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Abstract Science, technology, and innovation (STI) systems are fundamental to the economic development of any nation. However, their high hierarchy and centralization create inequities for the more dispersed regions to access their benefits. Traditional approaches to STI system decentralization have been through public control and investment policies, posing a challenge for emerging economies. Given these conditions, it is necessary to explore alternative approaches such as open innovation (OI), which can facilitate bringing the STI system to the regions by breaking its hierarchical structure; and organizational ecology (OE), which can contribute to the construction of ecosystemic appropriation of STI in the regions. The objective of this research is to propose a conceptual model that addresses the need to decentralize Colombia's STI system through an alternative approach to public policy governance, utilizing OI and OE. The methodology used for this research is Design Science Research (DSR), which allows for the creation of an artifact-type model, validated through the representational validation technique, supported by a cross-impact analysis matrix completed by 67% members of the subregional STI committees in the department of Caldas. The result is a conceptual model that integrates the components of Colombia's STI system, decentralizes them through OI factors, and ensures the ecosystemic appropriation of STI in the regions through OE factors. Model criteria, such as organizational readiness, collaborative capacity, absorptive capacities, intellectual capital, technological capital, and local niche, are presented as key elements in the decentralization of the STI system and the ecosystemic appropriation in the co-creation of a mutualistic STI system in Colombia's regions. The findings of the model represent an integrated model that unfolds sequentially; the first phase develops the decentralization through OI factors, and the second phase develops the ecosystemic appropriation from OE factors. This research contributes an integrated OI and OE model as an alternative to the traditional STI system decentralization approach from public policy governance and nation-region control, overcoming the hierarchical barrier of the system and granting ecosystemic appropriation of science, technology, and innovation in the regions.

Natural reserves, such as the Santurbán Moor in Colombia, are ecologically important but face significant threats from activities like mining and agriculture. Preserving biodiversity in these ecosystems is essential for maintaining ecological balance and promoting sustainable tourism practices. Identifying plant species in these reserves accurately is challenging due to environmental variability and species similarities, complicating conservation efforts and educational tourism promotion. This study aims to create and assess a mobile application based on deep learning, called FloraBan, to autonomously identify plant species in natural reserves, enhancing biodiversity conservation and encouraging sustainable and educational tourism practices. The application employs the EfficientNet Lite4 model, trained on a comprehensive dataset of plant images taken in various field conditions. Designed to work offline, the application is particularly useful in remote areas. The model evaluation revealed an accuracy exceeding 90% in classifying plant images. FloraBan was effective under various lighting conditions and complex backgrounds, offering detailed information about each species, including scientific name, family, and conservation status. The ability to function without internet connectivity is a significant benefit, especially in isolated regions like natural reserves. FloraBan represents a notable improvement in the field of automated plant identification, supporting botanical research and efforts to preserve biodiversity in the Santurbán Moor. Additionally, it encourages educational and responsible tourism practices, which align with sustainability goals, providing a useful tool for both tourists and conservationists.

The technological shifts driven by Industry 4.0 and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has ushered new challenges for seaports, necessitating a transformation in their information and communications systems to enhance global competitiveness. As the United Nations (UN) International Maritime Organization mandates the adoption of a Maritime Single Window in short time, seaports are compelled to adapt their operations. Addressing these challenges, this research introduces the Dependable Machine Learning for seaports using Blockchain (DMLBC) method, offering a secure technological system that integrates transactional data among various logistics stakeholders. DMLBC enhances efficiency in document control, traceability, loading processes, and collaborative workflows. The method employs a architecture grounded in Blockchain (BC) and harnesses Machine Learning Techniques. In a practical application, DMLBC is implemented in a real case study, demonstrating its efficacy for decision making of port operations. The research discusses the contributions that the DMLBC method has compared to what exists in the bibliographic review and in other port industries worldwide. Describes future exploration directions and It emphasizes the potential for generating additional predictions by incorporating others Key Performance Indicators (KPI)s, integrating DMLBC with Decision Support System (DSS), and delving into the realm of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to fortify the security of seaport operations in the evolving technological landscape.

Jaguars (Panthera onca) are a landscape species of conservation importance and our understanding of environmental and anthropogenic drivers of jaguar occurrence is necessary to improve conservation strategies. We reviewed available literature to simply describe environmental and anthropogenic variables used and found to be significant in occurrence modeling. We reviewed 95 documents published from 1980 to 2021 that focused on jaguar occurrence and that used 39 variable types (21 anthropogenic, 18 environmental) among different techniques, scales, and approaches. In general, these variables included both anthropogenic (roads, land use, human activities, and population) and environmental (climate, vegetation, ecological interactions, topographic, water, and others) factors. Twelve variables were identified as affecting jaguar occurrence overall, eleven at local scale and seven at broad scales (regional and continental). Focusing more specifically on the variables that correlate with occurrence should help researchers to make better predictions in areas without quantitative jaguar data.

Good conservation strategies that include direct attention towards the affected people can promote positive attitudes to wildlife and its conservation. We assessed how the attention from wildlife authorities and non-profit institutions affects ranchers' attitudes towards jaguars and pumas in Northern Costa Rica. Our sample was divided into ranchers with livestock predation issues who received institutional attention, ranchers with predation issues who did not receive any attention, and ranchers without livestock predation incidents. The attention received was self-reported by the respondents. We applied a 10-item Likert scaled test used previously to assess attitudes toward big felids in South Africa. We looked for spatial patterns of segregation of attitudes to determine areas that need special attention. Ranchers who receive no institutional attention had the most negative attitude score, –1.77 (IC 95%: –4.19 – 0.64). Ranchers with a positive attitude were geographically closer to each other than to the other ranchers (S = 0.32). Although preliminary, our findings suggest that institutional attention can be positively related to attitudes held by ranchers toward big cats.

Abstract The use of camera‐trap methods, though important, has pitfalls and inconsistencies such as factors and interactions that may influence species photo rates. Jaguar (Panthera onca) camera‐trap studies place cameras at sites where jaguar detections are likely greater (e.g., sites with previous evidence such tracks, feces, and other presence signs), but do not account for potential placement biases. Our study evaluated methodological implications of a paired camera‐trap design at trail and off‐trail locations, and climate seasonality, on photo rates of jaguars, their prey, and competitors. From June 2016 to June 2017, camera traps were deployed at 58 different sites in a hexagon grid array of 3 km2 each in the Sector Santa Rosa (SSR) of Área de Conservación Guancaste in Costa Rica. Half of the cameras were located at a trail location that jaguars were likely to use, and the other half at an off‐trail location closest to each hexagon centroid. We estimated a photographic relative abundance index (RAI; no. of independent photos/100 trap nights) and used Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to assess statistical evidence of trail location and climate seasonality. With a total effort of 19,408 trap nights, we recorded 12,678 independent photo events of 64 species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. For the 3 bird species and 14 mammal species we focused on, most species‐specific RAIs were greater at trail locations (n = 8 species, including jaguars and pumas [Puma concolor]), some were greater at off‐trail locations (n = 2 species, including collared peccaries [Pecari tajacu]), and there was no discernable location effect for others (n = 7 species, including tapirs [Tapirus bairdii] and white‐tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]). For jaguars, sex ratio data showed a smaller proportion of males at off‐trail locations. Analysis of competitor and prey interaction data indicated temporal segregation at trail locations. Further jaguar camera‐trap studies should highlight camera placement as important source of bias that might influence results; hence, conservationists must be aware of this to avoid erroneous decisions.

Herbivores obtain nutrients mostly from the vegetation they consume, but may obtain additional minerals during periods of nutritional stress by consuming bones (osteophagia), a behavioral strategy that has been reported for many wild ungulate species, including the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Here we document multiple records (n = 183 camera-trap records) of osteophagia by white-tailed deer chewing sea turtle remains (resulting from jaguar [Panthera onca] predation) near a nesting beach in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica during January-September 2017. Females with fawns, males with hard and velvet-covered antlers, and non-spotted fawns reached a peak of sea turtle bone consumption during June to August. We hypothesize that seasonality, sex, age, and individual growth stage influence the frequency of osteophagy as a strategy to cope with environmental changes and food resource scarcity. Finally, these observations highlight the role of an apex predator as indirectly influencing rare but important ecological processes.

Abstract In search of a suitable single‐source precursor for the deposition of nanostructured PbS thin films at moderate temperatures under ambient conditions, we have synthesized the ligand N‐(thiomorpholine‐4‐carbothioyl)benzamide and its corresponding lead(II) complex. The structures of both compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In the complex, two ligands coordinate to a lead(II) atom in hemi‐directed geometry through S and O atoms. Secondary intermolecular Pb⋅⋅⋅S interactions group the complexes into pairs. As bulk powders, both the ligand and complex show nominal composition and purity as evidenced by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis of the lead(II) complex was carried out to understand its thermal decomposition behaviour for establishing a thin film fabrication protocol. Thin films of phase‐pure PbS were fabricated using this new molecular precursor at the comparatively low annealing temperature of 250 °C. The film showed nanoparticles with cuboidal morphology and a blue‐shifted optical absorption.

Abstract Background All clinicians require statistical interpretation skills to keep up to date with evidence-based recommendations in their field. However, statistical illiteracy among clinicians is a highly prevalent problem with far-reaching consequences. The few available that report statistical literacy improvements after educational interventions do not measure for how long these benefits last. To estimate statistical illiteracy among Latin-American clinicians across multiple levels of training and to evaluate a 10-h course at multiple timepoints. Methods Using an online questionnaire, we evaluated; self-perceived statistical proficiency, scientific literature reading habits and statistical literacy (using an adaptation of the Quick Risk Test). Separately, we evaluated statistical proficiency after a 10-h statistics course in a group of Internal Medicine residents at a tertiary center in Mexico City across multiple time points between November 2020 and February 2021. Results Data from 392 clinicians from 9 Latin American countries were analyzed. Most clinicians (85%) failed our adaptation of the Quick Risk Test (mean score = 2.6/10, IQR:1.4). The 10-h course significantly improved the scores of the Internal Medicine Residents (n = 16) from 3.8/10, IQR:1.8 to 8.3/10, IQR:1.4 (p

The use of immunosuppressive medications for solid organ transplantation is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, and oncologic complications. On the other hand, the development of graft rejection is associated with increased mortality and graft dysfunction. Liver transplant recipients can withdraw from immunosuppression without developing graft injury while preserving an adequate antimicrobial response - a characteristic known as immunotolerance. Immunotolerance can be spontaneously or pharmacologically achieved. Contrary to the classic dogma, clinical studies have elucidated low rates of true spontaneous immunotolerance (no serologic or histological markers of immune injury) among liver transplant recipients. However, clinical, serologic, and tissue biomarkers can aid in selecting patients in whom immunosuppression can be safely withdrawn. For those who failed an immunosuppression withdrawal trial or are at high risk of rejection, pharmacological interventions for immunotolerance induction are under development.In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of immunotolerance, the clinical studies investigating predictors and biomarkers of spontaneous immunotolerance, as well as the potential pharmacological interventions for inducing it.

Este artículo pretende ser el punto de partida para estudiar distintas agrupaciones de niños y adolescentes que migraron con sus familias de Estados Unidos a México, tomando en cuenta aspectos sociodemográficos y etnográficos relacionados con la llegada al país. Para 2010, en México se identificaron más de 570 mil menores de edad nacidos en Estados Unidos y más de 60 mil menores mexicanos retornados, por lo que su llegada representa un flujo migratorio inédito en la historia binacional. Estos niños y adolescentes conforman la llamada generación 0.5, y en sus trayectorias migratorias se encuentran experiencias subjetivas poco estudiadas.

Purpose – The research aims to observe and describe the legal framework and implementation practices of personal databases management in the Social Security Institute (IPS), the most important public social insurance system in Paraguay. Methodology – The research is exploratory, consisting on both substantive and procedural law analysis of health information storage regulations and its compliance. Also, interview to private companies, the public sector and one qualified worker insured by IPS are conducted to better understand collection, storage and maintenance of health records databases. Findings – Research indicates evidence that biometric data storage of insurers does not have adequate regulation for its protection. It also shows evidence that private companies don’t deliver by default medical records to workers, as well as potential access to these records by administrative personal. Evidence also signals that clinics performing medical examinations request more sensitive information than required by law. Research limitations It is identified that a broader private company sample could be of use to better understand workers health record collection. Also, third party auditing IPS IT systems could be of use to further understand information management practices and vulnerabilities. Practical Implications – A series of discretional practices are identified, signaling regulatory standardization urgency for all actors. A comprehensive Protection of Personal Data Act is needed. Originality – No comprehensive research targeting the IPS system and its health personal data management processes is identified. The research is considered an initial contribution to the state of the art on the subject and specially to biometric collection and storage.

Con el objetivo de describir el estado de situación de la telemedicina y su desarrollo latinoamericano en: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia y de identificar etapas, barreras de adopción, cambios culturales, organizacionales y tecnológicos se plantea la presente investigación se inserta en el plano cualitativo, descriptiva realizando estudios de casos transversales en países como Argentina (Hospitales Austral e Italiano), Bolivia (Hospitales Obrero y Odontológico UDABOL) y Colombia donde se abordan cuatro instituciones de salud. Se aplicaron entrevistas y observaciones en Argentina y Bolivia; y se aplicaron cuestionarios como instrumentos de recolección de datos empíricos en Colombia, complementando con entrevistas con expertos. La transformación digital en salud requiere de un modelo de negocio y estrategia clara, madurez en las prácticas de gestión, desarrollo de una cultura digital y gestión del conocimiento buscando interoperabilidad y agilidad organizacional. Argentina y Colombia incorporaron telemedicina, requiriendo aumentar la productividad de los recursos disponible; Bolivia la situación es menos satisfactoria.

Global dispersion, hospital outbreaks, and lineage relationships between emerging antibiotic-resistant strains such as Klebsiella pneumoniae are of public health interest. This study aimed to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae clones from third-level healthcare hospitals in Mexico to establish their multidrug-resistant phenotype, phylogeny, and prevalence. Biological and abiotic surface samples were used to isolate K. pneumoniae strains and to test their antibiotic susceptibility to classify them. The housekeeping genes: gapA, InfB, mdh, pgi, phoE, ropB, and tonB were used for multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Phylogenetic networks were constructed with 48 strains. Isolated strains (93) were mainly from urine and blood, 96% were resistant to ampicillin as expected, 60% were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), 98% were susceptible to ertapenem and meropenem and 99% were susceptible to imipenem, 46% were multi-drug resistant (MDR), 17% were extensively-drug resistant (XDR), 1% were pan-drug resistant (PDR), and 36% were not classified. The tonB, mdh, and phoE genes were the most variable, and the InfB gene showed positive selection. The most prevalent sequence types (STs) were ST551 (six clones), ST405 (six clones), ST1088 (four clones), ST25 (four clones), ST392 (three clones), and ST36 (two clones). ST706 was PDR, and ST1088 clones were MDR; neither of these STs has been reported in Mexico. The strains analyzed were from different hospitals and locations; thus, it is important to maintain antibiotic surveillance and avoid clone dissemination to prevent outbreaks, adaptation to antibiotics, and the transmission of antibiotic resistance.

Regular evaluation of jaguar (Panthera onca) population status is an important part of conservation decision-making. Currently, camera trapping has become the standard method used to estimate jaguar abundance and demographic parameters, though evidence has shown the potential for sex ratio biases and density overestimates. In this study, we used camera trap data combined with satellite telemetry data from one female jaguar to estimate jaguar population density in the dry forest of Santa Rosa National Park in the Guanacaste Conservation Area of northwestern Costa Rica. We analyzed camera trap data collected from June 2016 to June 2017 using spatial capture-recapture methods to estimate jaguar density. In total, 19 individual jaguars were detected (11 males; 8 females) with a resulting estimated population density of 2.6 females (95% [CI] 1.7–4.0) and 5.0 male (95% [CI] 3.4–7.4) per 100 km2. Based on telemetry and camera trap data, camera placement might bias individual detections by sex and thus overall density estimates. We recommend population assessments be made at several consecutive 3-month intervals, that larger areas be covered so as not to restrict surveys to one or two individual home ranges, as in our case, and to carry out long-term camera monitoring programs instead of short-term studies to better understand the local population, using auxiliary telemetry data to adjust field designs and density estimations to improve support for jaguar conservation strategies.

Introduction: The horse (Equus caballus) is an adaptable large herbivore distributed in a wide range of terrestrial biomes that negatively affects ecosystems around the world. Most research on horse–ecosystems interactions have been focused on plants and soils, whereas horse effects on vertebrate species are poorly understanded. Objective: We aimed to synthesize, at a global scale, the effects of free-roaming horses on wild mammals. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review that included these words; "feral horses + competition ", "feral horses + interactions", "feral horses + impacts", "feral horses + effects", based on the “Web of Science” internet search engine. Results: We located 366 articles in our search, but only 14 peer-reviewed documents described the effects of horses on local wild mammals. Most studies were published in the last decade (64%), and were located in United States (64%). Additional information showed most studies used correlational approaches while experimental approaches were used less. The effect of horses on mammal taxonomic groups varied significantly, suggesting changes on habitat structure mostly affects vertebrate species such as small rodents. Nevertheless, large ungulates exhibited interference competition derived from presence of free-roaming horses. Conclusion: This review identified patterns and gaps in our current knowledge about the effect of horse presence on wild mammals, and can help to readdress further research. Therefore, we recommend careful monitoring of horses and their potential effects on wildlife by using species proxies such as ungulates and rodents to determine if the presence of horses in protected areas affects conservation objectives

A 3- to 4-mo-old male ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and a 6- to 8-mo-old female margay (Leopardus weidii) were brought in from the wild, held in captivity, and rehabilitated for 906 and 709 days, respectively, at the Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center in Costa Rica. During captivity, both cats were kept as isolated as possible from humans and fed appropriate live wild prey. After maturing and demonstrating the ability to capture and feed on live prey, the cats were radio-collared, released at a national wildlife refuge previously assessed for predator and prey occurrence, and monitored. After 54 days, the ocelot was trapped while preying on chickens in a nearby community, and after 20 days, the margay was found dead, likely due to ocelot predation. Avoiding habituation to humans, assuring hunting abilities, and assessing release sites likely is not sufficient to assure successful release of these species, and more experimental releases with innovative and detailed protocols and monitoring are needed.

Utilizando los resultados de dos encuestas realizadas sobre muestras representativas de hogares en los estados de Jalisco y Chihuahua (septiembre 2018), el artículo explora la forma como la migración de Estados Unidos a México está asociada con la interrupción definitiva de la escolaridad y el no acceso al derecho a la educación escolar. Antes de presentar los hallazgos, se presenta sucintamente el estado del arte sobre este campo de estudios, revisando trabajos que se han publicado entre 2004 y 2019, con el propósito de identificar las contribuciones de nuestro estudio a la literatura.

Las poblaciones silvestres de venado cola blanca han mostrado respuestas negativas a la variación climática dentro de su rango de distribución. En escenarios globales de cambio climático, los grupos conservacionistas deben entender las manifestaciones de la variabilidad climática en el comportamiento y distribución de poblaciones vulnerables para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y sintetizar bibliografía que describa los principales efectos potenciales del cambio climático en las poblaciones de venado cola blanca a lo largo de su rango de distribución. Se realizó una intensa revisión bibliográfica mediante dos buscadores científicos en internet (Google Scholar; Web of Science) del 2000 al 2016. Durante la búsqueda se registraron documentos referentes al efecto del clima en poblaciones de venado cola blanca. Como resultado, de los 4 000 documentos publicados durante el periodo evaluado (los últimos 16 años), se encontraron18 documentos formalmente publicados en revistas peer reviewed, los cuales evidencian manifestaciones climáticas en poblaciones silvestres de venado cola blanca. Las principales respuestas observadas fueron las siguientes: cambios en la distribución, aumentos en la incidencia de enfermedades, cambios en los patrones de movimiento, cambios en la demografía poblacional, disminución de la calidad del forraje y cambios en el hábitat. Se concluye que la información disponible es limitada, restringida a la distribución norte del venado cola blanca, la cual no muestra información sobre los ecosistemas tropicales más allá de México, por lo que se necesitan, con urgencia, herramientas y enfoques para evaluar los efectos a largo y mediano plazo de la variabilidad climática en poblaciones de ungulados tropicales, pues la falta de información, al respecto, es evidente.

Si bien el flujo migratorio de retorno de menores migrantes internacionales que se desplazan con sus familias de Estados Unidos a México se incrementó desde 2010 (Giorguli y Gutiérrez, 2011; Passel, Cohn & González-Barrera, 2012), la literatura en este tema es escasa, en especial aquella que abarca las experiencias escolares de alumnos transnacionales desde su perspectiva personal. Esta investigación, iniciada en 2012 en el estado de Morelos, tiene el objetivo de trazar las trayectorias escolares de niños y adolescentes migrantes en su recorrido por las escuelas mexicanas así como los retos y desafíos que experimenta esta población, en términos de procesos administrativos, diferencias pedagógicas y lingüísticas entre los maestros mexicanos y los alumnos transnacionales, percepciones que tienen los directivos y docentes sobre los menores migrantes, y dinámicas de exclusión escolar que se ven reflejadas en el abandono temporal de la escuela. El estudio da seguimiento a diez alumnos transnacionales que se incorporaron por primera vez a escuelas en territorio mexicano. Algunos han repetido años escolares, otros han abandonado la escuela durante un año, mientras que algunos de los alumnos con nacionalidad americana han regresado a Estados Unidos para continuar con su trayectoria escolar.

Objetivo: Construir una escala para medir el disfrute experimentado en niños y adolescentes y estudiar sus propiedades psicométricas. Método: Estudio de tipo instrumental, donde participaron 487 estudiantes de secundaria de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 15 años, que respondieron a la escala objeto de estudio (Escala para medir el Disfrute Experimentado en Niños y Adolescentes, EDENA), junto a las escalas PANASN (Positive And Negative Affect Schedule) para niños y adolescentes elaboradas por Sandín (2003) y la escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) de Radloff (1977) adaptada a población mexicana por Jiménez-Tapia, Wagner, Rivera-Heredia y González-Forteza (2015). Resultados: A través de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se observó que la estructura interna resultó unifactorial. Respecto a la consistencia interna, el valor del alfa de Cronbach de la escala resultó de .650, aceptable teniendo en cuenta que solo tiene cinco reactivos, los cuales mostraron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson con otras medidas, obteniendo una correlación baja y positiva con la escala de afecto positivo (r = .368) y correlaciones bajas y negativas con el afecto negativo (r =-.361) y con la sintomatología depresiva (r =-.179). Conclusiones: Se concluye que la EDENA es instrumento que puede resultar de gran utilidad, ya que podría considerarse un indicador de presencia de anhedonia, que se asocia con disfunción social y emocional, además de psicopatología. La EDENA posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas (validez de constructo, confiablidad y validez concurrente) para ser administrado en la ciudad de Morelia (México).

El presente trabajo busca establecer la forma en que la inversión social responsable tiene el potencial de dinamizar el desarrollo empresarial de un país y, al mismo tiempo, asumir los objetivos de sostenibilidad, como propósitos propios de las actividades productivas en los agronegocios. Para ello, se propone una aproximación a un modelo teórico ideal, que expone la dinámica de la inversión social responsable, como impulsor del desarrollo empresarial. En lo metodológico, mediante el análisis de la literatura existente, se estudia el fenómeno desde la perspectiva teórica y, posteriormente, desde la perspectiva empírica, se hace uso de un análisis de framework sobre siete casos de estudio colombianos. De esta forma, se abordan conceptos relacionados con el desarrollo empresarial y la influencia de modelos de agronegocio de doble y triple impacto, así como en factores condicionantes para el otorgamiento de la figura de financiación respectiva. A manera de resultados, junto al modelo teórico expuesto, se suministra un planteamiento basado en cinco proposiciones de asociación, lo cual, prepara el terreno para su futura comprobación deductiva, tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente.

Protected areas are intended to achieve the long-term conservation of nature, but not all such areas are equal in their effectiveness because of their varying regulation of human activities. In Costa Rica, we assessed mammal and bird species presence and relative abundance in three protected areas in the northern Talamanca Mountains. In this humid tropical forest area, we placed camera traps in an adjacent national park, forest reserve, and indigenous territories, each with a different mix of human activities. In 10,120 trap nights, we obtained 6181 independent photos of mostly mammals (34 species other than humans) and birds (34 species). Species with greater abundance or only occurrence in the national park were mammals and birds commonly hunted outside of the park, large carnivores rarely documented in other areas, and poachers. Species found more often outside of the park were medium-sized mammals, some birds, and domestic mammals. We conclude that even in the same ecological area, varying regulations related to type of protected area have significant effects on some mammal and bird species abundances and occurrences, and thus need to be considered when assessing the overall effectiveness of protection as a conservation strategy.

In the sea, the most common predators of adult sea turtles are sharks (i.e., Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharodon carcharias, Galeocerdo cuvier) (Witzell 1987, Cliff & Dudley 1991, Fergusson et al. 2000) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) (Fertl & Fulling 2007); while on their nesting beaches, female turtles are susceptible to predators like jaguars (Panthera onca) and crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) (Ortiz et al. 1997, Heithaus et al. 2008).

Hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent complication of cirrhosis, when this event becomes persistent, treatment compliance should be verified and any precipitating factor need to be identified. Also the presence of portosystemic shunts, which are a rare cause of decompensation or persistence hepatic encephalopathy need to be ruled out. In this paper we report the case of a 57 year old man with persistent hepatic encephalopathy secondary to the presence of a porto-onfalo-femoral shunt successfully closed with the placement of an Amplatzer device.

La gestión del capital intelectual es hoy uno de los aspectos en los cuales las organizaciones centran su atención, por la necesidad de aplicarlo en el campo administrativo, que está compuesto por el capital estructural, humano y relacional. La investigación realizada corresponde a la medición del capital estructural, a partir de la producción y divulgación de los grupos de investigación clasificados por Colciencias como A y A1 —medición 2010—, el diseño de estrategias y acciones, y la elaboración del modelo con el diseño de cálculos que se estructuró a partir de componentes, perspectivas e indicadores integrados mediante el estudio de dos modelos internacionales: Intellectus y Balanced Scorecard.

Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste Province, protects one of the largest remnants of dry forest in Mesoamerica. It is considered an example of how to regenerate forest in an area that for many years was used for cattle. A proper management requires knowledge of trends in mammal populations. We chose species that demand high ecologic integrity. the jaguar (Panthera onca ) and other felines, and their potential prey. Using trace count we assessed abundance on seven trails systematically sampled in 2001 and later in 2011. In 2011 we found more traces of jaguars, less of cougars and the same number for ocelots. In the second sampling we found less herbivores and frugivores, and more omnivores. We believe that the trace method is reliable, rapid and cheap.

Se determinaron los hábitos alimentarios del mapachín (Procyon lotor) en el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, un bosque tropical muy húmedo ubicado en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica, durante la estación lluviosa del año 1987 (mayo a diciembre), la estación lluviosa de 1989 (setiembre a diciembre) y durante la estación seca del año 1990 (enero a abril). Mediante el análisis de 134 muestras de heces se determinó que la categoría más importante en la dieta del mapachín estuvo compuesta por los cangrejos de tierra (Gecarcinus quadratus y Cardisoma crassum), con una frecuencia relativa de 0.94 en la estación lluviosa del año 1987, 0.76 en la estación lluviosa del año 1989 y 0.65 en la estación seca de 1990. La segunda categoría en importancia estuvo compuesta por frutos, con una frecuencia relativa de 0.09 en la estación lluviosa del año 1987, 0.32 en la estación lluviosa del año 1989 y 0.44 en la estación seca del año 1990. De acuerdo con los cambios estacionales en la dieta, los mapachines forrajearon de manera eficiente para maximizar la ganancia en la tasa neta de energíaRaccoon (Procyon lotor) food habits were studied at Manuel Antonio National Park, a tropical rain forest in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica from May to December 1987, from September to December 1989 and from January to April 1990. A 134 feces sample size was used to assess the most important items in raccoon diet: two crab species (Gecarcinus quadratus and Cardisoma crassum) with a relative frequency of 0.94 in the rainy season of 1987, 0.76 in the rainy season of 1989 and 0.65 in the dry season of 1990. Fruits were the second category in importance, with relative frequencies of 0.09 for 1987, 0.32 for 1989 and 0.44 for 1990

We studied fruit availability, diet and habitat use by white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Corcovado National Park, southwest Costa Rica, from July 1996 to April 1997. The results show that the availability of important fruits for the white-lipped peccary differs between habitats and climatic seasons. Fruit availability was highest in the primary forest than secondary and coastal forest. There was a period of shortage of fruits to ends of the wet season, during which the consumption of not seasonal resources like leaves and shafts increased. The important fruits during this period of shortage were Ficus sp and Licania operculipetala. The several types of forest were used according to the fruit availability, and it was a direct relation between the consumption and the fruit availabilityActualmente se reconoce que existe una alta estacionalidad en la producción de frutos en los bosques tropicales, que produce períodos críticos de escasez que afectan, entre otros, la dieta, movilidad y el uso de hábitat de las especies animales. No se conoce la forma en que el chancho cariblanco (Tayassu pecari) responde a esta variación. Nosotros estudiamos la dieta y el uso del hábitat del chancho cariblanco y la variación en la disponibilidad de frutos en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, al suroeste de Costa Rica, desde julio de 1996 hasta abril de 1997. Los resultados muestran que la disponibilidad de frutos importantes en la dieta del chancho cariblanco difiere entre hábitats y entre estaciones climáticas. Fue más alta en el bosque primario que en el bosque secundario y el bosque costero. Hubo un período de escasez de frutos a finales de la estación húmeda, durante el cual aumentó el consumo de recursos no estacionales como hojas y tallos. Los frutos importantes durante este periodo de escasez fueron Ficus spp. y Licania perculipetala. Los diferentes tipos de bosque fueron usados de acuerdo a la disponibilidad de frutos, y se encontró una relación directa entre el consumo y la disponibilidad de frutos

White-lipped peccaries are non-seasonal breeders in South America, but little is known about their reproduction in Central America. There are few studies about the sex ratio of this species in the field. We studied the reproduction and sex ratio of white-lipped peccaries during 200 hours of field observation of four radiomarked and two unmarked herds, from July 1996 to April 1997, in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. Sex ratio data of three additional, radiomarked herds observed in 1998 were also included. We recorded numbers of mountings, presence of newborns and numbers of nursing interactions. The peccaries showed a distinct reproductive seasonality, with one mating peak in February and another in July. The greatest number of newborns and the peak in nursing activity were observed during July and August, when fruit availability for the peccaries was high. The adult sex ratio was significantly female biased (1.4:1 - 1.8:1), also in contrast with South American populations.Los "chanchos cariblancos" Tayassu pecari no son reproductores estacionales en Sur América. En Centro América se conoce muy poco sobre la reproducción de esta especie en la naturaleza. Estudiamos reproducción y la proporción de sexos durante 200 horas de observación de cuatro manadas marcadas con radiocollares y de dos manadas sin marcar, desde julio de 1996 hasta abril de 1997 en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica, agregando datos de proporción sexual de tres manadas observadas en 1998. Registramos el número de cópulas y de amamantamientos, así como la presencia de recién nacidos en las manadas. Observamos una marcada estacionalidad en la reproducción, con un pico en el número de cópulas en febrero y otro en julio. La mayor cantidad de recién nacidos y el pico de actividad de amamantamiento fueron en julio y agosto, cuando la disponibilidad de alimento era alta. Entre adultos predominaron numéricamente las hembras (1.4:1 - 1.8:1), lo cual difiere de lo conocido sobre las poblaciones suramericanas.

Se estudió la dieta del chancho de monte (Tayassu pecari) por medio de análisis de heces y observación directa de julio de 1996 a abril de 1997 en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica. En las heces se encontró 61.6% de frutos, 37.5% de materia vegetativa, 0.4% de invertebrados y 0.5% no fue identificado. Estas proporciones coincidieron con lo reportado para Sudamérica, pero las especies consumidas fueron diferentes, sumando en total 57 especies, de los cuales 37 fueron de frutos. La familia más representada en la dieta fue Moraceae en lugar de Arecaceae como en la Amazonía peruana. Las partes vegetativas de la dieta pertenecieron principalmente a las familias Araceae y Heliconaceae. Mediante la observación directa se determinó un 30% del tiempo de alimentación dedicado a escarbar bajo tierra, lo cual es sugerido por el indicar que estarían alimentándose principalmente de lombrices, lo cual es sugerido por el análisis de muestras de los escarbaderos. Se encontraron variaciones temporales y espaciales en su dieta. Hubo diferencias en la dieta entre hábitats, entre meses, y entre estaciones (húmeda y seca). Los chanchos de monte se alimentaron más de frutos en los bosques costero y primario y más de plantas en el bosque secundario; sin embargo, el consumo de partes vegetativas superó al de frutos en los meses de octubre y noviembre.The diet of the white-lipped peccari Tayassu pecari was studied from July 1996 to April 1997 in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, through fecal analysis and direct observations. The feces consisted of 61.6% fruits, 37.5% vegetative parts, 0.4% invertebrates and 0.5% unidentified material. These proportions are similar to those reported for white-lipped peccaries diet in South America, but the species consumed were different. In Corcovado, the white-lipped peccary fed on parts of 57 plant species (37 of them fruits). Moraceae was the most represented family. In contrast, the diet of the Peruvian Amazon peccary primarily consists of plant parts (Arecaceae). Costa Rican peccary diet consisted of vegetative parts from Araceae and Heliconaceae. Direct observation showed that peccaries spent 30% of feeding time rooting. Samples taken from rooting sites suggest that peccaries fed on earthworms. Diet differed between months, seasons and habitats. They ate more fruits in coastal and primary forests and more vegetative parts in secondary forest. In the months Octubrer and November the consumption of vegetative parts exceeded fruit consumption.

Roux en Y hepatojejunostomy is the surgery of choice for bile duct repair. Anastomotical dysfunction after reconstruction has several etiopathologies. Besides technical factors, ischemia of the duct is responsible for late obstruction. Bile colonization with secondary stones and sludge can also be identified as a cause. An unusual cause of anastomotical dysfunction secondary to ascaris biliary infestation after biliary reconstruction is reported herein. The patient had intermittent cholangitis and eosinophilia. At operation, the worm was found obstructing the anastomosis.

A sedimentary archive corresponding to the last 17 cal kyr BP has been studied by means of a giant piston core retrieved on board R/V MARION-DUFRESNE in the North Central Gulf of Corinth. Based on previous methodological improvements, grain-size distribution and Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy (MSA) have been analysed in order to detect earthquake-induced deposits. We indentified 36 specific layers -Homogenites+Turbidites (HmTu) - intercalated within continuous hemipelagictype sediments (biogenic or bio-induced fraction and fine-grained siliciclastic fraction). The whole succession is divided into a non-marine lower half and a marine upper half. The “events” are distributed through the entire core and they are composed of two terms: a coarse-grained lower term and an upper homogeneous fine-grained term, sharply separated. Their average time recurrence interval could be estimated for the entire MD01-2477 core. The non-marine and the marine sections yielded close estimated values for event recurrence times of around 400 yrs to 500 yrs.

Polyamines are involved in the regulation of some Trichomonas vaginalis virulence factors such as the transcript, proteolytic activity, and cytotoxicity of TvCP65, a cysteine proteinase (CP) involved in the trichomonal cytotoxicity. In this work, we reported the putrescine effect on TvCP39, other CP that also participate in the trichomonal cytotoxicity. Parasites treated with 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) (an inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis), diminished the amount and proteolytic activity of TvCP39 as compared with untreated parasites. Inhibition of putrescine biosynthesis also reduced ∼ 80% the tvcp39 mRNA levels according to RT-PCR and qRT-PCR assays. Additionally, actinomycin D-treatment showed that the tvcp39 mRNA half-life decreased in the absence of putrescine. However, this reduction was restored by exogenous putrescine addition, suggesting that putrescine is necessary for tvcp39 mRNA stability. TvCP39 was localized in the cytoplasm but, in DAB treated parasites transferred into exogenous putrescine culture media, TvCP39 was re-localized to the nucleus and nuclear periphery of trichomonads. Interestingly, the amount and proteolytic activity of TvCP39 was recovered as well as the tvcp39 mRNA levels were restored when putrescine exogenous was added to the DAB-treated parasites. In conclusion, our data show that putrescine regulate the TvCP39 expression, protein amount, proteolytic activity, and cellular localization.

In higher eukaryotes, mRNA degradation and RNA-based gene silencing occur in cytoplasmic foci referred to as processing bodies (P-bodies). In protozoan parasites, the presence of P-bodies and their putative role in mRNA decay have yet to be comprehensively addressed. Identification of P-bodies might provide information on how mRNA degradation machineries evolved in lower eukaryotes. Here, we used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy assays to investigate the cellular localization of mRNA degradation proteins in the human intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica and found evidence of the existence of P-bodies. Two mRNA decay factors, namely the EhXRN2 exoribonuclease and the EhDCP2 decapping enzyme, were localized in cytoplasmic foci in a pattern resembling P-body organization. Given that amoebic foci appear to be smaller and less rounded than those described in higher eukaryotes, we have named them "P-body-like structures". These foci contain additional mRNA degradation factors, including the EhCAF1 deadenylase and the EhAGO2-2 protein involved in RNA interference. Biochemical analysis revealed that EhCAF1 co-immunoprecipitated with EhXRN2 but not with EhDCP2 or EhAGO2-2, thus linking deadenylation to 5'-to-3' mRNA decay. The number of EhCAF1-containing foci significantly decreased after inhibition of transcription and translation with actinomycin D and cycloheximide, respectively. Furthermore, results of RNA-FISH assays showed that (i) EhCAF1 colocalized with poly(A)(+) RNA and (ii) during silencing of the Ehpc4 gene by RNA interference, EhAGO2-2 colocalized with small interfering RNAs in cytoplasmic foci. Our observation of decapping, deadenylation and RNA interference proteins within P-body-like foci suggests that these structures have been conserved after originating in the early evolution of eukaryotic lineages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the localization of mRNA decay proteins within P-body-like structures in E. histolytica. Our findings should open up opportunities for deciphering the mechanisms of mRNA degradation and RNA-based gene silencing in this deep-branching eukaryote.

En el siguiente documento, se recopila información sobre cada uno de los temas que conciernen al diseño, instalación y puesta a punto de los diferentes elementos que intervienen en una arquitectura GRID. Se describe el proceso de diseño e implementación de una arquitectura GRID de recursos, se plantean las posibles fases que se deben llevar a cabo así como las actividades a desarrollar en cada una de ellas. Se describe de forma detallada cada una de las pruebas y conexiones ejecutadas sobre el sistema GRID de la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga y sus resultados.

En el siguiente artículo se describen los conceptos, herramientas y tecnologías aplicadas en un proyecto de investigación, para permitir la integración de aspectos Web 2.0 y componentes, específicamente en una herramienta tipo Wiki, en el sistema LMS(LearningManagment System) G-knowledge Learning Tools de la compañía Maat. Para realizar el estudio del estado del arte de las herramientas tipoWeb 2.0 se revisaron productos de tipo libre comoMoodle y Sakai.

La Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNAB y los miembros del comité editorial de la Revista Colombiana de Computación, tienen el placer de presentar a la comunidad científica esta nueva edición, la cual se constituye en un importante aporte al capital intelectual de Colombia y de la comunidad internacional. Así mismo presentamos un reconocimiento a los autores, evaluadores y personal de apoyo administrativo por su importante aporte.

Mediante la búsqueda de rastros se estudió la relación entre la presencia del jaguar y la de mamíferos medianos y grandes que son sus presas potenciales en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste. El área de estudio fue dividida en 34 cuadrículas de 1 km2 donde se registró cada pista de rastros de mamíferos grandes (>12kg), mamíferos medianos (1,5 – 12 kg) y presencia (1) – ausencia (0) para jaguar. Para cada categoría fue calculado un índice de abundancia relativa y un índice de riqueza en cada cuadrícula que fueron analizados mediante modelos lineales generalizados. Se detectaron 16 especies de mamíferos silvestres y se registró la presencia de jaguar en ocho ocasiones. Nuestros resultados indican que la presencia del felino aumenta entre mayor sea la abundancia relativa para mamíferos grandes. Entre éstos se destacan la danta (Tapirus bairdii) y el chancho de monte (Tayassu pecari) reportados en nuestro estudio y cuyas poblaciones están en peligro de desaparecer.

Se estimó la población de jaguares del Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), al noroeste de Costa Rica, mediante el uso de cámaras trampa. Se aplicó el método de captura-recaptura para obtener la abundancia y se calculó la densidad según el área efectiva de muestreo. Para el Sector San Cristóbal el área efectiva de muestreo fue 164,81 km2. La abundancia se estimó en 9,50 ± 7,7 jaguares y la densidad fue 0,057 ± 0,046 ind/km2. El área efectiva de muestreo para los parques nacionales Santa Rosa y Guanacaste fue 103,92 km2. La abundancia encontrada fue 3,00 ± 2,46 jaguares para una densidad de 0,028 ± 0,023 ind/km2. Los resultados resaltan que aún no es posible estimar el número total de jaguares por encontrarse valores tan diferentes entre los dos sectores muestreados. Con base en este estudio se rediseñó una Unidad de Conservación del Jaguar (UCJ) propuesta por expertos para el noroeste de Costa Rica, ya que la cordillera de Guanacaste probablemente presenta una alta densidad de jaguares.

La Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB) tiene el placer de presentar a la comunidad científica esta nueva edición de la Revista Colombiana de Computación, la cual se constituye en un importante aporte al capital intelectual de colombia y de la comunidad internacional. Así mismo presentamos un reconocimiento a los autores, evaluadores y personal de apoyo administrativo por su importante aporte.

En la actualidad los glaciares venezolanos se restringen a la existencia de casquetes de hielo en las laderas noroeste de los picos Humboldt-Bonpland y Bolívar en la Sierra Nevada de Mérida. Pocos estudios se han realizado sobre ellos; por tanto, numerosos parámetros glaciológicos permanecen desconocidos. Para 1952 se calculó un total de 3 km2 de cobertura glaciar en la Sierra Nevada pero la evolución de su extensión para 2008, su tasa de retroceso, así como la respuesta ante variaciones climáticas ha sido muy poco comprendida. El presente trabajo presenta los primeros resultados parciales sobre las observaciones satelitales hechas en el glaciar Sinigüis, el más grande de la región, ubicado en los picos Humboldt-Bonpland. El área de cobertura calculada para enero de 2008, a través del método DNSI de análisis multiespectral de imágenes SPOT-5, fue 0,33 km2 Los resultados obtenidos señalan que desde 1952 el glaciar ha perdido un área de 1,7 km2 a una tasa de retroceso de 30,3 miaño, que corresponde a una pérdida de 83,74% de su cobertura. De mantenerse esta tendencia, los glaciares de los Andes venezolanos podrían desaparecer en su totalidad en los próximos diez años.

En este volumen se han seleccionado artículos del Segundo Congreso Colombiano de Computación, así como trabajos enviados por otros autores

Tenemos la satisfacción de presentar a la comunidad académica el ultimo numero del año 2006 de la Revista Colombiana de Computación. Continuamos recibiendo artículos de diferentes países del mundo, de gran calidad, como los que se publican en este número.

Nowadays there are vocabularies or languages that describe concepts and structures of data related to traffic, but the description is just syntactic, not semantic. No vocabularies or ontologies with semantic value that give significance to concepts and their relations were found (at least up to where the search and bibliographic revision of this work took us) which we could have taken as a starting point for our research so this emptiness was covered by its own construction. Keywords: Semantic Web, Ontologies, Road Trafffic Information , Semantic language, Multilingual

Presentamos a la comunidad académica este nuevo volumen de la Revista Colombiana de Computación para el cual se han seleccionado los artículos mejor evaluados en el Congreso EATIS 2006 (Congreso Euroamericano de Telemática y Sistemas de Información), el cuál se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia, del 7 al 10 de febrero de 2006 y que contó con el respaldo de las asociaciones IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, ACM y Sociedad Brasilera de Computación.

Presentamos a la comunidad académica este nuevo volumen de la Revista Colombiana de Computación para el cual se han seleccionado los artículos mejor evaluados en el Congreso EATIS 2006 (Congreso Euroamericano de Telemática y Sistemas de Información), el cuál se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia, del 7 al 10 de febrero de 2006 y que contó con el respaldo de las asociaciones IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, ACM y Sociedad Brasilera de Computación.

Este artículo describe las principales características de un algoritmo de emparejamiento de Servicios Web Semánticos . El algoritmo aprovecha al máximo las capacidades proporcionadas por la ontología de descripción de servicios y constituye una mejora en relación con propuestas existentes. Además se describen los principales componentes relacionados con el proceso de implementación. El sistema desarrollado interactúa con ontologías de descripciones de conceptos desarrolladas en DAML+OIL y descripciones de servicios en DAML-S, usando como repositorio/razonador el sistema Sesame+BOR. Finalmente, se describe la implementación de comparaciones entre parámetros de perfiles de servicio mediante consultas realizadas a la base de conocimiento. Palabras claves: Web Semántica, Servicios Web, Servicios Web Semánticos, Emparejamiento