation level can lead to increased intraspecific competition, affecting yield as well as increasing input costs.

A través de este texto se pretende analizar el discurso y las acciones de Vicente Guerrero en el marco del restablecimiento de la constitución española, quien en 1810 había iniciado una actividad militar exitosa para la toma del poder al lado de Morelos. Presta atención al efecto ideológico y político que tuvo la norma (através de sus delegados militares) en los habitantes de los distintos pueblos cercanos a los conflictos armados, para con ello descubrir la actividad persuasiva que efectuó el Caudillo del sur. El interés se centra, sobre todo, en ver las convicciones republicanas de Guerrero, con las que se pretende anteponerse a las persuasiones constitucionales gaditanas para mantener ycontrolar sus fuerzas de apoyo.