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Pseudoscorpiones is a mesodiverse order of Arachnida, with more than 3600 described species in the world. Species delimitation is sometimes difficult due to the high variability of some characters,...

The Ricinulei Thorell, 1876, or “hooded tick-spiders,” are among the least studied arachnid orders. Knowledge of ricinuleid diversity has been slow to accumulate because these arachnids are underrepresented in biological collections. Despite an increase in the pace of new species descriptions in recent decades, the species richness of the order probably remains vastly underestimated. Large areas in some of the world's most biodiverse countries are without a single record for the order, hence new records invariably turn out to be new species. The present contribution describes four new species of the mostly South American genus Cryptocellus Westwood, 1874: Cryptocellus canutama, sp. nov., and Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., from Brazil; Cryptocellus islacolon, sp. nov., from Panama; and Cryptocellus macagual, sp. nov., from Colombia. Additionally, a new diagnosis and description are provided for Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976, long considered a nomen dubium. The known locality records of the five species and their putative relatives are mapped. The present contribution raises the number of Cryptocellus species to 45 and the number of extant species of Ricinulei to 101.

LA EDUCACIÓN, LA EMPRESA Y LA SOCIEDAD UNA MIRADA TRANSDICIPLINARIA TOMO CUATRO COLECCIÓN RESULTADO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Primera Edición 2020 Escuela Internacional de Negocios y Desarrollo Empresarial de Colombia – EIDEC www.eidec.com.co Centro de Investigación Científica, Empresarial y Tecnológica de Colombia – CEINCET www.ceincet.com Red de Investigación en Educación, Empresa y Sociedad – REDIEES www.rediee.org Editorial EIDEC Sello editorial (978-958-52636) ISBN: 978-958-53018-3-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/hqxc-r887 Fecha Publicación: 2020-10-23 comiteeditorial@editorialeidec.com www.editorialeidec.com Colombia

It is common to evaluate university courses through the opinion of those involved in the training process, responding to a Likert-type evaluation format to synthesize teaching performance. This research arises with the intention of comprehensively evaluating the development of a course, including all the actors involved in the academic process. The main objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the constructivist training method in the business administration program, being evaluated from the Balanced Scorecard (CMI) and other administrative management tools; from the perspective of the student, the entrepreneur, the institution and teaching. For the validation of this tool, it is applied in a course in the process area (Process Management) and is replicated in those where the constructivist methodology is applied within the University. For the study, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was used, supported by surveys and a checklist, carried out and evaluated by students (38) and four businessmen. This research presents as main result a road map that helps the dynamics of the evaluation of education in an integral way in each university course and at the same time contributes to improve the performance of the different actors involved in higher education. Resumen Es común la evaluación de cursos universitarios por medio de la opinión de los involucrados en el proceso formativo, respondiendo a un formato evaluativo tipo Likert para sintetizar el desempeño docente. Esta investigación surge con la intención de evaluar de forma integral el desarrollo de un curso, incluyendo a todos los actores que intervienen en el proceso académico. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar la efectividad del método de formación constructivista en el programa de administración de empresas, siendo evaluada a partir del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) y demás herramientas de gestión administrativa; desde una perspectiva del estudiante, del empresario, de la institución y la docencia. Para la validación de esta herramienta, se aplica en un curso del área de procesos (Gestión de Procesos) y se replica en aquellos donde se aplica la metodología constructivista dentro de la Universidad. Para el estudio se utilizó un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo apoyado en encuestas y lista de chequeo, realizadas y evaluadas por estudiantes (38) y cuatro empresarios. Esta investigación presenta como principal resultado una hoja de ruta que ayuda a la dinámica de la evaluación de la educación de forma integral en cada curso universitario y a la vez contribuye para mejorar el desempeño de los diferentes actores involucrados en la enseñanza superior.

In the Historical Archive of the Province of San Luis Bertrán-Colombia (AHPSBC), there are several sermons preached by the Dominican friars of New Granada during the 18th century. Based on the historical-critical and theological methods, a theological analysis of the Transfiguration sermon is made here: Transfiguratus est ante eos (Mat 17, 2), preached on August 6, 1786; through an identification of theological categories based on biblical and patristic sources, as well as the other ecclesiastical writers proposed by the author. Due to all the iconic and apologetic language that these texts have, contributions to the History of Theology are provided through the palaeographic, archival, diplomatic and codicological analysis of the document. En el Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de San Luis Bertrán–Colombia (AHPSBC), se encuentran diversos sermones predicados por los frailes dominicos de la Nueva Granada durante el siglo XVIII. Tomando como base los métodos histórico–crítico y teológico, se hace aquí un análisis teológico del sermónDe Transfiguración:Transfiguratus est ante eos(Mat 17, 2),predicado el 06 de agosto de 1786; mediante la identificación de categorías teológicas basadas tanto en fuentes bíblicas y patrísticas como de los demás escritores eclesiásticos propuestos por el autor. Debido a que estos textos gozan de un lenguaje icónico y apologético, se brindan los aportes a la Historia de la Teología a través del análisis paleográfico, archivístico, diplomático y codicológico del documento.

Este artículo ahonda la literatura de la logística humanitaria y la evolución que ha tenido este objeto de estudio a lo largo de estos veinticuatro años de investigación. Recalcando los autores y trabajos más importantes a nivel mundial, las contribuciones de los diferentes artículos aplicados a la problemática real y la trascendencia que han tenido las corrientes de planificación y repuesta a los desastres, debido al incremento de estos en los últimos años. Se resaltan las investigaciones en cada una de las etapas de la logística humanitaria, los modelos desarrollados y las contribuciones que dan pie al desarrollo de nuevos trabajos que ayuden a mejorar las condiciones críticas de una población ante una situación de desastre. Esta revisión a la literatura pretende que el lector de una manera clara y concisa conozca sobre las cadenas de valor humanitarias, y en el caso que el tema se convierta en su corriente de estudio, tenga una guía para su investigación, tomando como referentes los documentos aquí citados, que pueden orientar sobre temas propios de la logística humanitaria que aún no han sido tratados.

Two new species of the armored spider genus Tetrablemma O. P.-Cambridge, 1873 from Colombia and Venezuela are herein described and illustrated: Tetrablemma tatacoa sp. nov. from Huila department, Colombia and T. mochima sp. nov. from Sucre state, Venezuela. These species represent the second record of the genus in the New World. Specimens of these new species were collected in pristine ecosystems, which suggests a natural Gondwanan distribution of the genus. Additionally, a distribution map of the Tetrablemma species in America is herein included.

Genus Tityus Koch, 1836 Tityus Koch 1836: 33. Type species. Scorpio bahiensis Perty, 1833, designed by monotypy., Published as part of Moreno-González, Jairo A., O, Ranulfo González & D, Eduardo Flórez, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species, pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 4660 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4660.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3377134, {"references":["Koch, C. L. (1836) Die Arachniden. N ʾ rnberg: C. H. Zehsche Buchhandlung, 3 (1 - 5), 17 - 104."]}

We present a taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) species based on morphological and morphometric evidence. We examined more than 385 specimens and evaluated new and previously used qualitative and quantitative morphological characters. We redescribe the Colombian species and present morphological characters for both sexes and an emended diagnosis for the subgenus Tityus (Archaeotityus). We describe a new species Tityus guane sp. nov. from Santander department, Colombia, Tityus betschi Lourenço 1992 is synonymized with Tityus parvulus Kraepelin, 1914, and Tityus wayuu Rojas-Runjaic & Armas, 2007 is synonymized with Tityus tayrona Lourenço, 1991. We measured 186 specimens and performed a multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) for 34 selected morphometric ratios for each sex. We found that a few morphological ratios support species level distinctions within the Colombian species. We provide updated distributional maps with new records and an identification key for both sexes. Furthermore, we provide an updated checklist for the subgenus and a discussion about the character systems used within Tityus (Archaeotityus). The new morphological characters proposed and the traditional morphometry examined with a PCA are useful for studying Tityus (Archaeotityus) taxonomy.

Tityus bastosi Lourenço, 1984 Figures 4, 5A, B, 6A, D, 7A, B, 8A, B, 9A, B, 10A, B, 11 A–C, 12, 13, 14A–D, 15A, 16A, B, 17A, 18A, 19A, 20A, 29, 46A, 47A, 48, 49; Tables 1–3, 6–9. Tityus bastosi Lourenço 1984: 358–359, figures 17, 18; tables I–II. References after Fet & Lowe (2000: 235). Tityus bastosi: Lourenço 2000: 456, 458, figure 13; Flórez 2001a: 56, 57; Flórez 2001b: 28; Lourenço 2002a: 132; Lourenço 2002b: 115, 116, 117, 126, figure 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263; Lourenço 2005: 224, 225, 226, figure 7; Lourenço 2006: 60, figure 17; Lourenço et al. 2006: 118, 119; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua 2006: 130; Botero-Trujillo 2007a: 67; Botero-Trujillo 2007b: 32; Teruel & García 2008: 9, 12, Botero-Trujillo & Flórez 2011: 9, 26; Botero-Trujillo & Noriega 2011: 50; Brito & Borges 2015: 2, 7, 14, figure 4; Lourenço & Ythier 2013: figure 18; Ojanguren-Affilastro et al. 2017: 40, 41, 42, 43, figure 1. Type material. Tityus bastosi: Holotype: ECUADOR: Morona Santiago province: one adult male, Los Tayos, 30.vii.1976 (NHMUK LTE-976) (not examined); Paratypes: ECUADOR: Morona Santiago province: adult female, Los Tayos, 27.vii.1976 (NHMUK LTE-664) (not examined). BRAZIL: Amazonas state: one adult female, São Paulo de Olivença, de Mathau (MNHNH-RS-8499) (not examined); one juvenile male, Tefé, de Mathau (MNHNH-RS- 8499) (not examined). PERU: Iquitos province: one adult female and one juvenile male, de Mathau (MNHNH-RS- 8499) (not examined). Pebas province: one adult female, de Mathau (MNHNH-RS-8499) (not examined). Tarapoto province: one adult male, de Mathau (MNHNH-RS-8499) (not examined). Examined material. COLOMBIA: Boyacá department: one adult female, Santa María, Vereda Caño Negro, Finca San Joaquín, 4°51’27.58’’ N 73°16’00.77’’ W, 1100 masl, in forest leaf litter with 11 juveniles on its back, 5.x.2003, D. M. Valencia (ICN-As-521); one adult female, Santa María, 4°51’28.71’’ N 73°16’00.92’’ W, 860 masl, night manual capture with UV light, 15.v.2009, E. Flórez & D. Luna (ICN-As-792). Caqueta department: one adult female, one adult male and one juvenile female, Solano, Río Mesay, 0°14’24’’ N 72°56’2’’ W, 350 masl, collected in a floodplain forest inside a dead tree, 20.i.2000, F. Quevedo (ICN-As-362). Casanare department: one adult male, Yopal, 5°20’45.23’’ N 72°24’19.60’’ W, 370 masl, found inside a house, 5.iv.2009, C. Rincón & H. Rojas (ICN- As-805). Meta department: one adult male, Puerto López, Hacienda Moneque, 4°5’51.51’’ N 72°57’19.24’’ W, 181 masl, pitfall, 2.xi.2008, A. Neira (ICN-As-741); one adult male, Puerto López, Inspección Remolinos, Hacienda CAFAM Llanos, 4°5’51.51’’ N 72°57’19.24’’ W, 270 masl, Riparian forest near Mata-Mata pool, pitfall tramp, iii.2004, A. Sánchez (ICN-As-603); two adult females, San Martín, Finca Caduceo, near Camoa river, 3°41’39.46’’ N 73°41’37.16’’ W, 420 masl, 19.v.2006, C. Sarmiento (ICN-As-740); two adult females, two adult males and one juvenile male, San Martín, Finca Caduceo, near the river Camoa, between palms, 3°41’39.46’’ N 73°41’37.16’’ W, 420 masl, 19.v.2006, R. Sarmiento (ICN-As-738); five adult females and one adult male, Villavicencio, Vereda El Carmen, 4°9’38.73’’ N 73°41’5.66’’ W, 1263 masl, night manual capture with UV ligth, 7-10.viii.2016, J. A. Moreno & N. Herreño (MZUSP 71740). Diagnosis. This species can be readily recognized from other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species by the following combination of character states: Total length: 33.12–40.33 (males) and 35.42–41.17 mm (females). General body coloration (Figure 4) dark yellow background densely covered with dark reddish-brown variegated spots and metasomal segment V completely black (Figure 6A, D). Metasomal segments II–IV (Figures 15A, 16A, B) each has a distoterminal medium-sized acute granule on the DL carinae. Metasomal segment V with the VSM2 macrosetae slightly distal or at the same level of the VL2 macrosetae (Figures 17A, 18A). Subaculear tubercle large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figures 19A, 20A). Dorsal margin of the subaculear tubercle with a pair of ventrodistal small rounded granules with apices pointing to the basal portion of the aculeus. Vesicle and subaculear tubercle with VM carina composed of fine granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19A, 20A). Telson with a well-marked (female) (Figure 19A) or moderately marked (male) carinae (Figure 20A). Metasomal intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules (Figures 15A, 16A, B). Pectinal tooth counts and movable finger oblique rows of denticles: 13–16/ 12–14 (females) and 15–17/ 13–15 (males) (Table 2, 3). Metasomal segments II–V (Figures 15A, 16A, B), female pedipalp (Figure 11 A–C), and male pedipalp femur and patella (Figure 10A, B) short and of a medium-width. Chela (Figure 12 A–C) and metasomal segment V (Figure 16A) incrassate in large males. Affinities with other Colombian species. Tityus bastosi is most similar to T. tayrona, sharing with it the presence of a subaculear tubercle that is large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figures 19A, 20A) and metasomal intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules (Figures 15A, 16A, B). Tityus bastosi can be readily distinguished by the presence of a general body coloration that is dark with a yellow background densely covered with dark reddish-brown spots (Figure 4); metasomal segment V completely black (Figure 6A, D) with the VSM2 macrosetae slightly distal or at the same level of the VL2 macrosetae (Figures 17A, 18A) and metasomal segments II–IV each with a distoterminal medium-sized acute granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15A, 16A, B). Conversely, in T. tayrona the general body coloration is dark yellow in the background and moderately covered with dark brown spots (Figure 41); the metasomal segment V has a dark yellow background moderately covered with brown variegated spots, a VL pair of dark brown spots, ventral yellow spots and a dorsomedian area without spots (Figure 33B, D). In addition, T. tayrona has the VSM2 macrosetae proximal to the level of the VL2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V (Figures 17E, 18E) and the metasomal segments II–IV do not have conspicuous distoterminal granules on the DL carinae (Figures 39B, 40C, D). Remarks. Lourenço (1997) recorded T. bastosi from Socaina, Casanare department, but there is no locality with this name. Despite this, the presence of this species was confirmed in Casanare department (see examined material). Also, Flórez (2001a) recorded T. bastosi from Bochalema and Toledo, Norte de Santander department, and Chalará, Santander department; however, a detailed examination of these materials revealed these populations possibly belong to another species. Redescription. Based on an adult female (ICN-As-740, #1) and an adult male (ICN-As-741). For female live habitus see Figure 46A. Total length. Female: 38.01 mm; male: 40.34 mm. Coloration. General body coloration (in ethanol 70%) (Figure 4) with a dark yellow background densely covered with dark reddish-brown variegated spots. Carapace (Figure 5A, B) densely covered with dark reddish-brown variegated spots, except for the anterior margin that is dark yellow; lateral and median eyes surrounded by black spots; median ocular tubercle surrounded by a lateral black stripe on each side; posterior area to the median ocular tubercle with an inverted ‘’Y’’-shaped spot. Chelicerae (Figure 7A, B) coxa and hand with a light yellow background; hand with dark brown reticulated spots on the anterior half and small areas without spots on the internal surface, median surface, and the adjacent area to the movable finger articulation; movable and fixed fingers with dark brown spots on their posterior halves; teeth dark reddish-brown. Pedipalps (Figure 4) densely covered with dark reddish-brown variegated spots and yellow spots; trochanter, femur, and patella ventrally yellow; trichobothrial pits yellow. Legs with all the segments having a light yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots on their prolateral surfaces. Coxosternal region (Figure 4B, E, F) coxae I–IV, sternum, genital operculum, pectines (middle lamellae, fulcra, and teeth), and basal pectinal piece light yellow; basal pectinal piece with an anterior white area (female); coxapophyses I–II and pectines (marginal lamellae) with a light yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots. Mesosoma (Figure 4) tergites I–VII and sternites III–VII each with a dark yellow background densely covered with dark reddish-brown variegated spots; tergites I–VII with three posterior dark yellow spots (two submedian and one median); spiracles yellow. Metasoma (Figure 6A, D) with a dark yellow background densely covered with dark reddish-brown variegated spots and with ventral yellow spots; each segment progressively darker towards segment V; segment V completely black (Figure 6A, D). DL intercarinal areas of segments I–IV each with an anterior median arrow-shaped brown spot and a posterior median brown spot; ML, VSM, and VM intercarinal areas of segments I–IV each with a pair of distal brown spots. Telson (Figure 4) almost completely black with a lateral light reddish-brown stripe; subaculear tubercle and aculeus dark reddish-brown. Morphology. Carapace (Figure 8A, B) densely covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules; anterior margin with a shallow median notch; carinae (anterior median, lateral, and posterior median) and furrows (anterior, lateral, median ocular, posterior median, posterior marginal, and posterior lateral) well-marked; median ocular tubercle well-marked and located on the anterior half of the carapace; median eyes separated by about 0.9 ocular diameters. Lateral eye pattern type 4A: three pairs of major ocelli present (PLMa, MLMa and ALMa) and one pair of minor ocelli (ADMi). Chelicerae (Figure 7A, B) dentition characteristic of the family Buthidae (Vachon 1963); hand and fingers densely covered with setae on the internal and ventral surfaces. Pedipalps. Chela short and of a medium-width (female) (Cl/Cw= 4.72) or incrassate (male) (Cl/Cw= 3.48). Trichobothriotaxic pattern Type A with alfa configuration (hand: Eb3:Eb2:Eb1:Esb:Est:Et; fixed finger: eb:esb:est: et:db:dt:it) (e.g., Figure 3). Femur (Figures 9A, 10A) with five well-marked and complete carinae: VI, DI, and DE crenulate; VE and IM serratocrenulate; intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules. Patella (Figures 9B, 10B) with seven carinae: VI, VE, DI, DE, and EM complete and crenulate; DM incomplete and crenulate; IM complete and serratocrenulate with a spur near the segment base; intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules. Chela (Tibia) (Figures 11 A–C, 12A–F) with eight carinae: VI, VE, D, DS, DMA, and ES complete and crenulate; DI complete and serratocrenulate (female) (Figure 11 A–C) or feebly crenulate (male) (Figures 12 A–F); SA incomplete and crenulate, only present on the anterior half of the hand. Pedipalp movable and fixed fingers with an obsolete basal lobe (male) (Figure 12A) or without a basal lobe (female) (Figure 11A); dorsal surface of the movable finger with 13–14 (female) and 13–13 (male) oblique rows of denticles. Coxosternal region. Covered with fine granules and a few setae, except for the coxapophyses I–II which are smooth. Sternum with posterior depression, outer ridge, and apical button well-marked. Genital operculum longitudinally divided and composed of two subtriangular plates. Pectines. Basal piece sexually dimorphic (e.g., Figure 2) sub rectangular-shaped with an anterior elevated glandular area (female) (Figure 2A) or flat, shield-shaped with an anterior median notch well-marked (male) (e.g., Figure 2B); pectinal tooth counts: 15–16 (female) and 17–17 (male). Intermediate plate, marginal plate, and fulcra moderately covered with setae (Figure 14A, C). Pectinal teeth peg sensillae flattened with a narrow apex (Figure 14B, D). Legs. Carinae present; intercarinal areas with a few fine granules; telotarsus covered with numerous ventrosubmedian setae; claws short and symmetrical. Mesosoma. Tergites I–VI moderately covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules; pre-tergite wellmarked with the median carina visible on the posterior margin of the post-tergite; tergite VII with DSM and DL carinae complete and crenulate; median carina of the tergite VII composed of an anterior median crenulate eminence located on the anterior half of the post-tergite. Sternites densely covered with fine granules; sternites III–VI each with a longitudinal median hyaline suture and a pair of elliptic spiracles on the posterior half; spiracles progressively larger towards sternite VI; posterior margin of the sternite V with a subtriangular glandular; sternite VI with VSM carinae crenulate occupying the posterior half of the sternite; sternite VII with VSM carinae crenulate occupying the two posterior thirds of the sternite and VL carinae crenulate occupying the anterior half of the sternite. Hemispermatophore. General morphological characteristics as in other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species. Capsule (Figure 13 A–C) with a straight distal carina ending in an 80° angle; sperm duct reduced not overpassing the basal carina level and with a translucent area between the base of the basal hook and the base of the basal carina; translucent area basally wide but progressively narrower towards the distal region (Figure 13 B–C); basal carina with rounded apex (Figure 13C); basal hook semi ovate-shaped with anterior margin straight in lateral view (Figure 13B) and slightly curved in anterior and posterior views; basal hook forming a ‘’U’’-shaped curve with the stem (Figure 13A, C); basal hook slightly elongated with a rounded apex and approximately as long as its basal width in anterior view (Figure 13A). Metasoma. Segments II–V short and of a medium-width in both sexes (Msl/Msw ratios= female/ male: II= 1.4/ 1.3; III= 1.6/ 1.5; IV= 1.76/ 1.68; V= 2.0/ 1.9). Segment V short and of a medium-width (female) (Figure 15A) or incrassate (male) (Figure 16A). Segments I–II (Figures 15A, 16A, B) with 10 complete, parallel, and crenulate carinae (paired DL, ML, LIM, VL, and VSM; DL carinae serratocrenulate on segment II); LIM on segment II composed of fine granules on the two posterior thirds and coarse granules on the first anterior third; intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules. Segments III–IV (Figures 15A, 16A, B) with eight complete, parallel, and crenulate carinae (paired DL, ML, VL and VSM; DL carinae serratocrenulate); intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules. Segment V with five complete and crenulate carinae (VM, paired DL and VL); lateral intercarinal areas densely covered only with fine granules (males) (Figure 16A, B) or densely covered with fine granules and moderately covered with coarse granules (female) (Figure 15A); ventral intercarinal areas with a few and feebly fine granules (male) (Figure 16A, B) or densely covered with fine granules (female) (Figure 15A); intercarinal areas with granules irregularly distributed on the middle of each area. Segment II–IV with DL carinae composed of granules which slightly increase in size towards the distal region of each segment; DL carinae ending in a distoterminal medium-sized coarse, and acute granule which increases in size towards the segment IV (Figures 15A, 16A, B). Metasomal macrosetation. Segments I–IV each with two pairs of VSM macrosetae (2/2) and two pairs of VL macrosetae (2/2); pair VSM1 is located on the anterior third, and pair VSM2 is located near the posterior margin of the segment; pair VL1 is located near the anterior margin of the segment, and pair VL2 is located on the posterior third of the segment (e.g., Figure 1). Segment V (Figures 17A, 18A) with three pairs of VSM macrosetae (3/3), three pairs of VL macrosetae (3/3), and a single pair of DL macrosetae; pair VSM1 is located near the anterior margin of the segment; pair VSM2 is located slightly distal or at same level of the pair VL2 (Figures 17A, 18A), and pair VSM3 is located on the anal arch; pair VL1 is located near the anterior margin of the segment; pair VL2 is located on the posterior second third of the segment, and pair VL3 is located on the anal arch; pair DL1 is located near the posterior margin of the segment. Telson. Vesicle not elongated and suboval (Vl/Vh= 2.2) (Figures 19A, 20A) with dorsal surface smooth and with a lateral longitudinal furrow on each side; VM, paired VSM, VL, and DL carinae composed of coarse granules; carinae well-marked (female) (Figure 19 A) or moderately marked (male) (Figure 20A); paired DL carinae located dorsally with respect to the lateral longitudinal furrow; VM carina basally marked and distally feebly marked (Figures 19A, 20A). Subaculear tubercle large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figures 19A, 20A); dorsal margin of the subaculear tubercle with a pair of ventrodistal small rounded granules with apices pointing to the basal portion of the aculeus; VM carina composed of fine granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19A, 20A); aculeus strongly curved shorter than vesicle and with a ventral groove. Variability. Total length (including telson): males 33.12–40.33 mm (n= 7; mean= 36.39; SD= 3.23; females 35.42–41.17 mm (n= 11; mean= 38.50; SD= 1.56) (Table 9). Pectinal tooth counts: males 15–17 (n= 21; mode= 15 13–16 (n= 21; mode= 14) (Table 2). Number of movable finger oblique rows of denticles: males 13–14 (n= 13; mode= 13); females 12–14 (n= 22; mode= 14) (Table 3). Metasomal macrosetae counts: segments I–IV: males (n= 8) and females (n= 11): 2/2 VSM and 2/2 VL macrosetae on each segment; segment V: males (n= 8) and females (n= 11): 3/3 VSM; 3/3 VL macrosetae, and 1/1 DL macrosetae on the segment. Relative position of the VSM2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V: males (n= 8): distal to VL2 (n= 1) or at the same level of VL2 (n= 7); females (n= 11): distal to VL2 (n= 2); at the same level of VL2 (n= 8) or asymmetric with one seta at the same level of VL2 (n= 1). Hemispermatophore capsule: the basal hook of the capsule exhibited different shapes in the anteri, Published as part of Moreno-González, Jairo A., O, Ranulfo González & D, Eduardo Flórez, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species, pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 4660 (1) on pages 8-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4660.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3377134, {"references":["Lourenco, W. R. (1984) Analyse taxonomique des Scorpions du groupe Tityus clathratus Koch, 1845 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Bulletin Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4 e series, 6, 349 - 360.","Fet, V. & Lowe, G. (2000) Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837. In: Fet, V., Sissom, W. D., Lowe, G. & Braunwalder, M. E. (Eds.), Catalog of the scorpions of the world. The New York Entomological Society: New York, pp. 54 - 286.","Lourenco, W. R. (2000) Synopsis of the Colombian species of Tityus Koch (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 34 (3), 449 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930029956 1","Florez, E. (2001 a) Sinopsis de los escorpiones de la familia Buthidae en Colombia. Master Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bogota, 108 pp.","Florez, E. (2001 b) Escorpiones de la Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 2 (1), 25 - 30.","Lourenco, W. R. (2002 a) Nouvelles additions a la faune de scorpions neotropicaux (Arachnida). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 109 (1), 127 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7958 2","Lourenco, W. R. (2002 b). Scorpions of Brazil. Les editions de l'If: Paris, 307 pp.","Lourenco, W. R. (2005) A new species of Tityus Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Ecuador. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 14 (171), 221 - 227.","Lourenco, W. R., Jesus-Junior, M. M. B. & Limeira-De-Oliveira, F. (2006) A new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the state of Maranh \" o in Brazil. Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 38, 117 - 120.","Botero-Trujillo, R. & Fagua, G. (2006) Additions to the knowledge of the geographical distribution of some Colombian Scorpions (Buthidae: Ananteris, Rhopalurus, Tityus). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 14, 129 - 134.","Botero-Trujillo, R. (2007 a) A new species of Ananteris Thorell (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Colombia. Zootaxa, 1595, 61 - 68.","Botero-Trujillo, R. (2007 b) Redescription of Tityus (Tityus) gaffini Lourenco, 2000 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) and new locality records. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 16, 29 - 34.","Teruel, R. & Garcia, L. F. (2008) Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. II. Redescription of Tityus columbianus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 64, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2008. vol 2008. iss 64. 1","Botero-Trujillo, R. & Florez, E. (2011) A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria. Zootaxa, 2904 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2904.1. 1","Botero-Trujillo, R. & Noriega, J. A. (2011) On the identity of Microananteris, with a discussion on pectinal morphology, and description of a new Ananteris from Brazil (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zootaxa, 2747 (1), 37 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2747.1. 3","Brito, G. & Borges, A. (2015) A checklist of the scorpions of Ecuador (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with notes on the distribution and medical significance of some species. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 21 (1), 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40409 - 015 - 0023 - x","Ojanguren-Affilastro, A. A., Adilardi, R. S., Mattoni, C. I., Ramirez, M. J. & Ceccarelli, S. F. (2017) Dated phylogenetic studies of the southermost American buthids (Scorpiones; Buthidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 110, 39 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.02.01 8","Lourenco, W. R. (1997) Synopsis de la faune de scorpions de Colombie, avec des considerations sur la systematique et la biogeographie des especes. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 104 (1), 61 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7999 1","Thorell, T. (1876) On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 97, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0022293760868188 9","Kraepelin, K. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Skorpione und Pedipalpen Columbiens. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, Neuchatel, 5, 15 - 28.","Lourenco, W. R. (1991) Les scorpions de Colombie, II. Les faunes des regions de Santa Marta et de la. Cordillere Orientale. Approche biogeographique. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (4), 275 - 288.","Vachon, M. (1963) De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents des cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2 e series, 35 (2), 161 - 166."]}

Tityus tayrona Lourenço, 1991 Figures 9 I–J, 10I–J, 17E, 18E, 19E, 20E, 32C, D, 33B, D, 34C, D, 35C, D, 38E–H, 39B, 40C, D, 41–45, 46F, 47F, 48, 49; Tables 1–3, 5–8, 10. Tityus tayrona Lourenço 1991: 279–281, figures 3–4, tables 1, 2. References after Fet & Lowe (2000: 263). Tityus erikae Lourenço 1999a (synonymized by Teruel & Roncallo 2010): 1–6, figures 1–7, table I; Lourenço 2000: 456, 458, figure 13; Flórez 2001a: 59, 60; Flórez 2001b: 28; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua 2006: 131; Kovarik 2007: 3; Teruel & García 2008: 12; Teruel & Roncallo 2010: 1, 6, 8. Tityus tayrona: Lourenço 2000: 456, 458, figure 13; Flórez 2001a: 61; Flórez 2001b: 28; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua 2006: 129– 130, 132–133, figures 12–15; Lourenço 2006: 60, figures 1–2; Rojas-Runjaic & Armas 2007: 63; Botero-Trujillo & Noriega 2008: 263; Teruel & García 2008: 9, 12; Teruel & Roncallo 2010: 1, 4–8, figures 3–7, table 1; Teruel & Cozijn 2011: 1, 3, figure 2; Gómez et al. 2013: 151, figure 2c. Tityus wayuu syn. nov. Rojas-Runjaic & Armas 2007: 58–63, figures 4–8, tables 4–5. Type material. Tityus erikae: Holotype: COLOMBIA: Cesar department: one juvenile male, Chimichagua, 1997, E. B. Vargas (ICN-As) (Examined). Tityus tayrona: Holotype: COLOMBIA: Magdalena department: one adult male, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Bahía de Guairaca, 13.iv.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37019) (Examined). Paratypes: COLOMBIA: Magdalena department: one adult female, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Bahía de Neguangue, 8.x.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37024) (Not examined); one adult male, same locality as the holotype, 6.xi.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37020) (Not examined); one adult male and one adult female, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, same locality as the holotype, 31.x.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37021) (Not examined); one adult male and two adult females, same locality as the holotype, 12.vii.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37022) (Examined); one juvenile, same locality as the holotype, 19.vi.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37023) (Not examined); three adult males and one adult female, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Bahía de Neguangue, 30.ix.1985 (aus Fallaub) (SMF 37025) (Examined); five adult males and six adult females, Villa Culebra near Bonda (Barber-Falle in Trokkengebit), vii.1985 (SMF 37026) (Examined). Tityus wayuu: Holotype: VENEZUELA: Zulia state: one adult male, Sierra de Perijá, Mara, Parroquia Monseñor Marcos Sergio Godoy, Fundo La Orchila, Riecito Maché, 18.x.2003, F. Rojas-Runjaic (MBLUZ 251) (Not examined). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Zulia state: four adult females, same data as the holotype (MBLUZ 250, MBLUZ 253, IES, MHNLS 1210) (Not examined); one adult female, same locality as the holotype, 13.xii.2003, F. Rojas-Runjaic (MBLUZ 259) (Not examined); one adult male, same locality as the holotype, 10.ix.2000, F. Rojas- Runjaic (MBLUZ 169) (Not examined); three adult males (MNHLS 1211, MBLUZ 091, MBLUZ 092) and three adult females (MBLUZ 093, MBLUZ 094, IES), same locality as the holotype, 29.vi.2003, F. Rojas-Runjaic & C. Portillo (Not examined); one adult female, same locality as the holotype, 25.xi.2002, F. Rojas-Runjaic & C. Portillo (MBLUZ 055) (Not examined); two adult males (MNHLS 1212, MNHLS 1213), four adult males (IES) and one adult female (IES), same locality as the holotype, 5-6.iv.2006, P. A. Colmenares, L. F. Armas & L. Morán (Not examined). Examined material. COLOMBIA: Antioquia department: three adult females, Santa Fé de Antioquia, Vereda El Espinal, agricultural station Cotové, 6°31’54.26’’ N 75°49’56.07’’ W, 513 masl, under rotten logs, 19.xi.2001, E. Cataño (MZSP 71734). Atlántico department: one adult male, Barranquilla, Pajonal, 10°59’9.5’’ N 74°46’13.06’’ W, 40 masl, collected with a pitfall tramp for dung-beetles, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-335); one adult female, Barranquilla, Pajonal, 10°59’9.5’’ N 74°46’13.06’’ W, 40 masl, pitfall, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ- SCO-336); one adult female, Barranquilla, Pajonal, 10°59’9.5’’ N 74°46’13.06’’ W, 40 masl, collected with a pitfall tramp for dung-beetles, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-337); one adult male, Barranquilla, Pajonal, 10°59’9.5’’ N 74°46’13.06’’ W, 40 masl, pitfall, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-347); one adult female, Puerto Colombia, Loma China, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 40 masl, pitfall, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ- SCO-338); one adult male, Puerto Colombia, Costa Alta- El Nisperal, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, 10–15.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-339); one adult female, Puerto Colombia, Contra Costa- El Nisperal, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, 10–15.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-340); one juvenile male, Puerto Colombia, Costa Alta- El Nisperal, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-341); one adult female, Puerto Colombia, Costa Baja- El Nisperal, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, 10–15.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-342); one adult female, Puerto Colombia, Loma China, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-343); one adult male, Puerto Colombia, Loma China, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, year 2000 (without an exact date), G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-344); one adult female, Puerto Colombia, Loma China, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, 15–20.vii.2006, G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-345); one adult female, Puerto Colombia, Loma China, 11°0’58.46’’ N 74°53’0.19’’ W, 100 masl, pitfall, year 2000 (without an exact date), G. Fagua (MPUJ-SCO-346); one adult female and one juvenile male, Usiacurí, 10°44’58.83’’ N 74°59’0.16’’ W, 300 masl, 20.vi.2010, N. Galvis (ICN-As-853). Bolívar department: one juvenile, San Juan de Nepomuceno, Santuario de Flora y Fauna Los Colorados- La Suiris, 9°57’24’’ N 75°5’12’’ W, 126 masl, 16–31.i.2000, E. Deulofeut (ICN-As-569); one adult female, San Juan de Nepomuceno, Santuario de Flora y Fauna Los Colorados, Diana, 9°45’0’’ N 75°7’0’’ W, 150 masl, Malaise, 2.iv.2001, E. Deulofeut (ICN-As-613); one juvenile male, Santa Catalina, Hacienda El Ceibal, 10°36’25.20’’ N 75°17’20.12’’ W, 20 masl, x.1999, E. Flórez & Biology students- UN (ICN-As-293); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 16.viii.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-173); one juvenile, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, 2.v.1997, F. Fernández (ICN-As- 174); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, vi.1994, F. Fernández (ICN-As-175); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, viii.1996, F. Fernández (ICN-As-177); one adult female and one adult male, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 20.viii.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-178); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, Malaise, 2.ii.1994, F. Fernández (ICN-As-179); one adult male, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey- Bosque el Totumito, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 5.viii.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-180); two adult females and two adult males, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 4.xii.1997, F. Fernández (ICN-As-181); one adult male, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey- Casa Nueva, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 2.xii.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-182); one adult male, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, 5.xii.1997, C. Martínez (ICN-As-183); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 20.viii.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-184); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 12.iv.1994, F. Fernández (ICN-As-185); three adult females, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 14.x.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-186); one juvenile male, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, pitfall, 3.ii.1994, F. Fernández (ICN-As-187); one adult female, Zambrano, Hacienda Monterrey, 9°37’48’’ N 74°54’44’’ W, 70 masl, 14.x.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-23); one adult female, Zambrano, Socorro, 9°45’02.70’’ N 74°49’59.28’’ W, 26 masl, 19.viii.1993, F. Fernández (ICN-As-416); one juvenile, Zambrano, 9°45’02.70’’ N 74°49’59.28’’ W, 50 masl, Malaise, 8.v.1993, G. Ulloa & F. Fernández (ICN-As-513). Caldas department: four adult females and one adult male, La Dorada, 5°29’27.76’’ N 74°39’45.42’’ W, 160 masl, viii.2012, N. Hazzi (ICN-As-1006). Cesar department: one adult female and two adult males, Valledupar, Ecoparque Los Besotes, 10°34’15.3’’ N 73°16’15.2’’ W, 957 masl, night manual capture with UV light, 17.vii.2015, J. A. Moreno (MZSP 71735). Córdoba department: one adult female, Ayapel, 8°18’48.81’’ N 75°8’35.87’’ W, 25 masl, 2.iv.2004, O. Castaño (ICN-As-599); one adult male, San Antero, Bahía Cispata, 9°23’42.77’’ N 75°46’36.41’’ W, 3 masl, manual capture, 2.ii.2000, G. Ulloa (ICN-As-304); one adult male, San Antero, Caño Garzal, 9°22’41’’ N 75°45’22’’ W, 25 masl, collected in Mangrove, ii.2000, G. Ulloa (ICN-As-332); four adult females, Montería, Vereda Jaraquiel, Finca Pensylvania, 08°40’15” N 75°55’30’’ W, 18 masl, Dry Tropical Forest, xi.2010, I. Rodiño & E. Bravo (ICN-As-861). Magdalena department: one adult female, Santa Marta, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona- Sendero Arrieros, Cabo Pueblito, 11°17’17.45’’ N 74°9’09.62’’ W, 250 masl, pitfall, 20.vii.2001, P. Sánchez (ICN-As-444); one adult male and three juvenile males, Santa Marta, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, 11°17’17.45’’ N 74°9’09.62’’ W, 0 masl, ii.2009, S. García (ICN-As-780). Sucre: one adult female, three adult males and one juvenile male, San Marcos, Hacienda Cocodrilla, Vereda La Florida, 8°39’39.99’’ N 75°8’05.03’’ W, 40 masl, 15–20.x.2004, G. Amat & Biology students- UN (ICN-As-614); one adult female, Sincelejo, Barrio Bostón, 9°17’56.71’’ N 75°22’57.83’’ W, 203 masl, in a house backyard, 10.xi.2005, E. Hernández (ICN-As-736). VENEZUELA: Trujillo state: two adult females and two adult males, San Miguel, near the Water Dam AguaViva, 09°32.016’’ N 70°36.837’’ W, 195–270 masl, 27.ix.2008, S. Begó & J. A. Ochoa (ICN- As-757). Diagnosis. This species can be readily recognized from other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species by the following combination of character states: Total length: 28.85–43.42 mm (males) and 31.88–42.81 mm (females). General body coloration (Figure 40) dark yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots; metasomal segment V dark yellow moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots, with a pair of distal VL dark brown spots and with a dorsomedian area without spots (Figure 33B, D). Metasomal segments II–IV (Figures 39B, 40C, D) without conspicuous distoterminal granules on the DL carinae. Metasomal segment V with the VSM2 macrosetae proximal to the level of the VL2 macrosetae (Figures 17E, 18E). Subaculear tubercle large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figures 19E, 20E). Ddorsal margin of the subaculear tubercle with a pair of ventrodistal small rounded granules with apices pointing to the basal portion of the aculeus. Vesicle and subaculear tubercle with VM carina composed of fine granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19E, 20E). Telson with a well-marked (female) (Figure 19E) or feebly marked (male) carinae (Figure 20E). Metasomal intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules (Figures 39B, 40C, D). Pectinal tooth counts and movable finger oblique rows of denticles: 14–20/ 13–15 (females) and 15–19/ 12–15 (males) (Table 2–3). Metasomal segments II–V (Figures 39B, 40C, D), female pedipalp (Figure 9I, J), and male pedipalp femur and patella (Figure 10I, J) short and of a medium-width. Chela (Figure 42 A–C) and metasomal segment V (Figure 40C) incrassate in large males. Affinities with other Colombian species. Tityus tayrona is most similar to T. bastosi and T. guane, sharing with them the presence of a subaculear tubercle that is large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figure 19E). Tityus tayrona can be readily distinguished from both species by the presence of the VSM2 macrosetae proximal to the level of the VL2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V (Figures 17E, 18E) and the metasomal segments II–IV without conspicuous distoterminal granules on the DL carinae (Figures 39B, 40C, D). Conversely, in T. bastosi and T. guane, the metasomal segment V has the VSM2 macrosetae slightly distal or at the same level of the VL2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V (Figures 17A, C, 18A, C) and the metasomal segments II–IV have conspicuous distoterminal granules on the DL carinae (Figures 15A, C, 16A, B). Remarks. Rojas-Runjaic & Armas (2007: 63) describes Tityus wayuu Rojas-Runjaic & Armas, 2007 and suggests it is closely related to T. tayrona. According to these authors, both species share similar total lengths, general coloration patterns, and pectinal tooth counts. However, they argue that T. tayrona differs from T. wayuu by the presence of a greater number of movable finger oblique rows of denticles; male metasomal segment V black in color and incrassate, and male chela incrassate with respect to the female chela. Nevertheless, to test the diagnostic morphological characters proposed for Tityus wayuu, we carried out an extensive examination of invididuals of Tityus tayrona from different Colombian populations (type and non-type material). After comparing the morphology of Tityus tayrona against the original description of Tityus wayuu we could see that both species share several morphological features: (1) coloration pattern of the metasomal segment V with a dark yellow background moderately covered with reddish-brown variegated spots (Rojas-Runjaic & Armas 2007: figures 6B, 7C; Figure 33B, D); (2) pectinal tooth counts (T. wayuu: females= 13–15 and males= 15–16; T. tayrona: females= 14–20 and males= 15–19) (Rojas-Runjaic & Armas 2007: table 4; Table 2); (3) number of movable finger oblique rows of denticles (T. wayuu: females and males= 13–14; T. tayrona: females= 13–15 and males 12–15) (Rojas-Runjaic & Armas 2007: 60; Table 3); and (4) the presence of the VSM2 macrosetae proximal to the level of the VL2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V (Rojas-Runjaic & Armas 2007: figure 7C; Figures 17E, 18E). Additionally, we detected intrasexual variations related to the total size of Tityus tayrona males. For example, the male holotype of Tityus tayrona (SMF-37019) has an incrassate metasomal segment V and an incrassate pedipalp chela (Total length= 41.03 mm), but some male paratypes (SMF-37022 and SMF-37025) have a non-incrassate metasomal segment V and a non-incrassate pedipalp chela (SMF-37022: Total length= 31.03 mm; SMF-37025 (n= 5): Total length= 31.66–34.59 mm) (Table 5). Identical variations were also observed in males of other non-type material of Tityus tayrona (Figure 41 C–F, Table 10). We also saw that these intrasexual dimorphisms do not apparently follow an isometric growth pattern, thus, there are no morphometric ratios derived from the metasomal segment V and pedipalp chela that can be useful for species level distinction in Tityus tayrona. As stated by Rojas-Runjaic & Armas (2007) the only available measurements for T. tayrona are those of its male holotype and one female allotype. So, only after the examination of some additional material of T. tayrona we corroborated the intrasexual dimorphism of this species. Finally, after critical examination of all available morphological evidence, we concluded that T. wayuu can no longer be supported as a diagnosable species, based on the character states proposed by Rojas-Runjaic & Armas (2007). For this reason, we formally propose Tityus wayuu Rojas-Runjaic & Armas, 2007 as a synonym of Tityus tayrona Lourenc ̧o, 1991. Description. Based on an adult female and an adult male (ICN-As-181). For female live habitus see Figure 46F. Total length. Female 40.47 mm; male 47.55 mm. Measurements: Non-type material (Table 10) and type material (Table 5). Coloration. General body coloration (in ethanol 70%) (Figure 41) with a dark yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots. Carapace (Figure 32C, D) moderately covered with dark brown varie- gated spots; lateral and median eyes surrounded by black spots; posterior area to the median ocular tubercle with an inverted ‘’Y’’-shaped spot., Published as part of Moreno-González, Jairo A., O, Ranulfo González & D, Eduardo Flórez, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species, pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 4660 (1) on pages 66-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4660.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3377134, {"references":["Lourenco, W. R. (1991) Les scorpions de Colombie, II. Les faunes des regions de Santa Marta et de la. Cordillere Orientale. Approche biogeographique. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (4), 275 - 288.","Fet, V. & Lowe, G. (2000) Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837. In: Fet, V., Sissom, W. D., Lowe, G. & Braunwalder, M. E. (Eds.), Catalog of the scorpions of the world. The New York Entomological Society: New York, pp. 54 - 286.","Lourenco, W. R. (1999 a) A new species of Tityus Koch, 1836 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae) from department Cesar in Colombia. Revue Arachnologique, 13, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2013. vol 2013. iss 156. 1","Teruel, R. & Roncallo, C. A. (2010) Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. IV. Additions, synonymies and new records (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius, 105, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2010. vol 2010. iss 105. 1","Lourenco, W. R. (2000) Synopsis of the Colombian species of Tityus Koch (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 34 (3), 449 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930029956 1","Florez, E. (2001 a) Sinopsis de los escorpiones de la familia Buthidae en Colombia. Master Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bogota, 108 pp.","Florez, E. (2001 b) Escorpiones de la Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 2 (1), 25 - 30.","Botero-Trujillo, R. & Fagua, G. (2006) Additions to the knowledge of the geographical distribution of some Colombian Scorpions (Buthidae: Ananteris, Rhopalurus, Tityus). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 14, 129 - 134.","Kovarik, F. (2007) Description of Tityus mraceki sp. n. from Colombia and synonymization of T. meridanus Gonzalez-Sponga with T. nematochirus Mello-Leit \" o (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 54, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2007. vol 2007. iss 54. 1","Teruel, R. & Garcia, L. F. (2008) Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. II. Redescription of Tityus columbianus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 64, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2008. vol 2008. iss 64. 1","Lourenco, W. R., Jesus-Junior, M. M. B. & Limeira-De-Oliveira, F. (2006) A new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the state of Maranh \" o in Brazil. Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 38, 117 - 120.","Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M. & Armas, L. F. (2007) Dos nuevas especies venezolanas del grupo Tityus clathratus y notas sobre Tityus ramirezi Esquivel de Verde, 1968 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 41, 53 - 66.","Botero-Trujillo, R. & Noriega, J. A. (2008) First record of the scorpion genus Microtityus from Colombia, with the description of a new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Journal of Arachnology, 36 (2), 259 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / CH 07 - 76. 1","Teruel, R. & Cozijn, M. A. C. (2011) A checklist of the scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Panama, with two new records. Euscorpius, 133, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2011. vol 2011. iss 133. 1","Gomez, A. D., Martinez, J. A., Mendoza, H. P., Deivys, G. & Ruiz, S. P. (2013) Registro es escorpiones (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) para el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal, 5 (1), 150 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.24188 / recia. v 5. n 1.2013.47 9","Vachon, M. (1963) De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents des cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2 e series, 35 (2), 161 - 166."]}

Tityus guane sp. nov. Figures 2, 5E, F, 6C, F, 7E, F, 8E, F, 9E, F, 10E, F, 14 G–J, 15C, 17C, 18C, 19C, 20C, 24, 25A–C, 26, 27, 28, 30, 46C, 47E, 48, 49; Tables 1–4, 6–8. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DCB7088E-F939-44A0-945F-3993772 E9E20 Tityus columbianus: Flórez, 2001b: 28 (misidentification); Teruel & García, 2008: 10 (misidentification). Type material. Holotype: COLOMBIA: Santander department: one adult male, Los Santos, Vereda Pasochico, Finca La Ceiba, 6°47'4.19'' N 73°8'31.25'' W, 1174 masl, night manual capture with UV light, 14–16.viii.2016, J. A. Moreno (ICN-As-1003). Paratypes: COLOMBIA: Santander department: one adult female, same data as holotype (ICN-As-1003); three adult males and five adult females, same data as holotype (MZSP 71736); two adult males and three adult females, same data as holotype (ICN-As-1003); two adult males and three adult females, Los Santos, Vereda La Mojarra, near Chicamocha’s canyon, 6°46.83’N 73°5.2’W, 18.ix.2008, J. Ochoa & S. García (ICN-As-735); three males and one female, Zapatoca, Vereda La Cacica, path to Natural Reserve Montaña Mágica, 6°48’48.94’’ N 73°16’29.81’’ W, 1704 masl, night manual capture with UV light, under rocks and leaf litter, 7.xi.2013, E. Flórez, C. Perafán & D. Martínez (ICN-As-1050); two adult males and one adult female, San Gil, 6°33’31.02’’ N 73°8’06.8’’ W, 1163 masl, diurnal manual capture under rocks, i.2004, A. Otálora (ICN-As-571); one adult male, San Gil, Barrio Altamira, 6°33’31.02’’ N 73°8’06.08’’ W, 1163 masl, inside a house, 13.iv.2001, A. Otálora (ICN-As-436); one adult male, San Gil, Vereda Resumidero, Path to Mogotes, 6°31’02.70’’ N 73°2’46.40’’ W, 1620 masl, A. García (ICN-As-1048). Etymology. This species is named after the Guane people (members of the Chibcha language family). They were a Pre-Columbian native tribe with considerable social advances that lived in what is now known as Santander department. They were exterminated during the Spanish colonization. The name is treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species can be readily recognized from other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species by the following combination of character states: Total length: 27.63–38.28 mm (males) and 28.34–38.55 mm (females). General body coloration (Figure 24) dark yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots; metasomal segment V completely dark reddish-brown with a few ventral yellow spots and a dorsomedian area without spots (Figure 6C, F). Metasomal segments II–III (Figures 15C, 28) each has a distoterminal small acute granule on the DL carinae. Metasomal segment IV (Figures 15C, 28) with a distoterminal small blunt, and coarse granule on the DL carinae. Metasomal segment V with the VSM2 macrosetae slightly distal or at the same level of the VL2 macrosetae (Figures 17C, 18C). Subaculear tubercle large-sized, pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figures 19C, 20C); dorsal margin of the subaculear tubercle with a pair of ventrodistal small rounded granules with apices pointing to the basal portion of the aculeus; vesicle and subaculear tubercle with VM carina composed of fine granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19C, 20C). Telson with well-marked (female) (Figure 19C) or feebly marked (male) carinae (Figure 20C). Metasomal intercarinal areas densely covered with coarse granules and a few fine granules (Figures 15C, 28). Pectinal tooth counts and movable finger oblique rows of denticles: 15–18/ 13–14 (females) and 14–19/ 13–14 (males) (Table 2, 3). Metasomal segments II–V (Figures 15C, 28), female pedipalp (Figures 25 A–C, 26A–F), and male pedipalp femur and patella (Figures 9E, F, 10E, F) short and of a medium-width. Chela (Figure 26 A–C) and metasomal segment V (Figure 28A) incrassate in large males. Affinities with other Colombian species. Tityus guane sp. nov. is most similar to T. bastosi, sharing with it the presence of a subaculear tubercle that is large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crest-like with a blunt apex in lateral view (Figures 19C, 20C); metasomal segments II–IV each with a conspicuous distoterminal granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15C, 28), and metasomal segment V with the VSM2 macrosetae slightly distal or at the same level of the VL2 macrosetae (Figures 17C, 18C). Tityus guane can be readily distinguished by the presence of a general body coloration with a dark yellow background, moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots (Figure 24); metasomal segment V dark reddish-brown with a few ventral yellow spots and a dorsomedian area without spots (Figure 6C, F); metasomal segments II–III each with a distoterminal small and acute granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15C, 28), and metasomal segment IV with a small coarse and blunt granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15C, 28). Conversely, in T. bastosi the general body coloration is with dark yellow background densely covered with dark reddish-brown spots (Figure 4); the metasomal segment V is completely black (Figure 6A, D), and the metasomal segments II–IV each has a medium-sized acute distoterminal granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15A, 16A, B). Remarks. Teruel & García (2008) stated that the record of Tityus columbianus from Santander department presented by Flórez (2001b) appears to be feasible. Nevertheless, after an examination of this material from Santander department, we concluded that these populations correspond to Tityus guane sp. nov. Description. Based on an adult male (holotype) (ICN-As-1003) and an adult female (paratype) (ICN-As-1003). For male live habitus see Figure 46C. Total length. Male (holotype): 30.43 mm; female (paratype): 36.29 mm. Measurements: Table 4. Coloration. General body coloration (in ethanol 70%) (Figure 24) with a dark yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots. Carapace (Figure 5E, F) moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots, except for the anterior margin that is dark yellow; lateral and median eyes surrounded by black spots; median ocular tubercle surrounded by a lateral black stripe on each side; posterior area to the median ocular tubercle with an inverted ‘’Y’’-shaped spot. Chelicerae (Figure 7E, F) coxa and hand with light yellow background; hand with dark brown reticulated spots on the anterior half and areas without spots on the internal surface, median surface, and the adjacent area to the movable finger articulation; movable and fixed fingers with dark brown spots on their posterior halves; teeth dark reddish-brown. Pedipalps (Figure 24) moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots and yellow spots; trochanter, femur, and patella ventrally yellow; trichobothrial pits yellow. Legs with all the segments having a light yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots on their prolateral surfaces. Coxosternal region (Figure 24B, D) coxae I–IV, sternum, genital operculum, pectines (middle lamellae, fulcra, and teeth), and basal pectinal piece light yellow; basal pectinal piece with an anterior white area (female); coxaphophyses I–II and pectines (marginal lamellae) with a light yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots. Mesosoma (Figure 24) tergites I–VII and sternites III–VII each with a dark yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots; tergites I–VII with three posterior dark brown spots (two submedian and two lateral; spiracles yellow. Metasoma (Figure 6C, F) with a dark yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots and with ventral yellow spots; each segment progressively darker towards segment V; segment V completely dark reddish-brown with a dorsomedian area without spots and a dorsomedian area without spots (Figure 6C, F). DL intercarinal areas of segments I–IV each with an anterior median arrow-shaped brown spot and a posterior median brown spot; ML and VSM intercarinal areas of segments I–IV each with a pair of distal brown spots. Telson (Figure 24) almost completely dark reddish-brown with a lateral light reddish-brown stripe; subaculear tubercle and aculeus dark reddish-brown. Morphology. Carapace (Figure 8E, F) densely covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules; anterior margin with a shallow median notch; carinae (anterior median, lateral, and posterior median) and furrows (anterior, lateral, median ocular, posterior median, posterior marginal, and posterior lateral) well-marked; ocular tubercle well-marked and located on the anterior half of the carapace; median eyes separated by about 1.3 (female paratype) or 1.2 (male holotype) ocular diameters. Lateral eye pattern type 4A: three pairs of major ocelli present (PLMa, MLMa and ALMa) and one pair of minor ocelli (ADMi). Chelicerae. (Figure 7E, F) dentition characteristic of the family Buthidae (Vachon 1963); hand and fingers densely covered with setae on internal and ventral surfaces. Pedipalps. Chela short and of a medium-width (female: Cl/Cw= 4.3; male: Cl/Cw=4.1). Trichobothriotaxic pattern Type A with alfa configuration (hand: Eb3:Eb2:Eb1:Esb:Est:Et, fixed finger: eb:esb:est:et:db:dt:it) (e.g., Figure 3). Femur (Figures 9E, 10E) with five well-marked and complete carinae: VI, DI, and DE crenulate; VE and IM serratocrenulate; intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules (Figures 9E, 10E). Patella (Figures 9F, 10F) with seven carinae: VI, VE, DI, DE, and EM complete and crenulate; DM incomplete and crenulate; IM complete and serratocrenulate with a spur near to the segment base; intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules. Chela (Tibia) (Figures 25 A–C, 26D–F) with eight carinae: VI, VE, D, DS, DMA, and ES complete and crenulate; DI complete and feebly crenulate (Figures 25 A–C, 26D–F); SA incomplete and crenulate, only present on the anterior half of the hand. Pedipalp movable and fixed finger with an obsolete basal lobe (Figures 25A, 26D); dorsal surface of the movable finger with 14–14 oblique rows of denticles. Coxosternal region. Covered with fine granules and a few setae, except for the coxapophyses I–II which are smooth. Sternum with posterior depression, outer ridge, and apical button well-marked. Genital operculum longitudinal divided and composed of two subtriangular plates. Pectines. Basal piece sexually dimorphic (Figure 2) sub rectangular-shaped with an anterior elevated glandular area (female paratype) (Figure 2A) or flat, shield-shaped with an anterior median notch well-marked (male holotype) (Figure 2B); pectinal tooth counts: 15–16 (female paratype) and 18–17 (male holotype). Intermediate plate, marginal plate, and fulcra densely covered with setae (Figure 14G, I). Pectinal teeth peg sensillae flattened with a slightly spatulate apex (Figure 14H, J). Legs. Carinae present; intercarinal areas with a few fine granules; telotarsus covered by numerous ventrosubmedian setae; claws short and symmetrical. Mesosoma. Tergites I–VI densely covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules; pre-tergite well-marked with the median carina visible on the posterior margin of the post-tergite; tergite VII with DSM and DL carinae complete and crenulate; median carina of the tergite VII composed of an anterior median crenulate eminence located on the anterior half of the post-tergite. Sternites densely covered with fine granules and with a few coarse granules; sternites III–VI each with a longitudinal median hyaline suture and a pair of elliptic spiracles on the posterior half; spiracles progressively larger towards the sternite VI; posterior margin of the sternite V with a subtriangular glandular area; sternite VI with VSM carinae crenulate occupying the posterior half of the sternite; sternite VII with VSM carinae crenulate occupying the posterior 2/3 of the sternite and VL carinae occupying the anterior half of the sternite. Hemispermatophore. General morphological characteristics as in other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species. Capsule (Figure 27 A–C) with a straight distal carina ending in a 90° angle; sperm duct reduced not overpassing the basal carina level and with a translucent area between the base of the basal hook and the base of the basal carina; translucent area basally wide but progressively narrower towards the distal region (Figure 27B, C); basal carina with rounded apex (Figure 27C); basal hook semi- ovate-shaped with anterior margin straight in lateral view (Figure 27B) and slightly curved in anterior and posterior views; basal hook forming a ‘’U’’-shaped with the stem (Figure 27A, C); basal hook short with an acute apex and approximately as long as its basal width in anterior view (Figure 27C). Metasoma. Segments II–V short and of a medium-width in both sexes (Msl/Msw ratio= female/ male: II= 1.2/ 1.4; III= 1.4/ 1.6; IV= 1.6/ 1.9; V= 1.9/ 2); segment V short and of a medium-width (male holotype and female paratype) (Figures 15C, 28B). Segments I–II (Figures 15C, 28B) with 10 complete, parallel, and crenulate carinae (paired DL, ML, LIM, VL, and VSM; DL carinae serratocrenulate on segment II); LIM on segment II composed of fine granules (male holotype) or coarse granules (female paratype) almost along all its length; intercarinal areas densely covered with coarse granules. Segment III–IV (Figures 15C, 28B) with eight complete, parallel, and crenulate carinae (paired DL, ML, VL, and VSM; DL carinae serratocrenulate); intercarinal areas densely covered with coarse granules. Segment V with five complete and crenulate carinae (VM, paired DL, and VL); lateral and ventral intercarinal densely covered with coarse granules and a few fine granules (Figures 15C, 28B); intercarinal areas with granules irregularly distributed on the middle of each area. Segment II–IV with DL carinae composed of granules which slightly increase in size distally towards the distal region of each segment; DL carinae ending in a distoterminal granule acute and small granule which increases in size towards the segment IV (Figures 15C, 28B). Metasomal macrosetation. Segments I–IV each with two pairs of VSM macrosetae (2/2) and two pairs of VL macrosetae (2/2); pair VSM1 is located on the anterior third, and pair VSM2 is located near the posterior margin of the segment; pair VL1 is located near the anterior margin of the segment, and pair VL2 is located on the posterior third of the segment (e.g., Figure 1). Segment V (Figures 17C, 18C) with three pairs of VSM macrosetae (3/3), three pairs of VL macrosetae (3/3), and a single pair of DL macrosetae; pair VSM1 is located near the anterior margin of the segment; pair VSM2 is located slightly distal or at same level of pair VL2 (Figures 17C, 18C), and pair VSM3 is located on the anal arch; pair VL1 is located near the anterior margin of the segment; pair VL2 is located on the posterior second third of the segment, and pair VL3 is located on the anal arch; pair DL1 is located near the posterior margin of the segment. ...Continued on the next page TABLE 4. (Continued) TABLE 4 (Continuation). Measurements (mm) of Tityus guane sp. nov. ...Continued on the next page TABLE 4. (Continued) TABLE 4 (Continuation). Measurements (mm) of Tityus guane sp. nov. ...Continued on the next page Telson. Vesicle not elongated and suboval (Vl/Vh= 2.2 (male holotype) (Figure 20C) and Vl/Vh= 2.0 (female paratype) (Figure 19C)) with dorsal surface smooth and with a lateral longitudinal furrow on each side; VM, paired VSM, VL, and DL carinae composed of coarse granules; carinae well-marked (female) (Figure 19C) or feebly marked (male) (Figure 20C); paired DL carinae located dorsally with respect to the lateral longitudinal furrow; VM carina well-marked along its length (Figures 19C, 20C). Subaculear tubercle large-sized pyramidal, flat, and crestlike with a blunt apex (Figures 19C, 20C); dorsal margin of the subaculear tubercle with a pair of ventrodistal small rounded granules with apices pointing to the basal portion of the aculeus; VM carina composed of fine granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19C, 20C); aculeus strongly curved shorter than vesicle and with a ventral groove. Variability. Total length (including telson): males 27.63–38.28 mm (n= 11; mean= 32.56; SD= 3.53); females 28.34–38.55 mm (n= 14; mean= 34.71; SD= 2.67) (Table 4). Pectinal tooth counts: males 14–19 (n= 29; mode= 17); females 15–18 (n= 28; mode= 16) (Table 2). Number of movable finger oblique rows of denticles: males 13–14 (n= 28; mode= 14); females 13–13 (n= 27; mode= 14) (Table 3). Metasomal macrosetae counts: segments I–IV: males (n= 15) and females (n= 14): 2/2 VSM and 2/2 VL macrosetae on each segment; segment V: males (n= 15) and females (n= 14): 3/3 VSM; 3/3 VL macrosetae, and 1/1 DL macrosetae on the segment. Relative position of the VSM2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V: males (n= 14): slightly proximal to VL2 (n= 5) or at the same level of VL2 (n= 9); females (n= 14): slightly proximal to VL2 (n= 2) or at the same level of VL2 (n= 12). Male intrasexual variations: adult males exhibited different body sizes ranging between 27.63–38.28, but despite this they did not show discrete size-classes but rather a progressive increase in their total lengths (Table 4). However, as the total body size increases among males the following: (1) Carapace and tergites: the number of coarse granules on intercarinal surfaces increases; (2) Chela: the manus is more incrassate without apparently exhibiting isometric growth (n= 13; Cl/Cw= 3.3–4.6; Cl/Ch= 3.0–4.2) (Figure 26 A–F); (3) Metasomal segments II–IV: the DL carinae exhibit coarser distoterminal granules (Figure 28); and (4) Metasomal segment V: segment is more incrassate without apparently exhibiting isometric growth (n= 13; Msl-V/Msw-V= 1.9–2.8; Msl-V/Msh-V= 1.7–2.8) (Figure 28), and the granules associated with carinae and intercarinal areas are less marked (Figure 28), Distribution (Figure 30). COLOMBIA: Santander department: Los Santos, San Gil, and Zapatoca.

Tityus parvulus Kraepelin, 1914 Figures 9 G–H, 10G–H, 17D, 18D, 19D, 20D, 25D–F, 31, 32A, B, 33A, C, 34A, B, 35A, B, 36, 37, 38A–D, 39A, 40A, B, 45, 46D, E, 47D, 48, 49; Tables 1–3, 6–8, 10. Tityus parvulus Kraepelin 1914: 19–21. References after Fet & Lowe (2000: 255). Tityus parvulus: Flórez 2001a: 60, 61; Flórez 2001b: 28; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua 2006: 130; Lourenço 2006: 60; Teruel & García 2008: 12; Teruel & Cozijn 2011: 4. Tityus betschi syn. nov.: Lourenço 1992: 474–476, figures 1–4, 5, table I; Lourenço 2000: 456, 458, figure 13; Flórez 2001a: 57; Flórez 2001b: 28; Kovarik 2007: 3; Lourenço 2008: 196–198, 205, figures 1, 2, 3–9, 10, table 1; Botero-Trujillo & Fagua 2006: 129, 130, 131–132, figures 9–10; Lourenço 2006: 60; Teruel & García 2008: 10, 12; Kovarik et al. 2015: 36. Type material. Tityus betschi: Holotype: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca department: one adult female, Parque Nacional Farallones de Cali, Cerca a Pance, ix.1988, E. Flórez (MNHN-RS-8552) (Examined). Tityus parvulus: Syntypes: COLOMBIA: Antioquia department: one adult female and one adult male, Angelópolis, 1911, Fuhrmann (ZMH) (Examined). Examined material. COLOMBIA: Antioquia department: one adult female, Tarso, Finca Las Camelias, Vereda El Cedrón, 5°52’17.21’’ N 75°49’36.25’’ W, 1200 masl, inside a secondary forest, 3.iv.2007, J. M. Palacios (MPUJ-SCO-369); one adult female, Tarso, Finca Las Camelias, Vereda El Cedrón, 5°52’17.21’’ N 75°49’36.25’’ W, 1200 masl, inside a Secondary forest, 3.iv.2007, J. M. Palacios (MPUJ-SCO-370). Caldas department: two adult males and one adult female, Chinchiná, 4°59’28.97’’ N 75°35’38.33’’ W, 1400 masl, vii.2012, manual capture, Coll. Indet. (ICN-As-1004); four adult males, Villamaría, 5°2’06.98’’ N 75°31’35.14’’ W, 1450 masl, v.2012, Coll. Indet. (MZSP 71738). Cauca department: four adult females, Santander de Quilichao, Vereda El Carbonero, 2°59’30.4’’ N 76°28’29.1’’ W, night manual capture with UV light, 18.iii.2012, N. Hazzi (ICN-As-991). Quindío department: four adult females, Armenia, forest inside of Universidad del Quindío, 4°33’14.14’’ N 75°39’35.4’’ W, 1532 masl, xii.2011, night manual capture with UV light, R. Botero-Trujillo (MZSP 71737). Risaralda department: one juvenile male, La Virginia, Finca Alejandría, 4°53'47.22'' N 75°52'59.41'' W, 900 masl, 28.iv.2005, C. Bermúdez (MUSENUV 27573). Valle del Cauca department: one adult female, Cali, Vereda Los Limones, 3°28’41.46’’ N 76°33’51.49’’ W, 1214 masl, night manual capture, viii.2012, J. A. Moreno (MZSP 71739); one adult female, Roldanillo, Vereda Cajamarca, 4°28’22.59’’ N 76°12’28.75’’ W, 1496 masl, night manual capture, viii.2013, O. Saenz (ICN-As); three adult females, Yotoco, Natural Reserve Bosque de Yotoco, 3°52’32.2’’ N 76°26’07.8’’ W, 1573 masl, night manual capture with UV light, 5.ii.2010, J. A. Moreno (ICN-As-843); six adult females, Yotoco, Natural Reserve Bosque de Yotoco, 3°52’32.2’’ N 76°26’07.8’’ W, 1573 masl, night manual capture with UV light, 5.ii.2010, J. A. Moreno (ICN-As-992); one adult female, Calima- Darién, 3°55’54.03’’ N 76°29’0.63’’ W, 1520 masl, diurnal manual capture inside a house, vi.2011, N. Hazzi (ICN-As-994); one adult female, Zarzal, Finca Las Pilas, 4°26’27.63’’ N 75°59’24.7’’ W, 1000 masl, 10.xi.2005, C. Bermúdez (MUSENUV-27572); eight adult females, Tuluá, Vereda Mateguadua, Botanical Garden José María Céspedes, 4°1’33.0’’ N 76°9’44.0’’ W, 1100 masl, L. Báez (ICN-As-508); two adult females and one subadult female, Tuluá, Vereda Mateguadua, Botanical Garden José María Céspedes, 4°1’33.0’’ N 76°9’44.0’’ W, 1100 masl, S. Jaramillo (ICN-As-509); one adult female, Tuluá, Vereda Mateguadua, Botanical Garden José María Céspedes, 4°1’33.0’’ N 76°9’44.0’’ W, 1100 masl, Dry Tropical Forest, x.1998, (MPUJ-SCO-295); one juvenile female, Tuluá, Vereda Mateguadua, Botanical Garden José María Céspedes, 4°1’33.0’’ N 76°9’44.0’’ W, 1100 masl, Dry Tropical Forest, x.1998, L.A.S (MPUJ-SCO-296); one adult female, Tuluá, Vereda Mateguadua, Botanical Garden José María Céspedes, 4°1’33.0’’ N 76°9’44.0’’ W, 1100 masl, Dry Tropical Forest, x.1998, N. Contreras (MPUJ-SCO-297); one adult female, Tuluá, Vereda Mateguadua, Botanical Garden José María Céspedes, 4°1’33.0’’ N 76°9’44.0’’ W, 1100 masl, Dry Tropical Forest, 6.x.1998, N. Contreras (MPUJ-SCO-298); seven adult females, Buga, Natural Regional Park El Vínculo, 3°50’04.3’’ N 76°17’54.8’’ W, 1022 masl, Dry Tropical Forest, night manual capture with UV light, 16.v.2010, J. A. Moreno (ICN-As-993). Diagnosis. This species can be readily recognized from other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species by the following combination of character states: Total length: 35.07–41.42 mm (males) and 34.59–39.15 mm (females). General body coloration (Figure 30) dark yellow background slightly covered with dark brown variegated spots; metasomal segment V dark yellow slightly covered with dark brown variegated spots, with a distal pair VL dark brown spots and without dorsal spots (Figure 33A, C). Metasomal segments II–IV (Figures 39A, 40A, B) without conspicuous distoterminal granules on the DL carinae. Metasomal segment V without the VSM2 macrosetae (Figures 17D, 18D). Subaculear tubercle medium-sized pyramidal, flat, and triangle-like with an acute and coarse (Figures 19D, 20D). Dorsal margin of the subaculear tubercle with a pair of ventrodistal small rounded granules with apices pointing to the basal portion of the aculeus. Vesicle and subaculear tubercle with VM carina composed of coarse granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19D, 20D). Telson with well-marked (female) (Figure 19D) or obsolete (male) carinae (Figure 20D). Metasomal intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules (Figures 39A, 40A, B). Pectinal tooth counts and movable finger oblique rows of denticles: 12–14/ 12–13 (females) and 13–15/ 13–14 (males) (Table 2, 3). Metasomal segments II–V (Figures 39A, 40A, B) slightly elongated and slender in both sexes; female pedipalp (Figure 25 D–F) short and of a medium-width, and male pedipalp femur and patella (Figure 10G, H) slightly elongated and slender. Chela (Figure 36) incrassate in large males; metasomal segment V more slender (Figure 40A) in large males. Affinities with other Colombian species. Tityus parvulus is most similar to T. columbianus, sharing with it the presence of a subaculear tubercle that is medium-sized pyramidal, flat, and triangle-like with an acute and coarse apex in lateral view (Figures 19D, 20D). Tityus parvulus can be readily distinguished because the metasomal segment V is dark yellow, slightly covered with dark brown variegated spots, with a pair of distal VL dark brown spots and without dorsal spots (Figure 33A, C); metasomal segments II–IV without conspicuous distoterminal granules on the DL carinae (Figures 39A, 40A, B); metasomal intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granules (Figures 39A, 40A, B); subaculear tubercle with VM carina composed of fine granules and feebly crenulate in lateral view (Figure 19D, 20D); metasomal segments (Figures 39A, 40A, B) and male pedipalp femur and patella (Figure 10G, H) slightly elongated and slender. Conversely, in T. columbianus the metasomal segment V is completely dark reddish-brown with three ventral black stripes and a dorsomedian area without spots (Figure 6B, E); the metasomal segments II–III each has a distoterminal small and acute granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15B, 16C, D); the metasomal segment IV has a medium-sized blunt and coarse granule on the DL carinae (Figures 15B, 16C, D); the metasomal intercarinal areas are covered with coarse granules (Figures 15B, 16C, D); the subaculear tubercle has a VM carina composed of coarse granules and is strongly crenulate in lateral view (Figures 19B, 20B); the metasomal segments of both sexes (Figures 15B, 16C, D) and the male pedipalp femur and patella (Figure 10C, D) are short and of a medium-width. Remarks. Lourenço (1999b) describes the male of Tityus parvulus and provides a contradictory identification key. In this key, Tityus parvulus is separated from T. columbianus based on the presence of a subaculear tooth that is “strong and markedly rhomboidal” (Lourenço 1999b: 124). However, in the same paper Lourenço presents a draw- ing of the male metasoma of Tityus parvulus (Lourenço 1999b: figure 3) which clearly shows a subaculear tubercle that is medium-sized pyramidal, and triangle-like in lateral view. A subaculear tubercle size and shape which are also found in T. columbianus (Figures 19B, 20B) and Tityus betschi (Lourenço 1992: figure 4; Lourenço, 2008: figure 2). Later on, Botero-Trujillo & Fagua (2006: 131–132, figure 4) presents a new record for Tityus betschi from Antioquia department. However, after it Teruel & Garcia (2008) criticizes this record arguing (italics added): ‘’... their specimens clearly belong to Tityus parvulus Kraepelin, 1914 …’’. Therefore, to contribute to the solution of this taxonomic confusion, we examined the type material and specimens from localities between the type localities and near to the type localities of T. bestchi and T. parvulus. It is important to remark that both species are the only known members of Tityus (Archaeotityus) inhabiting the Andean valley of the Cauca river. The following examined material from this region is listed: Cali, Valle del Cauca department (near the type locality of T. bestchi) (MZSP 71739); Tarso- La Camelia, Antioquia (near the type locality of T. parvulus) (MPUJ-SCO-369, MPUJ-SCO-370), and from other intermediate localities in Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Quindío, and Risaralda departments (see examined material) (Figure 45). After the examination of these specimens from these different populations, we concluded that they all share the following: (1) similar total sizes (Table 10); (2) similar coloration patterns (e.g., chelicerae, carapace, mesosoma, and metasoma); (3) a subaculear tubercle medium-sized pyramidal, flat, and triangle-like with an acute and coarse apex in lateral view (Figures 19D, 20D); (4) metasomal intercarinal areas covered with fine granules (Figures 39A, 40A, B); (5) metasomal segments slightly elongated and slender with almost identical ratios (Table 7, 8); (6) the absence of the VSM2 macrosetae on the metasomal segment V (Figures 17D, 18D); and (7) the same ranges for pectinal tooth counts and the number of movable finger oblique rows of denticles (Tables 2, 3). Therefore, given the morphological evidence and the shared geographical distribution, there are no reasons to support both species as valid entities; thus, we propose Tityus betschi Lourenço 1992 as a synonym of Tityus parvulus Kraepelin 1914. Redescription. Based on an adult female (ICN-As-1004) and an adult male (ICN-As-1004). For female live habitus see Figure 46D, E. Total length. Female: 39.15 mm; male 41.24 mm. Coloration. General body coloration (in ethanol 70%) (Figure 31) with a dark yellow background slightly covered with brown variegated spots. Carapace (Figure 32A, B) moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots; lateral and median eyes surrounded by black spots; posterior area to the median ocular tubercle with an inverted ‘’Y’’-shaped spot. Chelicerae (Figure 34A, B) coxa and hand with a light yellow background; hand with a few brown reticulated spots on the anterior half and with a large area without spots on the anterior margin; movable and fixed fingers with dark brown spots on their posterior halves; teeth dark reddish-brown. Pedipalps (Figure 31) moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots and yellow spots; trochanter, femur, and patella ventrally yellow; trichobothrial pits yellow. Legs with all the segments having a light yellow background moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots on their prolateral surfaces. Coxosternal region (Figure 31B, E, F) coxae I–IV, coxapophyses I–II, sternum, genital operculum, pectines, and basal pectinal piece light yellow; basal pectinal piece with an anterior white area (female). Mesosoma (Figure 31) tergites I–VII each with a dark yellow background slightly covered with dark brown spots and with four posterior dark reddish-brown spots (two submedian and two lateral); sternites III–VII each moderately covered with dark brown variegated spots; spiracles yellow. Metasoma (Figure 33A, C) with a dark yellow background slightly covered with dark brown variegated spots and with ventral yellow spots; segment V dark yellow slightly covered with dark brown variegated spots, with a pair of distal VL dark brown spots and without dorsal spots (Figure 33A, C). DL intercarinal areas of segments I–IV each with a posterior median brown spot; ML and VSM intercarinal areas of segments I–IV each with a pair of distal brown spots. Telson (Figure 31) almost completely dark yellow slightly covered with dark brown spots and with a lateral light reddish-brown stripe; subaculear tubercle and aculeus dark reddish-brown. Morphology. Carapace (Figure 35A, B) densely covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules; anterior margin with a shallow median notch; carinae (anterior median, lateral, and posterior median) and furrows (anterior, lateral, median ocular, posterior median, posterior marginal, and posterior lateral) well-marked; mediun ocular tubercle well-marked and located on the anterior half of the carapace; median eyes separated by about 1.2 (female) and 1.1 (male) ocular diameters. Lateral eye pattern type 4A: three pairs of major ocelli present (PLMa, MLMa and ALMa) and one pair of minor ocelli (ADMi). Chelicerae (Figure 34A, B) dentition characteristic of the family Buthidae (Vachon 1963); hand and fingers densely covered with setae on internal and ventral surfaces. Pedipalps. Chela short and of a medium-width (female) (Cl/Cw= 5.1) or incrassate (male, Cl/Cw= 3.9). Trichobothriotaxic pattern Type A with alfa configuration (hand: Eb3:Eb2:Eb1:Esb:Est:Et, fixed finger: eb:esb:est: et:db:dt:it) (e.g., Figure 3). Femur (Figures 9G, 10G) with five well-marked and complete carinae: VI, DI, and DE crenulate; VE and IM serratocrenulate; intercarinal areas moderately covered with fine granules. Patella (Figures 9H, 10H) with seven carinae: VI, VE, DI, DE, and EM complete and crenulate; DM incomplete and crenulate; IM complete and serratocrenulate with a spur near the segment base. Chela (Tibia) (Figures 25 D–F, 36) with eight carinae: VI, VE, D, DS, DMA, and ES complete and crenulate; DI complete and feebly crenulate (Figures 25 D–F, 36); SA incomplete and crenulate, only present on the anterior half of the hand. Pedipalp movable and fixed fingers with an obsolete basal lobe (male) (Figures 36A) or without a basal lobe (female) (Figure 25D); dorsal surface of the movable finger with 13–13 (female) and 14–14 (male) oblique rows of denticles. Coxosternal region. Covered with fine granules and a few setae, except for the coxaphophyses I–II which are smooth. Sternum with posterior depression, outer ridge, and apical button well-marked. Genital operculum longitudinally divided and composed of two subtriangular plates. Pectines. Basal piece sexually dimorphic (e.g., Figure 2) sub rectangular-shaped with an anterior elevated glandular area (female) or flat, shield-shaped with an anteriomedian notch well-marked (male) (e.g., Figure 2); pectinal tooth counts: 13–13 (female) and 13–14 (male). Intermediate plate, marginal plate, and fulcra moderately covered with setae (Figure 38A, C). Pectinal teeth peg sensillae flattened with a slightly spatulate apex (Figure 38B, D). Legs. Carinae present; intercarinal areas with a few fine granules; telotarsus covered with numerous ventrosubmedian setae; claws short and symmetrical. Mesosoma. Tergites I–VI densely covered with fine granules and a few coarse granules; pre-tergite well-marked with the median carina visible on the posterior margin of the post-tergite; tergite VII with DSM and DL carinae complete and crenulate; median carina of the tergite VII composed of an anterior median crenulate eminence located on the anterior half of the post-tergite. Sternites moderately covered with coarse granules and a few fine granules; sternites III–VI each with a longitudinal median hyaline suture and a pair of elliptic spiracles on the posterior half; spiracles progressively larger towards sternite VI; posterior margin of the sternite V with a subtriangular glandular area; sternite VI with VSM carinae crenulate occupying the posterior half of the sternite; sternite VII with VSM carinae crenulate occupying the posterior 2/3 of the sternite and VL carinae crenulate occupying the anterior half of the sternite. Hemispermatophore. General morphological characteristics as in other Tityus (Archaeotityus) species. Capsule (Figure 37 A–C) with a straight distal carina ending in a 90° angle; sperm duct reduced not overpassing the basal carina level and with a translucent area between the base of the basal hook and the base of the basal carina; translucent area basally wide but progressively narrower towards the distal region (Figure 37 B–C); basal carina with rounded apex (Figure 37C); basal hook semi ovate-shaped with anterior margin straight in lateral view (Figure 37B) and slightly curved in anterior and posterior views; basal hook forming a narrow ‘’U’’-shaped curve with the stem (Figure 37A, C); basal hook slightly elongated with an obtuse apex and approximately as long as its basal width in anterior view (Figure 37A, C). Metasoma. Segments II–V slightly elongated and slender in both sexes (Msl/Msw ratio= female/ male: II= 1.7/ 2.2; III= 2.0/ 2.5; IV= 2.2/ 2.8; V= 2.5/ 3.0). Segments I–II (Figures 39A, 40A) w, Published as part of Moreno-González, Jairo A., O, Ranulfo González & D, Eduardo Flórez, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species, pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 4660 (1) on pages 53-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4660.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3377134, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Skorpione und Pedipalpen Columbiens. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, Neuchatel, 5, 15 - 28.","Fet, V. & Lowe, G. (2000) Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837. In: Fet, V., Sissom, W. D., Lowe, G. & Braunwalder, M. E. (Eds.), Catalog of the scorpions of the world. The New York Entomological Society: New York, pp. 54 - 286.","Florez, E. (2001 a) Sinopsis de los escorpiones de la familia Buthidae en Colombia. Master Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bogota, 108 pp.","Florez, E. (2001 b) Escorpiones de la Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 2 (1), 25 - 30.","Botero-Trujillo, R. & Fagua, G. (2006) Additions to the knowledge of the geographical distribution of some Colombian Scorpions (Buthidae: Ananteris, Rhopalurus, Tityus). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 14, 129 - 134.","Lourenco, W. R., Jesus-Junior, M. M. B. & Limeira-De-Oliveira, F. (2006) A new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the state of Maranh \" o in Brazil. Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 38, 117 - 120.","Teruel, R. & Garcia, L. F. (2008) Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. II. Redescription of Tityus columbianus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 64, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2008. vol 2008. iss 64. 1","Teruel, R. & Cozijn, M. A. C. (2011) A checklist of the scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Panama, with two new records. Euscorpius, 133, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2011. vol 2011. iss 133. 1","Lourenco, W. R. (1992) Biogeographie des especes du groupe naturel Tityus clathratus (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae). Bulletin Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4 e series, 14 (2), 473 - 481.","Lourenco, W. R. (2000) Synopsis of the Colombian species of Tityus Koch (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 34 (3), 449 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930029956 1","Kovarik, F. (2007) Description of Tityus mraceki sp. n. from Colombia and synonymization of T. meridanus Gonzalez-Sponga with T. nematochirus Mello-Leit \" o (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 54, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2007. vol 2007. iss 54. 1","Lourenco, W. R. (2008) Nouvelles considerations sur le statut taxonomique de quelques especes du genre Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836. (Scorpiones, Buthidae) decrites de la Colombie. Acta Biologica Paranaense, Curitiba, 37, 195 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.5380 / abpr. v 37 i 0.1320 6","Kovarik, F., Teruel, R., Lowe, G. & Friedrich, S. (2015) Four new scorpion species (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Amazonian Peru. Euscorpius, 210, 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2015. vol 2015. iss 210. 1","Lourenco, W. R. (1991) Les scorpions de Colombie, II. Les faunes des regions de Santa Marta et de la. Cordillere Orientale. Approche biogeographique. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (4), 275 - 288.","Lourenco, W. R. (1999 b) Notes on the scorpions collected during the Fuhrmann's expedition to Colombia and described by Kraepelin. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 13, 123 - 132.","Vachon, M. (1963) De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents des cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2 e series, 35 (2), 161 - 166."]}

Moreno-González, Jairo A., O, Ranulfo González, D, Eduardo Flórez (2019): Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 4660 (1): 1-94, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4660.1.1

Subgenus Archaeotityus Lourenço, 2006 Archaeotityus Lourenço 2006: 56–58, 60, figures 1, 2, 16, 17. Type species. Tityus clathratus Koch, 1844, designated by Lourenço 2006. Diagnosis (emended). The members of Tityus (Archaeotityus) can be easily recognized by the following character state combinations: (1) total length between 25–43 mm (Figures 4, 21, 24, 31, 41, Tables 4, 9, 10); (2) general body coloration with a dark yellow background slightly to densely covered with variegated brown or reddish-brown spots (Figures 4, 21, 24, 31, 41); (3) metasomal segments I–IV ventral carinae parallel (Figure 1A); (4) pectines with 11–20 teeth (Table 2); (5) females with pectinal basal middle lamellae not dilated; (6) dorsal margins of the movable fingers with 11–15 oblique rows of denticles (Table 3); and (7) telson with a medium-sized to large-sized pyramidal subaculear tubercle (Figures 19, 20). Comparisons. Tityus (Archaeotityus) is more similar to Tityus (Caribetityus) and Tityus (Brazilotityus), sharing with them a small body size (18–43 mm) and a similar color pattern that is composed of a yellow background covered with brown or reddish-brown spots. Tityus (Archaeotityus) differs from Tityus (Caribetityus) and Tityus (Brazilotityus) by having a medium-sized to large-sized pyramidal subaculear tubercle, while, Tityus (Brazilotityus) has a well-developed acute tubercle, and Tityus (Caribetityus) exhibits an acute tubercle which can be well-developed, vestigial or absent. Also, Tityus (Archaeotityus) can be easily distinguished from Tityus (Brazilotityus) by the presence of well-developed pectinal fulcra, while in Tityus (Brazilotityus) pectinal fulcra are absent or vestigial. Hemispermatophores of Tityus (Archaeotityus). The male hemispermatophore of Tityus (Archaeotityus) has only been described for three species: T. paraguayensis (Ojanguren-Affilastro 2005: figures 43, 44); T. ocelote (Francke & Stockwell 1991: 24, figure 104); and T. wachtelii (Kovarik et al. 2015: 34, figures 142–145). Here we describe the hemispermatophore for T. bastosi (Figure 13), T. columbianus (Figure 23), T. guane sp. nov. (Figure 27), T. parvulus (Figure 36), and T. tayrona (Figure 43). All mentioned species share the following character states related to hemispermatophore morphology: (1) hemispermatophore thin and sclerotized; (2) stalk flagelliform, folded once over itself (Figures 13, 23, 27, 37); (3) pedicel narrow and flat (Figures 13, 23, 27, 36); (4) pedal flexure inconspicuous (Figures 13, 23, 27, 37, 44); (5) stem occupying 2/3 of the hemispermatophore total length (Figures 13, 23, 27, 37, 44); and (6) basal hook curved towards the posterior region (Figures 13B, 23B, 27B, 37B, 44B). While, these character states are homogeneous, interspecific variations in the capsule region and intraspecific variations in the shape of the basal hook can occur (see variability). Determination of the diagnostic value of hemispermatophore morphology at the specific level within Tityus (Archaeotityus) requires examination of additional species. Included species. 23 species (Table 1). Distribution. Costa Rica to Central Argentina., Published as part of Moreno-González, Jairo A., O, Ranulfo González & D, Eduardo Flórez, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species, pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 4660 (1) on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4660.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3377134, {"references":["Lourenco, W. R., Jesus-Junior, M. M. B. & Limeira-De-Oliveira, F. (2006) A new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the state of Maranh \" o in Brazil. Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 38, 117 - 120.","Lourenco, W. R. (1984) Analyse taxonomique des Scorpions du groupe Tityus clathratus Koch, 1845 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Bulletin Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4 e series, 6, 349 - 360.","Koch, C. L. (1836) Die Arachniden. N ʾ rnberg: C. H. Zehsche Buchhandlung, 3 (1 - 5), 17 - 104.","Thorell, T. (1876) On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 97, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0022293760868188 9","Lourenco, W. R. (2005) A new species of Tityus Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Ecuador. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 14 (171), 221 - 227.","Kovarik, F. (2005) Novy druh stira Tityus kaderkai sp. n. v terariu. Arachnologie, 58 - 61.","Kraepelin, K. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Skorpione und Pedipalpen Columbiens. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, Neuchatel, 5, 15 - 28.","Lourenco, W. R. (1991) Les scorpions de Colombie, II. Les faunes des regions de Santa Marta et de la. Cordillere Orientale. Approche biogeographique. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (4), 275 - 288.","Ojanguren-Affilastro, A. A. (2005) Estudio monografico de los escorpiones de la Republica Argentina. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 11, 75 - 247.","Kovarik, F., Teruel, R., Lowe, G. & Friedrich, S. (2015) Four new scorpion species (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Amazonian Peru. Euscorpius, 210, 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.18590 / euscorpius. 2015. vol 2015. iss 210. 1"]}

El Colegio de Nuestra Senora de la Presentacion – Centro es una institucion educativa, cuyo modelo pedagogico es la educacion personalista, propuesto por Judith Leon Guevara, siendo apropiado en la institucion a traves de la mediacion pedagogica UDPROCO, la cual se utiliza en las asignaturas de educacion basica entre las que se encuentra la Filosofia, la cual es abordada durante los grados 10° y 11°. A traves de la observacion diagnostica realizada durante el desarrollo de la practica pedagogica, se pudo constatar que la UDPROCO se veia limitada por la implementacion que se tenia, lo cual no permitia un desarrollo completo de los objetivos que propuestos por Leon (2001) dentro de la institucion, ademas del insuficiente desarrollo de las competencias propuestas por el MEN para el aprendizaje de la filosofia. Con esta problematica presentada, se decide proponer una nueva implementacion de la UDPROCO por medio de un AVA, debido a que se enfrenta a una poblacion nativa digital y en diferentes estudios, abordados en el estado de la cuestion, se puede evidenciar la incidencia que tienen las TIC dentro de las problematicas educativas. De alli surge la pregunta de la investigacion: ?cual es la incidencia de la implementacion de las UDPROCO mediante un AVA, en el aprendizaje de la filosofia, con los estudiantes del grado Decimo del Colegio de Nuestra Senora de la Presentacion – Centro

Se determinó la variación de la diversidad de escorpiones en siete fragmentos de Bosque Seco Tropical (BST) en el departamento del Atlántico. Los métodos de captura utilizados fueron cernido de hojarasca, agitación de follaje y captura manual nocturna con luz UV. En cada transecto se realizó un esfuerzo de dos noches y tres días. Se recolectaron 516 ejemplares representados en siete especies, seis géneros y tres familias (Buthidae, Chactidae y Hormuridae). Buthidae fue la más diversa y abundante con cuatro géneros, cinco especies y 486 individuos, destacándose la especieTityus (Archaeotityus) tayronacuya presencia fue constante en todos los fragmentos. El fragmento de bosque de la Reserva Campesina La Sierra (R.C.S) presentó la mayor diversidad con seis especies, seis géneros y tres familias, lo cual se debe posiblemente a la oferta de recursos y microhábitats. Con los resultados se logra ampliar el área de distribución de las especiesT. (Atreus)aff.asthenesyChactas brevicaudatus, además se encontró que en el departamento está representado el 60% de las familias y el 42,8% de los géneros registrados para Colombia, lo que indica que los relictos de BST en este departamento mantienen una fauna importante de los escorpiones registrados para Colombia. The variation of the diversity of scorpions in seven fragments of Tropical Dry Forest (TDF) in the Department of Atlántico was determined. The sampling was conducted by fallen leaves hoeing, foliage agitation and manual capture at night with UV light. An effort of two nights and three days was made in each transect. A total of 516 specimens representing seven species, six genera and three families (Buthidae, Chactidae and Hormuridae) were collected. The most diverse and abundant family was Buthidae with four genera and 486 individuals, standing out the speciesTityus (Archaeotityus) tayronawhose presence was constant in the seven fragments. The fragment of forest Reserva Campesina La Sierra (R.C.S) presented the greatest diversity with six species, six genera and three families, which is possibly due to the abundance of resources and microhabitats. With the results, the area of distribution of the species Tityus (Atreus) aff.asthenesandChactas brevicaudatusexpanded. In addition, it was found that 60% of the families and 42.8% of the genera reported for Colombia are represented in the Department of Atlántico which indicates that the relics of TDF in this Department maintain a significant fauna of the scorpions registered for the country.

Objetivo: Asociar las condiciones sociodemográficas y el nivel de incertidumbre en mujeres ante el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama en instituciones de salud, Cartagena.Materiales y Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, realizado a 108 mujeres con diagnóstico de menos de un año de cáncer de mama. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos, la encuesta sociodemográfica y la Escala de incertidumbre en la enfermedad para el adulto de Mishel. Los datos fueron almacenados en Excel y procesados en SPSS, para el análisis bivariado se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado (Prob. de Chi cuadrado p < 0,05).Resultados: El 60,2% presentó un regular nivel de incertidumbre, con mayor incidencia en el grupo de edad de 45-64 años y un nivel educativo bajo 47% (51). Al evaluar el marco de estímulos, 61,1% (66) no sabían si habría cambios en su tratamiento, no podían planear su futuro el 50,9% (55) y predecir el curso de su enfermedad el 60,2% (65). El 60,2% (65) reconoce al equipo de salud como responsable de su cuidado. Se encontró asociación entre la escolaridad y el nivel de incertidumbre con un valor de p=0,03.Conclusiones: El grado de escolaridad se asoció con el nivel de incertidumbre presente en las participantes. Por ser la edad un factor predictor en esta enfermedad, se deben establecer acciones orientadas a su diagnóstico temprano. Como autoridad creíble, la enfermería debe realizar acciones de cuidado al momento del diagnóstico para disminuir interrogantes y la afectación emocional Objective: To associate sociodemographic conditions and the level of uncertainty in women facing the diagnosis of breast cancer in health institutions in Cartagena.Methodology: Descriptive, correlational study of 108 women with a diagnosis of less than one year breast cancer. Two instruments were used: the socio-demographic survey and the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale for the adult. Data were organized in Excel and processed in SPSS. For bivariate analysis the Chi square (Prob. Chi square p

La industria de las telecomunicaciones cambia rápidamente y las barreras de entrada son bajas implicando que la supervivencia en el mercado sea un verdadero desafío para las empresas. En este artículo estudia como los sistemas Pull y Push pueden ser integrados a la cadena de abastecimiento en el sector de telecomunicaciones en Colombia. Se desarrolló un modelo hibrido Pull y Push utilizando dinámica de sistemas en aras de determinar los niveles óptimos y el costo mínimo de inventario, al igual que el nivel óptimo de prestación de servicio a los clientes. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que el comportamiento del modelo híbrido permite dar respuesta a las necesidades del mercado y de la empresa a la vez, generando niveles de inventario que son mínimos y suficientes para cubrir la demanda.

El presente trabajo se encuentra dividido en tres partes: la primera constituye una aproximación analítica a las ideas centrales del constitucionalismo global, las cuales permiten el desarrollo de las corrientes denominadas neoconstitucionalistas, asociadas con la defensa de los principios del Estado constitucional, los derechos humanos y la democracia deliberativa. En la segunda parte describiremos brevemente las reacciones de algunos sectores de la judicatura y la doctrina frente al advenimiento de los renovados paradigmas constitucionales anteriormente descritos. Y finalmente defenderemos la tesis que considera la acción pública de inconstitucionalidad como mecanismo idóneo encaminado a la materialización de estas promesas, a partir de la construcción de vasos dialogantes entre sociedad, Estado y Constitución, y señalando la forma en la que esta acción ofrece mayores garantías materiales para la defensa de la supremacía constitucional frente a los mecanismos oficiosos en los que la ciudadanía tiene un rol menos protagónico.

Loxosceles guajira sp. nov. Figs. 1–7 Type material. Male holotype (ICN-Ar 2677) from Colombia, La Guajira, Riohacha: “Cueva de bañaderos”, Cerro Bañaderos, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 11 °07' 33.3 "N, 72 ° 47 '06.9"W, elev. 785 m, 24 August 2014, Coll. M. A. Gutiérrez-Estrada. Paratypes: 1 female (ICN-Ar 2677), 4 males, 3 females and 4 immatures (ICN-Ar 2678), same data as holotype. Etymology. Noun in apposition referring to La Guajira, the department where the type specimens where collected. Diagnosis. The male of L. guajira sp. nov can be distinguished from other species by the palpal tibia 4.5 times longer than the cymbium and the embolous inserted prolateraly, basally thick and not curved, approximately three times longer than bulb width (Figs. 2–4). The female can be recognized by its two subtriangular spermathecae and a central blind pouch, presumable a receptacle. Spermathecae bases 3.5 times wider than their tip and separated by 2.2 times their width (Figs. 6, 7). Description. Male (holotype: ICN-Ar 2677): Carapace light orange, slightly stained dark, cephalic region orange, with faint darker gray bands (Fig. 1). Chelicerae and labium dark orange. Endites orange distally and light orange basally. Legs light orange. Palp with cymbium and tibia orange, rest light orange. Abdomen gray. Total length 7.2. Carapace 3.5 long, 3.1 wide. Clypeus 0.4 high. Eye diameters: ALE 0.2, PME 0.1, PLE 0.2. Leg measurements: I: femur 7.7 / patella 1.3 / tibia 8.8 / metatarsus 8.6 / tarsus 1.7 / total 28.1; II: 9.6 / 1.4 / 10.7 / 10.2 / 1.7 / 33.6; III: 7.2 / 1.3 / 7.3 / 8.4 / 1.4 / 25.6 IV: 7.5 / 1.3 / 7.6 / 9.3 / 1.4 / 27.1. Leg formula: 2143. Sternum 2.0 long, 1.7 wide. Palpal femur 3.4 / patella 1.4 long, 0.5 wide /tibia 1.8 long, 0.6 wide/ cymbium 0.4 long, 0.5 wide. Femur I 2.2 times longer than carapace. Palpal femur 2.4 times longer than patella; patela 2.8 times longer than wide; tibia 3 times longer than wide and 4.5 times longer than the cymbium; cymbium as longer as wide (Fig. 2–4). Bulb suboval as wider as cymbium (Fig 3, 4). Embolous inserted prolateraly, but basally thick and not curved, approximately three times longer than bulb width (Fig 3, 4). Female (paratype: ICN-Ar 2677): Carapace dark orange, stained dark, cephalic with gray faint darker bands (Fig. 5). Chelicerae and labium dark orange. Endites dark orange at base and gray distally. Legs gray-orange. Palp with tarsus and tibia dark orange, rest gray-orange. Abdomen gray. Total length 9.1. Carapace 3.4 long, 3.1 wide. Clypeus 0.6 high. Eye diameters: ALE 0.2, PME 0.2, PLE 0.2. Leg measurements: I: femur 5.9 / patella 1.4 / tibia 6.5 / metatarsus 6.1 / tarsus 1.4 / total 21.3; II: 6.8 / 1.4 / 7.1 / 6.8 / 1.8 / 23.9; III: 6.0 / 1.2 / 5.2 / 5.7 / 1.2 / 19.3; IV: 6.1 / 1.4 / 5.7 / 6.2 / 1.7 / 21.1. Leg formula: 2143. Sternum 2.1 long, 1.5 wide. Palpal femur 1.7 long, 0.3 wide, patella 0.6 long 0.35, tibia 1.1 long 0.3 wide tarso 1.3 long. Femur I 1.7 times longer than carapace. Palpal femur 5.7 times longer than wide, patella 1.7 longer than wide, tibia 3.7 times longer than wide, tarsus not incrassate. Female genitalia with two subtriangular spermathecae and a central blind pouch. Spermathecae bases 3.5 times wider than their tip and separated by 2.2 times their width (Figs. 6, 7). Distribution. L. guajira sp. nov. is only known from the type locality, Cerro Bañaderos, Colombia. Natural history: Specimens of L. guajira sp. nov. were found inside a cave in the mountain range of Cerro Bañaderos at 785 m of elevation (Figs. 8 –14). The cave is surrounded by fragmented secondary forest; however, is possible to observe extensive areas of tropical dry forest. Adults and immatures of L. guajira were found between the rocks, cracks and other cavities inside the cave. Remains of butterflies, beetles and other arthropods were found in large quantities meshed in the webs. New records. Below, new records of two known Loxosceles species are listed, including our findings and the remaining individuals present in the Arachnological Collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (ICN-Ar. Eduardo Flórez).

Loxosceles rufipes (Lucas, 1834) COLOMBIA: Tolima, Ibague, in house, elev. 1280m, 5 March 2002, Coll. Hannier Pulido (ICN-Ar1731, 1 male and 1 female). Santander, Chipat��, Vereda salitres seco, Quebrada ���La Tormenta���, Cave ���El Cenicero���, 6 ��05' 27.9 "N, 73 �� 35 ' 10.5 "W, 5 August 2008, Coll. D. Casallas-Pab��n, Y. Mu��oz-Saba and M. Murcia (ICN-Ar2682, 8 female and 4 immature). Distribution. Guatemala, Panama, Colombia., Published as part of Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Guti��rrez-Estrada, Miguel A. & Daza, Eduardo Fl��rez, 2015, The genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe 1832 (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Colombia, with description of new cave-dwelling species, pp. 396-400 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on page 399, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.12, http://zenodo.org/record/243317

Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Daza, Eduardo Flórez (2015): The genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe 1832 (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Colombia, with description of new cave-dwelling species. Zootaxa 4012 (2): 396-400, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.12

Rhopalurus caribensis Teruel & Roncallo, 2008 (n. syn.) is synonymized with R. laticauda Thorell, 1876, based on a review of morphological variations of characters listed by Roncallo and Teruel (2008). The biogeographic assumption presented by Teruel & Roncallo (2008) as an argument to justify the description of R. caribensis is refuted.

Se estudió el ciclo de vida de Alpaida ueribills en condiciones de invernadero. La duración del ciclo fue de 179 días para los machos y de 250 para las hembras, a través de los cuales los machos atravesaron por siete ínstares, mientras que las hembras pasaron por ocho. El tiempo de vida adulta en machos fue en promedio de 20 días, y en hembras de 90. Las hembras colocaron un ovisaco con un número promedio de 76.5 huevos, en un rango entre 23 y 128, los cuales tuvieron una viabilidad del 60.5%. Se describe el comportamiento de cópula. El tiempo de gestación duró entre 11 y 17 días. La relación de sexos fue de 1.13: 1 hembras/machos a partir de los individuos mantenidos en condiciones de invernadero, mientras que en campo se encontró una relación de 2.46: 1 hembias/machos.

Two new ricinuleid species, Cryptocellus chiruisla sp. nov., from Orellana (Ecuador), and Cryptocellus guaviarensis sp. nov., from Guaviare (Colombia), are herein described. Both species, here assigned to the peckorum species-group, share a series of male features for which they most closely resemble each other: a flat, triangle-like region on the anterior section of cucullus; a pronounced ventral “notch” on leg I tibia; and a lateral compression on leg I metatarsus. These new taxa raise to three and nine the number of ricinuleid species known from Ecuador and Colombia, respectively. Cryptocellus Westwood, 1874 now consists of 42 species, six of which belong to the peckorum group. Fil: Botero Trujillo, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Colombia Fil: Flórez Daza, Alvaro Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia

A new scorpion species, Tityus (Tityus) grottoedensis sp. nov., is herein described based on male and female specimens collected in El Edén Cave and its vicinities (Tolima department, Colombia). The new species, which becomes the first scorpion described from a Colombian cave, is probably a eutroglophile or subtroglophile element; however, additional studies are needed to determine the degree of association of the species to the cave. Among other features, the new species is characterized by having a relatively thin body, a yellow-to-chestnut coloration, sternites IV to VI with visible lateral longitudinal carinae, and the basal piece of the middle lamella of the pectines dilated in male and female.

This study presents an updated list of centipedes of the orders Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha from Colombia based on data from the literature, the World Catalogue of Centipedes (CHILOBASE), and specimens examined in museum collections. Four families, nine genera, 37 species and four subspecies are listed. One species belongs to Scutigeromorpha, and 36 species and four subspecies to Scolopendromorpha. Eleven species and four subspecies of scolopendromorphs are recorded for the first time from Colombia. Newportia Gervais, 1847 is the most diverse genus with 12 species and three subspecies. Six species of Scolopendromorpha are endemic. Three species-Otostigmus inermis Porat, 1876, O. scabricauda (HumbertSaussure, 1870) and Cryptops iheringi Brölemann, 1902-are deleted from the fauna of Colombia. The Andean Región in Colombia has the most records of Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha. Maps showing the geographical distribution are given for the orders, genera, and some species.

Las arañas se colectaron en bosques de tipo pluvial tropical, ubicados en la Reserva Natural de Escalerete y en los alrededores de Ladrilleros (zona litoral), en el Departamento del Valle del Cauca (Suroccidente de Colombia), mediante el empleo de diversas técnicas de captura. Se reseña la diversidad detectada (familias y morfoespecies), preferencia de microhábitats, eficiencia de los métodos de captura, incluyendo índices de riqueza de especies y de diversidad. Se colectaron 482 especímenes, los cuales se agruparon en 196 morfoespecies, 26 familias y dos subórdenes. Las familias más diversas fueron Araneidae, Safticidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae y Linyphidae. Los microhábitats preferidos se ubican en los estratos de vegetación arbustiva y arbórea. Las técnicas de captura manual, agitación de follaje arbóreo y barrido con red entomológica fueron las más efectivas para el muestreo de la diversidad de arañas.

Mediante el índice de Ivlev se estableció la selectividad de A. veniliae sobre las presas Conocephalus sp. (Tettigoniidae) y Hortensia similis (Cicadellidae). Las presas reales se determinaron mediante censos visuales en transectos. Para determinar la tasa de consumo de presa/araña/día, se revisaron 10 telas de arañas en campo, contabilizando las presas capturadas y tomando el tiempo utilizado desde la captura de la presa hasta el consumo final. Los resultados indicaron que no hubo selectividad hacia Conocephalus sp. (Ivlev = 0,08), la presa más abundante en el cultivo y en las telas. Para H. similis el índice de selectividad fue 0,92, indicando una preferencia marcada. La tasa de consumo de A. veniliae sobre Conocephalus sp. fue de 7,7 presas/día y en H. similis de 5,8 presas/día. Desde el punto de vista ecológico, los hábitos depredadores de A. veniliae tendrían fuertes implicaciones en la regulación de las poblaciones de estas dos especies fitófagas en el agroecosistema de arroz secano mecanizado.

The name Psammodesmus bryophorus is proposed for an ornate platyrhacid milliped discovered in a transitional AndeanPacific montane rainforest in Nariño Department, Colombia. This species is remarkable for being the first milliped known to be host of ectocommensal mosses (10 species belonging to 5 families including especially Pilotrichaceae and Lejeuneaceae) that grow on the milliped’s dorsum The species is likewise of interest in that the male genitalia are similar to those of the Ecuadorian Psammodesmus fasciolatus Silvestri, while peripheral structures differ in a number of details. Both species are described and illustrated from type material. The effect of this situation on future conduct of platyrhacid taxonomy is highlighted.