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1. The Recent Relationships Between Andean Ice-Core Dust Record and Madeira River Suspended Sediments on the Wet Season

Author

Rafael S. dos Reis, Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Barbara Delmonte, Edson Ramirez, Norberto Dani, Paul A. Mayewski, and Jefferson C. Simões

Subjects
ice-core, quelccaya, dust, andes, Amazon, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Dust particle studies in ice cores from the tropical Andes provide important information about climate dynamics. We investigated dust concentrations from a 22.7 m ice-core recovered from the Quelccaya Ice Cap (QIC) in 2018, representing 14 years of snow accumulation. The dust seasonality signal was still preserved with homogenization of the record due to surface melting and percolation. Using a microparticle counter, we measured the dust concentration from 2 to 60 µm and divided the annual dust concentration into three distinct groups: fine particle percentage (FPP, 2–10 µm), coarse particle percentage (CPP, 10–20 μm), and giant particle percentage (GPP, 20–60 μm). Increased dust was associated with the warm stage of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO) after 2013 with significant increases in FPP and a relative decrease in CPP and GPP. There was a positive correlation between PDO and FPP (r = 0.70, p-value < 0.005). CPP and GPP were dominant during the mainly PDO cold phase (2003–2012). The FPP increase record occurs during the positive phase of PDO and snow accumulation decrease. We also revealed a potential link between QIC record and Madeira River during the wet season through two relationships: between QIC snow accumulation and runoff during transitional season, QIC dust, and suspended sediments during high-water discharge. The snow accumulation (during September-November) and runoff (during November-January) relationship present similar variability using a time-lag (60 days) while total dust and FPP group are associated with average suspended sediments concentration during February-April. Assessing dust record variability by distinct size groups can help to improve our knowledge of how the Pacific ocean influence dust record in the QIC. In addition, the association of snow accumulation and dust variability with dynamic changes in suspended sediments load and runoff in the Madeira River system demonstrates the potential for future investigation of linkages between QIC record and Amazon basin rivers.

Published
2022
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2. Modelos Hidroglaciológicos

Author

Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Edson Ramirez, and Jorge Arigony Neto

Subjects
Glaciologia, Hidrologia glacial, Human ecology. Anthropogeography, GF1-900, Physical geography, GB3-5030, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract

Este estudo é uma breve revisão conceitual sobre o desenvolvimento e uso de modelos hidroglaciológicos para alta montanha. Esses modelos cada vez mais levam em consideração os processos físicos (e.g., balanços de energia e massa), além de acoplar a distribuição espacial dos seus componentes usando técnicas de geoprocessamento. Porém, é importante ressaltar que modelos conceituais antigos (e.g., NWSRF) apresentam desempenho similar aos modelos atuais, com exceção de áreas com topografia complexa, onde a variação da radiação é importante, dependendo da declividade, orientação e recobrimento de sombras.

Published
2012
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3. ALGORÃTMO PARA O MAPEAMENTO DE GELEIRAS A PARTIR DE DADOS DE SENSORES REMOTOS

Author

Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Edson Ramirez, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Jorge Arigony Neto, and Cláudio Wilson Mendes Júnior

Subjects
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Cartography, GA101-1776
Abstract

O monitoramento da posição das frentes das geleiras por análises automáticas de dados de sensores satelitais normalmente resulta em subestimação das línguas das geleiras. Razões de banda (e.g., infravermelho próximo para o infravermelho médio) e diferenças normalizadas das bandas (e.g., normalized difference snow index e normalized digital vegetation index) não são capazes de identificar áreas de geleiras cobertas de sedimentos. Nós desenvolvemos um algoritmo semiautomático para a delimitação do setor frontal de geleiras de montanha andinas usando dados do China-Brazil Earth-Resources Satellite (CBERS-2) e do Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Esse algoritmo apresenta uma precisão horizontal de ±73 m na obtenção de dados para inventários de geleiras. As investigações das variações das frentes das geleiras de montanha aplicando nossa metodologia devem ficar restritas as médias de retração para períodos longos (de dez em dez anos).

Published
2014

4. Relationships between Andean Glacier Ice-Core Dust Records and Amazon Basin Riverine Sediments

Author

Paul Andrew Mayewski, Barbara Delmonte, Rafael Souza dos Reis, Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Norberto Dani, Edson Ramirez, and Jefferson Cardia Simões

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Homogenization (climate), Glacier, Seasonality, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease, Snow, Ice core, medicine, Environmental science, Particle, Stage (hydrology), Amazon basin
Abstract

Dust particle studies in ice cores from the tropical Andes provide important information about climate dynamics. We investigated dust concentrations from a 22.7 m ice-core recovered from the Quelccaya Ice Cap (QIC) in 2018, representing 12 years of snow accumulation. The dust seasonality signal was still preserved with some homogenization of the record due to surface melting and percolation. Using a microparticle counter, we measured the dust concentration from 2–60 µm and divided the annual dust concentration into three distinct groups: fine particle percentage (FPP, 2–10 µm), coarse particle percentage (CPP, 10–20 μm) and giant particle percentage (GPP, 20–60 μm). Increased dust was associated with the warm stage of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO) from 2014–2017 with significant increases in FPP and a relative decrease in GPP. There was a positive correlation between PDO and FPP (r = 0.68, p-value&thinsp

Published
2021

6. Dust record in an ice core from tropical Andes (Nevado Illimani – Bolivia), potential for climate variability analyses in the Amazon basin

Author

Giovanni Baccolo, Edson Ramirez, Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Stanislav Kutuzov, Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau, Barbara Delmonte, Patrick Ginot, and Valter Maggi

Subjects
010506 paleontology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Moisture, Glacier, Moisture advection, 01 natural sciences, Freezing level, Water resources, Deposition (aerosol physics), Ice core, Physical geography, Glacial period, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms controlling glacial retreat in the tropical Andes can strengthen future predictions of ice cover in the region. As glaciers are a dominant freshwater source in these regions, accurate ice cover predictions are necessary for developing effective strategies to protect future water resources. In this study, we investigated a 97-year dust record from two Nevado Illimani ice cores to determine the dominant factors controlling particle concentration and size distribution. In addition, we measured the area of a Nevado Illimani glacier (glacier n°8) using aerial photographs from 1956 and 2009. We identified two dustier periods during the 20th century (1930s–1940s and 1980s–2016), which were linked to reduced moisture transport from the Amazon basin. This promoted an unprecedented increase in the percentage of coarse dust particles (CPPn, ∅ > 10 μm) during the 1990s, as drier local conditions favored the emission and deposition of coarse particles on the glacier. Moisture advection from the Amazon basin to Nevado Illimani was influenced by tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (TNA), which was supported by the correlation between TNA and CPPn (r = 0.52). Furthermore, glacial retreat has been accelerating since the 1980s, and a notable relationship between CPPn and the freezing level height (FLH, r = 0.41) was observed. This suggests that higher FLHs promote glacial retreat, which exposes fresh glacial sediments and facilitates the transport of coarse dust particles to the Nevado Illimani summit. Therefore, both the area of glacier n°8 and the ice core record of coarse dust particles were found to respond to climate variability—particularly to the warmer conditions across the southern tropical Andes and drier conditions over the Amazon basin.

Published
2020

8. Accumulation rate in a tropical Andean glacier as a proxy for northern Amazon precipitation

Author

Jean-Denis Taupin, Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Edson Ramirez, Elias Simão Assayag, Norberto Dani, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidade Federal de Manaus

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Amazon rainforest, Amazonian, Multivariate ENSO index, Glacier, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, La Niña, Ice core, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Precipitation, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Geology, Pacific decadal oscillation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Andean tropical glaciers have shown a clear shrinkage throughout the last few decades. However, it is unclear how this general retreat is associated with variations in rainfall patterns in the Amazon basin. To investigate this question, we compared the annual net accumulation variations in the Bolivian Cordillera Real (Andes), which is derived from an ice core from the Nevado Illimani (16° 37′ S, 67° 46′ W), covering the period 1960–1999 using the Amazonian Rainfall Index, Northern Atlantic Index (TNA), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The accumulation rate at the Nevado Illimani ice core decreased by almost 25% after 1980, from 1.02 w.eq. a−1 (water equivalent per year) in the 1961–1981 period to 0.76 w.eq. a−1 in the 1981–1999 period. The Northern Amazonian Rainfall (NAR) index best reflects changes in accumulation rates in the Bolivian ice core. Our proposal is based on two observations: (1) This area shows reduced rainfall associated with a more frequent and intense El Niño (during the positive phase of the MEI). The opposite (more rain) is true during La Niña phases. (2) Comparisons of the ice core record and NAR, PDO, and MEI indexes showed similar trends for the early 1980s, represented by a decrease in the accumulation rates and its standard deviations, probably indicating the same causality. The general changes observed by early 1980s coincided with the beginning of a PDO warm phase. This was followed by an increase in the Amazonian and tropical Andean precipitation from 1999, coinciding with a new PDO phase. However, this increase did not result in an expansion of the Zongo Glacier area.

Published
2018

9. 46 years of environmental records from the Nevado Illimani glacier group, Bolivia, using digital photogrammetry

Author

Jefferson Cardia Simões, Abraham Machaca, Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, and Edson Ramirez

Subjects
010506 paleontology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, % area reduction, Glacier, 01 natural sciences, Digital photogrammetry, Ice core, Period (geology), Physical geography, Geomorphology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

This study determines variations in ice extent of Nevado Illimani, Bolivia (16°38' S, 67°44' W), from 1963 to 2009. The results are compared with net accumulation rate variations obtained from a local ice core. We then propose an interpretation of the recent environmental history (last 46 years) of the region based on a study of remotely sensed and ice-core data. From 1963 to 2009, Nevado Illimani lost a total ice area of 9.49 ±1.09 km2, a 35% reduction. Area variations generally followed variations in net accumulation rates during this period. Despite the current glacier area reduction trend, the Nevado Illimani glaciers will not completely disappear in the next few decades.

Published
2013

10. Mudanças Investigadas nas Massas de Gelo dos Andes Tropicais

Author

Edson Ramirez, Norberto Dani, Jorge Arigony Neto, Jefferson Cardia Simões, and Rafael Hengen Ribeiro

Subjects
Tropical glaciers, Geleiras tropicais, Mudanças climáticas, Climate change, Sensoriamento remoto, Remote sensing, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Geology, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Este estudo avaliou por técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, a cobertura de gelo nos Andes Bolianos em uma área piloto(cordilheira Três Cruces, localizada entre 67º22’—67º32’W e 16º47’—16º09’S). Foram examinadas as antigas posições frontais de algumas geleiras dessa cordilheira, pela análise de imagens satelitais, dados cartográficos, e pelo cálculo de mudança na espessura do gelo (diferenças de volume e elevação). O monitoramento foi efetuado entre os anos de 1975 e 2004 (29 anos) nas geleiras: Jankho Loma, San Enrique, Laramkkota, Malla Chuma, Campanani, Jacha Pacuni e c5250. No geral, a partir de 1975, as frentes das geleiras diminuíram em todas as direções, as retrações máximas e mínimas das frentes de gelo foram de 437 m (Laramkkota) e 181 m (San Enrique). O recuo médio das sete geleiras estudadas foi de aproximadamente 12m a-1. Nas áreas cobertas por gelo na cordilheira, em média, ocorreu uma redução de 18% em 29 anos, ou seja, aproximadamente - 0,009 km2 a-1. Neste período a geleira c5250 foi a que teve a maior perda relativa (cerca de 50% de sua área). Por outro lado, a geleira Campanani, de maior superfície, foi a que perdeu proporcionalmente menor área (6% do total). A análise dos modelos digitais de elevação indicou redução geral no volume de gelo durante o período, apresentando uma perda média de aproximadamente 1,55 m equivalente água a-1. A retração das massas glaciais da cordilheira Tres Cruces é consistente com o aquecimento atmosférico regional e com a redução generalizada das geleiras nos Trópicos. Using remote sensing techniques, this study surveyed a pilot area of the Bolivian Andes ice cover, located at the Tres Cruces Cordillera (67º22’—67º32’W e 16º47’—16º09’S). Analyses of satellite imagery, cartographic data and estimates of ice thickness changes (differences in volume and elevation) have provided information on past front positions of some glaciers in this cordillera. Monitoring was carried out from 1975 to 2004 (29 years) for the following glaciers: Jankho Loma, San Enrique, Laramkkota, Malla Chuma, Campanani, Jacha Pacuni and c5250, including a total ice covered area of 13.7 km2. Generally, from 1975 onwards, glacier fronts receded. Maximum and minimum ice front retreats were 437 m (Laramkkota) and 181 m (San Enrique). The mean retreat for the 7 studied glaciers was approximately 12 m a-1. On average, these glaciers lost 18% of their total areas over 29 years (i.e., a loss of approximately of 0.009 km2a-1). During this period, the c5250 glacier (0.48km2 in 1975) had the greatest relative loss (about 50% of its total area). On the other hand, the Campanani glacier, the largest one (4.26 km2 in 1975), lost the smallest proportional area (6% of its total area). The snow line in 2004, determined at a 5,300 m altitude, was used to calculate the proportion between the accumulation and total areas in each glacier. All studied glaciers in 2004 had an accumulation area proportionally greater than 60%. Analyses of the elevation digital models (EDMs) point to a general reduction of the ice volume during the period, on average 1.55 m water equivalent a-1. The retreat of ice masses in Tres Cruces Cordillera is concomitant to regional atmospheric warming and to the general reduction of glaciers in the Tropics.

Published
2010

11. A new Andean deep ice core from Nevado Illimani (6350 m), Bolivia

Author

Amaelle Landais, Nicolas Caillon, Edson Ramirez, Bernard Francou, Michel Stievenard, Jean-Denis Taupin, Pierre Ribstein, Jefferson Cardia Simões, J. R. Petit, Bernard Pouyaud, George R. Hoffmann, Francisco A. Ferron, Ulrich Schotterer, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
GLACIOLOGIE, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, DATATION, Ice core, Geochemistry and Petrology, HOLOCENE, ETUDE COMPARATIVE, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), ANALYSE ISOTOPIQUE, Glacial period, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, TEMPERATURE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 15. Life on land, America north, Geophysics, PALEOCLIMAT, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, PRECIPITATION, CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, Climatology, GLACIER, Period (geology), Geology
Abstract

A new ice core record from the Nevado Illimani (16°S), Bolivia, covers approximately the last 18 000 years BP. A comparison with two published ice records, from Sajama (18°S), Bolivia [Thompson et al., Science 282 (1998) 1858-1864] and Huascarán (9°S), Peru [Thompson et al., Science 269 (1996) 46-50], documents a regionally coherent transition from glacial to modern climate conditions in South America north of 20°S. The strong resemblance between the Illimani and Huascarán water isotope records and their differences from the Sajama record, in particular during the period from 9000 years BP to 14 000 years BP, suggest that local water recycling or local circulation changes played a major role for Sajama. We interpret the common Illimani/Huascarán water isotope history in terms of a common change from wetter/cooler conditions during glacial times to drier/warmer conditions in the Early Holocene. A 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. (résumé d'auteur)

Published
2003

12. Small glaciers disappearing in the tropical Andes: a case-study in Bolivia: Glaciar Chacaltaya (16o S)

Author

Edson Ramirez, Roger Guérin, Bernard Pouyaud, Marc Descloitres, Ekkehard Jordan, Bernard Francou, Robert Gallaire, Pierre Ribstein, and J. Mendoza

Subjects
010506 paleontology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Extinction, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tidewater glacier cycle, Glacier, Cirque glacier, Glacier morphology, 01 natural sciences, Glacier mass balance, Altitude, Physical geography, Surge, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Glaciar Chacaltaya is an easily accessible glacier located close to La Paz, Bolivia. Since 1991, information has been collected about the evolution of this glacier since the Little Ice Age, with a focus on the last six decades. The data considered in this study are monthly mass-balance measurements, yearly mappings of the surface topography and a map of the glacier bed given by ground-penetrating radar survey. A drastic shrinkage of ice has been observed since the early 1980s, with a mean deficit about 1 m a−1 w.e. From 1992 to 1998, the glacier lost 40% of its average thickness and two-thirds of its total volume, and the surface area was reduced by >40%. With a mean estimated equilibrium-line altitude lying above its upper reach, the glacier has been continuously exposed to a dominant ablation on the whole surface area. If the recent climatic conditions continue, a complete extinction of this glacier in the next 15 years can be expected. Glaciar Chacaltaya is representative of the glaciers of the Bolivian eastern cordilleras, 80% of which are small glaciers (2). A probable extinction of these glaciers in the near future could seriously affect the hydrological regime and the water resources of the high-elevation basins.

Published
2001

14. Détermination de l'épaisseur des glaciers de Sarenne (Alpes) et de Chacaltaya (Bolivie) par prospection radar au sol à 50 MHz

Author

Marc Descloitres, Roger Guérin, Robert Gallairet, François Valla, Pierre Ribstein, and Edson Ramirez

Subjects
FREQUENCE, METHODE D'ANALYSE, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Liquid water, Bedrock, Glacier, RADAR, PROSPECTION, Ice thickness, EVALUATION, Temperate glacier, GLACIER, Geophysical survey, Ground-penetrating radar, Reflection (physics), Physical geography, Geomorphology, ONDE, Geology, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Geophysical surveys were conducted on the temperate glaciers of Sarenne (Alps) and Chacaltaya (Bolivia) using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) at medium frequency range (50 MHz), in order to evaluate the ice thickness. The results clearly show the reflection at the top of the bedrock at depths over 40 meters for Sarenne. For Chacaltaya, the ice thickness reaches 16 meters only. However, if intermediate reflectors are present, they can attenuate or even overshadow the deep reflection on the bedrock. These reflectors are attributed to some blocks of rock, crevasses or liquid water. Except for these restrictions, these surveys confirm the interest of GPR at 50 MHz to detect quickly and accurately the bedrock topography for this type of temperate glacier when the thickness remains low. (Résumé d'auteur)

Published
1999

15. Algorithmfor Mapping Glacier from Remate Sensors Data

Author

Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Edson Ramirez, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Jorge Arigony Neto, and Cláudio Wilson Mendes Júnior

Subjects
Remote Sensing, CBERS, Geography, Planning and Development, Glaciologia, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Sensoriamento remoto, Computers in Earth Sciences, Geleiras, Glaciers, Earth-Surface Processes, Geleira
Abstract

O monitoramento da posição das fi·entes das geleiras por análises automáticas de dados de sensores satelitais normalmente resulta em subestimação das línguas das geleiras. Razões de banda (e.g., infravermelho próximo para o infi·avetmelho médio) e diferenças notmalizadas das bandas (e.g., normaiized difference snow inde.x e normaiized digitai vegetation inde.x) não são capazes de identificar áreas de geleiras cobertas de sedimentos. Nós desenvolvemos um algoritmo semiautomático para a delimitação do setor frontal de geleiras de montanha andinas usando dados do China.-BrazilEarth-Resources Satellite (CBERS-2) e do Shuttle Radar Topography MISSion (SRTM). Esse algoritmo apresenta uma precisão horizontal de ±73 m na obtenção de dados para inventários de geleiras. As investigações das variações das fi·entes das geleiras de montanha aplicando nossa metodologia devem ficar restritas as médias de retração para períodos longos (de dez em dez anos). Monitoring o f glacier front positions by automatic analysis of satellite sensors data usually results in underestimation of glacier tongues. Band ratios (e.g., near infrared to middle in:fi·ared) and notmalized bands differences (e.g., normaiized dilference snow indexe normalized digitai vegetation inde.x) are not able to identifY debris-covered areas of glaciers. We developed a semi-automatic algorithm for delimiting fi·ontal boundaries o f Andean mountain glaciers using China -Brazil Earth-Resources Satellite and Shuttle Radar Topography MISsion data. This algorithm has a ±73 m horizontal precision for glacier surveys. Investigations on mountain glaciers front variations using our methodology should be restricted to longterm ( decanal) retreat averages.

Published
2013

16. Current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change

Author

Rubén Basantes, Antoine Rabatel, Bernard Francou, J. Gomez, Edson Ramirez, G. Consoli, M. Scheel, Alvaro Soruco, Jorge Luis Ceballos, J. Mendoza, Remigio Galarraga, Pierre Ribstein, B. Caceres, Marcos Villacís, L. Maisincho, Mathias Vuille, Christian Huggel, Vincent Jomelli, Martin Ménégoz, Yves Arnaud, Patrick Wagnon, Wilson Suarez, Yves Lejeune, Manuel Collet, Jean-Emmanuel Sicart, Patrick Ginot, Vincent Favier, Thomas Condom, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHYC, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), ANA, UGRH, INAMHI (INAMHI), Ministerio de Minas y Energia, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales ? IDEAM, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Albany] (DAES), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), CLIPS, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SENAMHI, French IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement) through the Andean part of the French glaciers observatory service: GLACIOCLIM, French IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement) through the JEAI-IMAGE, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia del Peru, Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation, US-NSF, US State Department, CARE, CNES/SPOT-Image ISIS program [503], CNRS-INSU, [SENESCYT-EPN-PIC-08-506], Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN), World Bank, Inter-American Institute, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), aucun, IGEMA, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Unité de Recherche Great Ice, Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group, Department of geography, Synchrotron SOLEIL, Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Université de Rennes 1 - Faculté de Médecine (UR1 Médecine), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre [2011-2015] (ISTerre [2011-2015]), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Meteorología en Hidrología, inconnu, Inconnu, Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL QUITO ECU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of Zurich, Rabatel, A, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de géographie physique (LGP), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), UMSA, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Météo France, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, 1904 Earth-Surface Processes, Climate change, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.10 [https], Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Tropósfera, Precipitación, Glacier mass balance, Conservación de glaciares, 2312 Water Science and Technology, Glaciares, Cambio climático, Precipitation, Surge, 910 Geography & travel, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Monitoreo de lagunas y glaciares, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:GE1-350, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Accumulation zone, Glacier, Earth, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, lcsh:Geology, Climatología, 10122 Institute of Geography, Surface Processes, 13. Climate action, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.11 [https], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Period (geology), Geology
Abstract

Original abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide the community with a comprehensive overview of the studies of glaciers in the tropical Andes conducted in recent decades leading to the current status of the glaciers in the context of climate change. In terms of changes in surface area and length, we show that the glacier retreat in the tropical Andes over the last three decades is unprecedented since the maximum extension of the Little Ice Age (LIA, mid-17th–early 18th century). In terms of changes in mass balance, although there have been some sporadic gains on several glaciers, we show that the trend has been quite negative over the past 50 yr, with a mean mass balance deficit for glaciers in the tropical Andes that is slightly more negative than the one computed on a global scale. A break point in the trend appeared in the late 1970s with mean annual mass balance per year decreasing from -0.2 m w.e. in the period 1964–1975 to -0.76 m w.e. in the period 1976–2010. In addition, even if glaciers are currently retreating everywhere in the tropical Andes, it should be noted that this is much more pronounced on small glaciers at low altitudes that do not have a permanent accumulation zone, and which could disappear in the coming years/decades. Monthly mass balance measurements performed in Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia show that variability of the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean is the main factor governing variability of the mass balance at the decadal timescale. Precipitation did not display a significant trend in the tropical Andes in the 20th century, and consequently cannot explain the glacier recession. On the other hand, temperature increased at a significant rate of 0.10 °C decade-1 in the last 70 yr. The higher frequency of El Niño events and changes in its spatial and temporal occurrence since the late 1970s together with a warming troposphere over the tropical Andes may thus explain much of the recent dramatic shrinkage of glaciers in this part of the world. Artículo en acceso abierto Proporciona un panorama completo de los estudios de glaciares en los Andes tropicales realizados en las últimas décadas que conduzcan al estado de los glaciares en el contexto del cambio climático. En cuanto a los cambios en la superficie y la longitud, muestra que el retroceso del glaciar en los Andes tropicales en las últimas tres décadas no tiene precedentes desde la extensión máxima de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo (LIA, mediados del siglo XVII a principios del siglo XVIII). Respecto a los cambios en el balance de masas, muestra que la tendencia ha sido negativa en los últimos 50 años.

Published
2013

17. Review article of the current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change

Author

G. Consoli, Alvaro Soruco, Jorge Luis Ceballos, Wilson Suarez, Vincent Jomelli, J. Mendoza, L. Maisincho, Christian Huggel, Thomas Condom, B. Francou, Vincent Favier, Rubén Basantes, Antoine Rabatel, Yves Arnaud, M. Scheel, Mathias Vuille, Marcos Villacís, B. Caceres, J. Gomez, Patrick Ginot, Pierre Ribstein, Remigio Galarraga, Yves Lejeune, Edson Ramirez, Martin Ménégoz, Patrick Wagnon, Manuel Collet, Jean-Emmanuel Sicart, and University of Zurich

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Accumulation zone, Climate change, Glacier, Context (language use), Troposphere, Glacier mass balance, 10122 Institute of Geography, Climatology, Period (geology), Physical geography, Precipitation, 910 Geography & travel
Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide the community with a comprehensive overview of the studies of glaciers in the tropical Andes conducted in recent decades leading to the current status of the glaciers in the context of climate change. In terms of changes in surface area and length, we show that the glacier retreat in the tropical Andes over the last three decades is unprecedented since the maximum extension of the LIA (mid 17th–early 18th century). In terms of changes in mass balance, although there have been some sporadic gains on several glaciers, we show that the trend has been quite negative over the past 50 yr, with a mean mass balance deficit for glaciers in the tropical Andes that is slightly more negative than the computed global average. A break point in the trend appeared in the late 1970s with mean annual mass balance per year decreasing from −0.2 m w.e. in the period 1964–1975 to −0.76 m w.e. in the period 1976–2010. In addition, even if glaciers are currently retreating everywhere in the tropical Andes, it should be noted that as a percentage, this is much more pronounced on small glaciers at low altitudes that do not have a permanent accumulation zone, and which could disappear in the coming years/decades. Monthly mass balance measurements performed in Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia showed that variability of the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean is the main factor governing variability of the mass balance variability at the interannual to decadal time scale. Precipitation did not display a significant trend in the tropical Andes in the 20th century, and consequently cannot explain the glacier recession. On the other hand, temperature increased at a significant rate of 0.10 °C decade−1 in the last 70 yr. The higher frequency of El Niño events and changes in its spatial and temporal occurrence since the late 1970s together with a warming troposphere over the tropical Andes may thus explain much of the recent dramatic shrinkage of glaciers in this part of the world.

Published
2012

18. Analysis of seasonal variations in mass balance and meltwater discharge of the tropical Zongo Glacier by application of a distributed energy balance model

Author

Edson Ramirez, Regine Hock, Jean Emmanuel Sicart, Maxime Litt, Pierre Ribstein, Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks], University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IHH, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), ORE network Glacioclim, CHYC, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMSA, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris

Subjects
Wet season, Atmospheric Science, glacier, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Energy balance, Soil Science, Andes, 02 engineering and technology, Aquatic Science, snow, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, tropics, Atmosphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Dry season, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, 020701 environmental engineering, Meltwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Glacier, Albedo, Snow, energy balance, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, melt modeling
Abstract

International audience; A distributed energy balance model was applied to Zongo Glacier, Bolivia (16°S, 6000-4900 m above sea level, 2.4 km2), to investigate atmospheric forcing that controls seasonal variations in the mass balance and in meltwater discharge of glaciers in the outer tropics. Surface energy fluxes and melt rates were simulated for each 20 × 20 m2 grid cell at an hourly resolution, for the hydrological year 1999-2000, using meteorological measurements in the ablation area. Model outputs were compared to measurements of meltwater discharge, snow cover extent, and albedo at two weather stations set up on the glacier. Changes in melt rate in three distinct seasons were related to snowfall and cloud radiative properties. During the dry season (May to August), the low melt rate was mainly caused by low long-wave emission of the cloudless thin atmosphere found at these high altitudes. From September to December, meltwater discharge increased to its annual maximum caused by an increase in solar radiation, which was close to its summer peak, as well as a decrease in glacier albedo. From January on, melt was reduced by snowfalls in the core wet season via the albedo effect but was maintained thanks to high long-wave emission from convective clouds. The frequent changes in snow cover throughout the long ablation season lead to large vertical mass balance gradients. Annual mass balance depends on the timing and length of the wet season, which interrupts the period of highest melt rates caused by solar radiation.

Published
2011

19. Hydro-glaciological models

Author

Rafael da Rocha Ribeiro, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Edson Ramirez, and Jorge Arigony Neto

Subjects
Hidrologia glacial, Glacier hydrology, Glaciology, Glaciologia, lcsh:G1-922, lcsh:Human ecology. Anthropogeography, lcsh:GF1-900, lcsh:GB3-5030, lcsh:Physical geography, lcsh:Geography (General)
Abstract

Este estudo é uma breve revisão conceitual sobre o desenvolvimento e uso de modelos hidroglaciológicos para alta montanha. Esses modelos cada vez mais levam em consideração os processos físicos (e.g., balanços de energia e massa), além de acoplar a distribuição espacial dos seus componentes usando técnicas de geoprocessamento. Porém, é importante ressaltar que modelos conceituais antigos (e.g., NWSRF) apresentam desempenho similar aos modelos atuais, com exceção de áreas com topografia complexa, onde a variação da radiação é importante, dependendo da declividade, orientação e recobrimento de sombras. This is a brief conceptual review on the development and use of hydro-glaciological models for high mountains. These models have increasingly included routines that taken in consideration physical process (e.g., energy and mass balances), and also coupling the spatial distribution of their components using geoprocessing techniques. However, it is important to notice that well established conceptual models (e.g., NWSRF) show results as good as the recent ones, excepting in areas of complex topography, where radiation variations are important, depending on the slope, orientation and shadow overlapping.

Published
2011

20. Glaciares, nieves y hielos de América Latina. Cambio climático y amenazas

Author

Bernard Francou, Jair Ramírez Cadena, Eduardo Tobón, Arturo Peñafiel, Blanca A. Botero Hernández, Joaquín Valderrama, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Adriana Agudelo, Félix Ignacio Meneses Arias, Edson Ramirez, Alvaro Soruco, Alma Jimena Casas, Cristian Camilo Santacoloma, Jaime Raigosa, Fernando Mejía Fernández, Javier González, Carlos A. Vargas, J. Gomez, Elkin Porfirio González Martínez, Carlos Eduardo Cardona, Fabio Vélez, Eduardo Carrillo, Alejo Cochachin Rapre, Alejandro Llinás Tamayo, Diana Blanco, Ekkehard Jordan, Adriana Urcioulo, Bernardo Pulgarín, Eric Cadier, B. Caceres, Fabiola Patricia Rodríguez, and Héctor Mora Páez

Abstract

E1 Programa Hidrologico Internacional de la Unesco ha venido apoyando ano J tras ano, desde el 2004, los encuentros de investigadores del Grupo de Trabajo de Nieves y Hielos de America Latina. En este orden de ideas, y luego de haber realizado eventos sobre balance de masas, hidroglaciologia, meteorologia, prospeccion geofisica, sensores remotos y otros temas afines, el grupo GTNH coordino el VII Encuentro de Investigadores del Grupo de Trabajo de Nieves y Hielos para America Latina, realizado en la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia), del 28 al 30 de agosto de 2008, con la participacion de representantes de Alemania, Argentina, Chile, Brasil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Francia, Mexico, Peru y Venezuela. Para el desarrollo del evento se conto con el apoyo de instituciones de los ambitos nacional y regional, tales como el Instituto Colombiano de Geologia y Mineria (INGEOMINAS), el Instituto de Hidrologia, Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (Ideam), la Direccion de la Corporacion Regional de Caldas (Corpocaldas), la gobernacion de Caldas, la Alcaldia de Manizales, Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, la Universidad de Caldas, Aguas de Manizales, y de entidades internacionales como la Unesco, el PHI-Unesco, el Instituto de Hidraulica y de Hidrologia de la Universidad Mayor de San Andres (IHH-Umsa), Bolivia, al igual que el Instituto de In vestigacion para el Desarrollo (IRD) y el Ministerio de Asuntos Extranjeros y Europeos, ambos de Francia. Los investigadores y especialistas invitados hablaron en sus conferencias sobre temas de gran importancia y actualidad, como la identificacion, evaluacion, evolucion y retroceso glaciar en cada uno de los nevados y volcanes de la region latinoamericana, en especial haciendo enfasis en cuanto que estos cuerpos glaciares son muy sensibles a la variabilidad climatica y son los mayores indicadores de cambio climatico; Igualmente, expusieron estudios para el diagnostico, inventario, monitoreo e identificacion de amenazas para el medio ambiente, entre los que se destacan flujos de lodo generados a partir de avalanchas de hielo o erupciones en los volcanes con capa glaciar. Asi mismo, describieron tecnicas, metodos e instrumentos (fotogrametria digital, ortofotomapa, evaluacion geometrica, software, radar, redes de estaciones permanentes con propositos geodinamicos, entre otros) que permiten analizar los comportamientos y causas de la disminucion de la masa glaciar, fundamentalmente a partir de la decada de los cincuenta. Todas estas ponencias se recogen en Glaciares, nieves y hielos de America Latina. Cambio climatico y amenazas, que tenemos el gusto de presentar hoy a ustedes, en el que los autores de cada estudio dan recomendaciones y hacen llamados a instituciones, gobiernos y comunidad en general para crear programas de prevencion y preservacion de los glaciares latinoamericanos. No proteger los glaciares significara que muchos pueblos y ciudades localizados al pie de la cordillera, que necesitan el agua de las montanas que proviene de los glaciares y de la nieve acumulada cada ano, afrontaran problemas para desarrollar la agricultura y la ganaderia, para generar energia y para el consumo humano; ademas, tendran mayores dificultades para adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climatico. Como conclusion, y con el animo de contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de los efectos del cambio climatico en nuestro entorno de alta montana, el Grupo de Trabajo de Nieves y Hielos de la Unesco (GTNH-PHI-LAC Unesco), en reunion, al cierre del encuentro, emitio la declaracion de Manizales sobre "Glaciares y cambio climatico", dirigida a los tomadores de decisiones y al publico en general, para que reflexionemos sobre el uso que le estamos dando a nuestros recursos naturales.

Published
2010

21. Glaciers of the Tropical Andes: Indicators of Global Climate Variability

Author

Edson Ramirez, Patrick Wagnon, Bernard Francou, Bernard Pouyaud, Pierre Ribstein, Huber, U.M. (ed.), Bugmann, H.K.M. (ed.), and Reasoner, M.A. (ed.)

Subjects
TEMPERATURE DE SURFACE, VARIATION SAISONNIERE, geography.geographical_feature_category, Global warming, BILAN DE MASSE, Accumulation zone, Tropics, Glacier, LA NINA, Tropical rainforest climate, Geography, CLIMAT, Effects of global warming, CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, GLACIER, OBSERVATOIRE, RETRAIT DE GLACIER, Tropical monsoon climate, BILAN ENERGETIQUE, INTERACTION OCEAN ATMOSPHERE, Physical geography, EL NINO, VARIATION PLURIANNUELLE, Ablation zone
Abstract

Over the last decade, mass balance has been monitored on several glaciers of the tropical Andes by the Institute of Research for Development (IRD, France) in collaboration with South American partners. This network includes glaciers in the Cordillera Real of Bolivia, Zongo and Chacaltaya (16°S), glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru, Yanamarey and Artezonraju (9°S), and glaciers in the eastern and western cordilleras of Ecuador, Antizana (0°28’S) and Carihuayrazo (1°S) (Fig. 1). Some of these have been listed as benchmark glaciers by the Word Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS 2001), and the data are accessible to the scientific community. This network is designed to capture the effects of climate change, and especially ENSO variability, both in the outer (Bolivia, Peru) and the inner (Ecuador) tropical Andes. Glaciers have been selected to be representative of the regional glacierization. Each monitoring programme includes two glaciers, a large one (1 km2 or more) with a substantial accumulation zone, and a small one that is more directly sensitive to ablation processes. Information about the long-term evolution of some of these glaciers has been extracted from aerial photographs, available for the last five decades (Francou et al. 2000; Ramirez et al. 2001). The particular nature of climate in the Tropics allows ablation to occur at anytime throughout the year in the lowest part of glaciers. Thus, the ablation zone has been surveyed in monthly intervals at several sites, providing interesting details about the seasonal response of tropical glaciers (Francou et al. 2003).

Published
2005

22. Glaciers and Climate in the Andes between the Equator and 30° S: What is Recorded under Extreme Environmental Conditions?

Author

Margit Schwikowski, Christoph Kull, Heinz W. Gäggeler, Bernard Francou, Jean-Denis Taupin, H. Bonnaveira, Martin Grosjean, Edson Ramirez, George R. Hoffmann, Willibald Stichler, Robert Gallaire, Bernard Pouyaud, Ulrich Schotterer, and Patrick Ginot

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Firn, Last Glacial Maximum, Glacier, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Snow, 01 natural sciences, Ice core, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Paleoclimatology, Physical geography, Precipitation, Holocene, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Sublimation and melt disturb the environmental information obtained from ice core records in the Andes. In two case studies we demonstrate to what extent these post-depositional processes may remove major parts of the accumulated snow cover. Dark ash layers from the Tungurahua eruption changed the albedo of surface snow on Chimborazo glacier (6268 m, 1°30′S, 78°36′W, Ecuador) between two ice core drilling campaigns and forced substantial melt. Redistribution and washout of the chemical constituents shifted the concentration profiles obtained in December 1999 as compared to an equivalent core drilled in December 2000. The stable isotope records showed that approximately the water equivalent (weq) of an annual layer had melted, and that the percolating melt water penetrated within the firn layer to a depth of at least 16.5 m without refreezing. In the second example, from a site on the dry axis between the tropical and extra-tropical precipitation belts, significant loss of accumulated snow layers occurred by sublimation. A surface experiment at Cerro Tapado glacier (5536 m, 30°08′ S, 69° 55′ W, Chile) revealed that losses of ≈42 mm weq (≈5 mm snow) per day occurred during the dry period following the 1997/98 El Nino. This loss generally included the entire surface layer enriched in stable isotopes, and thus caused minimal disturbance of the isotopic signature (and hence climatic information) of the net accumulation, yet chemical constituents again experienced considerable changes in concentration. From annual layer counting and direct dating it is obvious that the major part of the accumulated ice on both glaciers is younger than 100 years; however, isotopic and chemical variations at least in the basal ice from Cerro Tapado clearly point to climate conditions different from the recent centuries. This evidence is supported by mass balance considerations derived from a glacier-climate model. The possibility of a third type of disturbance aside from sublimation and melting — in this case a significant hiatus in the environmental chronology — also deserves consideration for other ice core records from this region. Potential disruptions or discontinuities need to be carefully evaluated given the profound changes in climatic and glaciological conditions since the Last Glacial Maximum throughout Holocene times.

Published
2003

23. Optimization of the functional properties of a drink based on tubers of purple mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz y Pavón)

Author

Frank Velásquez-Barreto, Edson Ramírez, Roberto Chuquilín, and Isaac Aliaga-Barrera

Subjects
tropaeolum tuberosum, thermal treatment, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins content, acceptability, Agriculture (General), S1-972, Technology, Industrial engineering. Management engineering, T55.4-60.8
Abstract

This work optimized the temperature and time of pasteurization of purple mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz and Pavón) tubers drink based on its antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, total flavonoids, anthocyanins content, and acceptability. For this, purple mashua tubers from the province of Acobamba-Huancavelica-Peru were weighed, washed, peeled, cut and placed in a juice extractor. The beverage of tubers was prepared using the juice of tubers, the thermal treatment of the samples was carried out at temperatures between 75 to 85 °C and time 10 to 25 min. The design was planned using a Rotational Composite Central Design and a response surface analysis was performed on the samples obtained. The content of total phenolics, anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity was influenced by the time and temperature of pasteurization. At higher temperatures and pasteurization times there was a reduction in the content of total phenolics, anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. The greatest general acceptability of the panelists was at high pasteurization temperatures and times. The temperature of 77 °C and time of 13 minutes showed the maximum value of response variables with low degradation of the antioxidant compounds and good acceptability of mashua extract drinks.

Published
2020
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24. Subsurface transfer of chloride after a lake retreat in the Central Andes

Author

Michel Loubet, Anne Coudrain, Emmanuel Ledoux, Jean Vacher, Edson Ramirez, Amal Talbi, UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)

Subjects
SALINITE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, BILAN HYDRIQUE, 0207 environmental engineering, Drainage basin, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, UYUNI LAC SALE, Soil, Chlorides, Vadose zone, Water Movements, HOLOCENE, AQUIFERE, ANDES, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, Computers in Earth Sciences, EAU SOUTERRAINE, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 020701 environmental engineering, Geomorphology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, geography, VARIATION SECULAIRE, geography.geographical_feature_category, CHLORE, Crust, Groundwater recharge, Models, Theoretical, Arid, MODELISATION, BASSIN VERSANT, EVAPORATION, 13. Climate action, PALEOCLIMAT, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, TAUCA LAC, ZONE SEMIARIDE, Geology, Groundwater, LAC SALE
Abstract

The area under study covers 3500 km2 in the upstream part of the closed catchment basin of the salt crust of Uyuni. This crust is a remnant of the saline Lake Tauca, which covered the area about 15,000 years ago. In the downstream part of the aquifer, the Cl concentration of ground water and Cl content in the unsaturated zone exceed 20 meq/L and 18 kg/m2, respectively. With the present hydrological conditions under semiarid conditions, the ground water residence time in the study area exceeds 3000 years. Transient simulations over 11,000 years were made using initial conditions as the retreat of Lake Tauca and taking into account a low recharge during the arid mid-Holocene period. The modeling simulates ground water flow, Cl transport, and ground water residence time. It includes the evaporation from the aquifer that leads to the accumulation of chloride in the unsaturated zone. Results of the modeling are consistent with the observations if it is assumed that the Cl previously accumulated in the unsaturated zone was flushed back into the aquifer around 2000 years B.P., contemporaneously with the end of the arid period.

Published
2001

25. Etude d'un aquifère salé de l'Altiplano bolivien par prospection TDEM

Author

Roger Guérin, Marc Descloitres, Anne Coudrain, Amal Talbi, Edson Ramirez, Robert Gallaire, Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Instituto de hidraulica e Hidrologia, UMSA, IRD Bolivie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Bolivie]), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris

Subjects
BASSIN VERSANT, PROSPECTION MAGNETIQUE, AQUIFERE, SONDAGE MAGNETIQUE PROFOND, RESISTIVITE, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, EAU SOUTERRAINE, GEOPHYSIQUE, LAC SALE
Abstract

International audience; The French researeh program " PNRH Altiplano" is dedicated to the study of the main aquifer in the central part of the Altiplano in Bolîvia. A TDEM survey has been carried out in order to investigate the global resistivity arrangement related to the aquifer. Three ranges of resistivities can be idenlified : 0.1-1 oméga (clays and brines), 1-10 oméga (clays and salt waler),10-50 oméga (clayey to sandy formations). The conductive substratum, outcropping in the south-east part, deepens north-westward to depths of more than 250 m and is related to impermeable layer.

Published
1999

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