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Iphigenia brasiliensis is a bivalve mollusk exploited as a shellfish and subsistence resource on the Brazilian coast, mainly in the north and northeast regions. Genetic (allozyme electrophoresis revealed eight gene loci) and morphological variations (multivariate morphometry of valves used 13 linear measurements of traditional and 19 Fourier coefficients of geometric morphometry) were studied, considering the geographic (445 km of the southwest tropical Atlantic), environmental (mangroves and channels of communication with the sea of three estuaries in the state of Rio de Janeiro), and temporal dimensions (over two years). I. brasiliensis showed high levels of genetic variation (the average number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.8 to 3.4, and the average heterozygosity ranged from 0.441 to 0.675). Bayesian analysis of population partitioning showed that the highest LnP(D) value was achieved for K = 3. These results indicated mixed ancestry, possibly oscillations in the dispersion dynamics among the different sampling groups, and temporal oscillations in the population sizes due to the anthropogenic influence on the studied estuaries. The results of morphological variation, inferred by the PERMANOVA from the Fourier analysis, indicated that a similar influence might occur in valves (also, the discriminant analysis showed that different groups could be consistently identified). In this sense, the studied populations may be organized in a dynamic of metapopulations. Finally, these are the first data on morphological and genetic variation of the species in the latitudinal, environmental, and temporal dimensions studied simultaneously, thus providing relevant information for the exploration, management, and conservation of this commercially important species.

Este ensaio procura demonstrar que o “projeto” tropicalista não representou uma ruptura com o desenvolvimentismo inaugurado no período Vargas. Ao invés disso, o Tropicalismo representou a mesma estratégia com uma tática diferente. Reinterpreta-se também o ponto de inflexão que teria estabelecido o “projeto” tropicalista, ou seja, o evento em que Caetano Veloso se encontra diante do filme Terra em Transe de Glauber Rocha (1967). Este ensaio parte de um diálogo entre elementos das teorias dos diferentes Theodor Adorno e Walter Benjamin. A conclusão é que o Tropicalismo se estabeleceu dentro da discussão da modernização, nacionalismo, cultura e música popular brasileira como uma dinâmica, no sentido de uma/um bólide, ou seja, como um Projétil Tropicalista.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, são discutidas teses sobre a atividade científica, na sua realidade histórica concreta, fundamentando-se no racionalismo aplicado de Bachelard e no materialismo histórico-dialético de Marx e Engels. Para tanto, são definidos e analisados dois aspectos da atividade científica, chamados de aspectos epistemológico e ontológico. Neles são abordadas, respectivamente, as relações de tensionamento e dupla realização entre a ciência e o seu referencial (a realidade) e as relações materiais estabelecidas entre os elementos presentes na produção do conhecimento científico (linguagem, tradição, técnicas, condições socioeconômicas etc.), sempre se lançando mão de episódios ilustrativos da história da biologia. Em consequência, a realidade histórica concreta da ciência é definida como aquela de um movimento de contradições e sínteses, animado pela acumulação quantitativa e episódios de saltos qualitativos. Abstract: This work discusses theses on scientific activity in their concrete historical reality based on the applied rationalism of Bachelard and the historical-dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels. For that, two aspects of scientific activity, called epistemological and ontological aspects, are defined and analyzed. They discuss, on the one hand, the tension and double realization relations between science and its referential (reality) and, on the other, the material relations established between the elements present in the production of scientific knowledge (language, tradition, techniques, socioeconomic conditions etc.), always using illustrative examples of the history of biology. Consequently, the concrete historical reality of science is defined as that of a movement of contradictions and syntheses, animated by quantitative accumulation and episodes of qualitative leaps.

The documented quality of the zooarchaeological remains found in sambaquis is an important issue for ecologists who increasingly consider this material as a possible record of historical biodiversity to extend the observation periods of their analyses. In this work ichthyological inventories based on zooarchaeological remains were used to test the hypothesis that they do not differ statistically from those constructed by sampling current ichthyological diversity. Ichthyological records of 68 sambaquis of the Brazilian southeast coast were systematised. Data analyses were done based on taxa richness, taxonomic distinctness and food guild composition approaches. All analyses failed to show significant differences between sambaqui and modern fish inventories. Such result was kept for all tested scales and for the different studied regions. The current results indicate that sambaquis contain records of past species composition and therefore of Holocene biodiversity. It is concluded that sambaqui zooarchaeological remains should not be neglected in ecological studies and represent a quality alternative to extend the temporal scale of these studies.

Iphigenia brasiliensis (Lamarck, 1818) is a species of bivalve of the family Donacidae Fleming, 1828 which inhabits unconsolidated substrata and occurs in Brazil between 0°07ʹ04ʺS, 49°23ʹ17ʺW and 29o19ʹ46ʺS, 49o42ʹ39ʺW, and is also found in Florida (USA), Suriname and parts of the Caribbean sea. As an estuarine species it is subject to a wide range of environmental variables usually presenting considerable variation in morphological traits and genetic composition. In this paper, the presence and type of asymmetry in the species was inferred based on measures from left and right valves and genetic variation was assessed by means of allozymes electrophoresis. The assessment of levels of asymmetry and genetic variation was done in three different localities and two environments (Channel and Mangrove). The results indicate the generalized presence of asymmetry, which varied between directional (DA) and fluctuating (FA) depending on the environment. Associations between FA and genetic variation were statistically significant on the dependence of the measure assessed. Thus, we present information on the levels of asymmetry and genetic variation of natural populations of I. brasiliensis which may be useful to research and management of this species.

Natureza da Ciência-NdC é um tema antigo na Pesquisa em Ensino, um dos objetivos chave do currículo de ciências, além de ser parte fundamental da alfabetização científica. Apesar do número de publicações acerca da NdC estar aumentando conforme os anos passam, a literatura em Ensino de Ciências tem apontado a área de Biologia como aquela com a menor produção e seus materiais didáticos apontados como indicando uma visão distorcida da NdC. Neste trabalho, as bases de dados Scielo e Google Scholar foram usadas para uma revisão da literatura. Apenas os trabalhos publicados em periódicos e referentes a experiências brasileiras ligadas ao Ensino de Biologia foram considerados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o software Microsoft Excel e Gephi e todos os textos passaram por uma Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Foram obtidos 53 títulos, divididos entre 33 periódicos, 46 instituições de pesquisa de 17 diferentes estados brasileiros e dois grandes grupos de categorias totalizando nove subcategorias. O levantamento indicou uma produção com tendência de crescimento e concentrada no eixo sul-sudeste, abordando principalmente as concepções de alunos. O uso da História e Filosofia da Ciência no ensino foi apontado como uma forma eficiente de melhorar as concepções da NdC dos alunos, sendo também recomendado o uso de filmes nas abordagens didáticas. O espaço para exploração de novas metodologias de pesquisa das concepções de ciência e desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos parece ser um campo fértil para estudos na área de NdC voltados para o Ensino de Biologia.

Aim Brown mussels exhibit a trans-Atlantic distribution putatively caused by either native dispersal or artificial gene flow, likely in concert with the transport of enslaved people from Africa. Evolutionary history and demographic models of this widespread species may clarify how the present-day distribution was impacted by natural versus artificial dispersal. Particularly, dating the timing of the South American/African split may determine whether the human slave trade likely impacted the contemporary distribution of brown mussels. Location Coastal Brazil, Morocco, South Africa, and Mozambique. Taxon Perna perna (Linnaeus 1758). Methods We genotyped a total of 644 samples from 18 populations at 10 microsatellite loci. We estimated genetic structure with clustering algorithms in STRUCTURE and GENETIX. We estimated genetic distances by characterizing patterns of pair-wise F-ST using the program FSTAT, evaluating differences among and between regions via AMOVA, and testing isolation by distance in IBDWS. To estimate and date the most likely pathway by which P. perna crossed the Atlantic Ocean we used Bayesian factors from thermodynamically heated coalescent simulations in the program MIGRATE-n. Results We found no general pattern of reduced or elevated levels of genetic diversity within any region across site or locus. We identified four genetic clusters: East South Africa (ESA), West South Africa (WSA), Brazil (BR) and North Africa (MO); F-ST ranged from 0.06 to 0.11 among regions and exhibited a significant pattern of isolation by distance. Migration models indicated that P. perna dispersed from WSA to MO and from there to BR of approximately 2,000 years. Main conclusions Multiple lines of evidence suggest the Brazilian populations of P. perna have been a long-standing native population, originating from northern Africa and are unlikely a consequence of the African slave trade. Although, human introduction cannot be ruled out South American P. perna populations exhibited genetic characteristics indicative of a divergent, isolated and established population, featuring the genetic signature expected for a native population. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Interactions between invader species and the local biota may lead to disequilibria in regional ecosystems. For such reason, the cultivation of nonnative species may be prohibited in specific regions, as a means of protecting native species. On the other hand, the question of whether a species is a bioinvader or not may not be straightforward. This is the case of the mollusc Perna perna, presently naturalized and widely distributed along Brazilian coast, from the Bay of Vitória, in the state of Espírito Santo (ES), to the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Following previous works that explored the hypothesis that P. perna invaded the coast of Brazil at the colonial period, attached to slave ships, we discuss zooarchaeological data, radiocarbon dating, and molecular genetics analyses. Out of the 578 archeological shellmounds investigated, 542 (93.8%) had no records of P. perna. From the radiocarbon dating results, it is possible to infer that the presence of the two P. perna specimens from the Saquarema shellmound, in Rio de Janeiro, as well as the other shells from the top layer, is likely related to a recent occupation of the site in the colonial period, with a great probability of being from the XVII or XVIII centuries. Data on genetic population structure of P. perna along the Brazilian coast showed higher genetic identities between the African and the Brazilian populations than among the Brazilian populations, while haplotypic diversity shows a pattern which relates to trade routes of slaves (XVII and XVIII centuries) between Africa and Brazil. These data reinforce the argument that the appearance of P. perna along the Brazilian coast is due to invasion during historical time.

Genetic variation and population structure of the sea star Coscinasterias tenuispina were investigated using allozyme electrophoresis (seven polymorphic loci out of nine sampled) at seven sites on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State. Observed values of heterozygosity's were high (HOBS = 0.31 – 0.53), although similar to those found for others marine invertebrates. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations were found only for one locus in three populations. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was found among any loci for any population. The genetic identities vary from 0.882 to 0.988. The average θ was low and insignificant statistically (θ = 0.017). Furthermore, Bayesian analysis of population partitioning showed that the highest LnP(D) value was achieved for K = 1. These results do not corroborate any effect by upwelling limiting gene flow among the analyzed populations or the hypothesis that the strong sex ratio imbalance previously recorded to Itaipu population has been maintained by asexual reproduction.

Five populations of the invasive species Limnoperna fortunei were studied using polymorphic molecular (nine allozyme loci) and morphological (11 traits) markers in order to understand the patterns of genetic and morphological variability, structure and dispersion dynamics of this species in South America. High levels of genetic variability were found in South American invasive populations, and significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg proportions clearly indicated that the invasion process is still under way, probably by means other than natural migration.

Within the available record of biodiversity from the Holocene are the archaeological sites known as shell mounds (or “sambaquis” in Portuguese). Found in almost all coastal areas around the world, shell mounds show a high abundance of biological remains such as molluscan seashells, bones of fish and mammals, skeletons of sea urchins, and crustacean carapaces (Stein, 1992; Gaspar, 2000; Villagran & Giannini, 2014). However, these archaeological sites are not recognized as good representatives of past biological diversity, because they are artificial accumulations made by prehistoric human populations (Stein, 1992; DeBlasis et al., 2007; Scheel-Ybert et al., 2009; Villagran & Giannin, 2014), representing only a fraction of the total local biodiversity. Despite the fact that shell mounds are artificial dumps or monuments, the biological remains there represent a sample of the existing fauna at the times of their construction (Fursich, 1995; Scheel-Ybert et al., 2006; Lindbladh et al., 2007; Froyd & Willis, 2008; Villagran & Giannin, 2014). Thus, some recent studies have used shell mounds to describe the composition of the fauna of the Holocene, especially that of molluscs and fishes (Souza et al., 2010; Souza et al., 2012; Mendes et al., 2014; Beauclair et al., 2016; Souza et al., 2016).

Since the beginning of the Holocene, people have occupied the Central-south Brazilian coast, as it was a very productive estuarine environment. Living as fishers and mollusc gatherers, they built prehistoric shellmounds known as sambaquis, which can still be found today, constituting an important testimony of palaeodiversity and Brazilian prehistory. The aim of this research is to describe and characterize phytoliths from “Sambaqui da Tarioba”, a shellmound situated in Rio das Ostras (Rio de Janeiro) in order to infer palaeoenvironmental information. The soil was delayered by artificial 10 cm sections which revealed five archaeological stratigraphic layers. A sample of mollusc shells (Iphigenia brasiliana) for each of these layers was used for dating based on 14C method. Phytoliths were classified and counted by different types. Data analysis was done using phytoliths tree cover density (D/P) and drought stress (Bi%) indices and also a Principal Component Analysis for all registered variables. Previous dating results indicated an occupation period of about 500 years for the “Sambaqui da Tarioba”. Regarding phytoliths, D/P index suggests a forest vegetation, and Bi% values indicate a strong drought stress. PCA analysis done using phytolith types, presence of charcoal, spicules of sponges and frustules of diatoms as well as age and deepness of the archaeological stratigraphic layers revealed three different groups (S1; S4 and S2-S3-S5), that are explained by the first and second components responsible for 70% of all variation in the data. In conclusion, the analysis of phytolith composition of the Tarioba shell mound indicated that the surrounding vegetation to this archaeological site around 3530(130)/3890(140) cal years BP consisted of dry forest. Although most of the data has indicated stability of the floristic and environmental conditions in this period, the PCA analysis indicated some changes overtime. Despite the many biases associated with information based on shell mounds, they are good data repositories on biodiversity and Late Holocene environments.

Eugenia é um termo que significa “bem nascido” e foi cunhado por Francis Galton para definir um direcionamento da evolução humana a partir da seleção de características físicas e não-físicas. É um tema controverso, pois está associado ao Nazismo e, na atualidade, vem sendo relacionado com as novas tecnologias de reprodução assistida. No presente trabalho foi investigado o quanto e como este tema tem sido abordado nas áreas de educação e ensino. Para tanto foram selecionadas 35 revistas (16 nacionais e 19 internacionais) destas áreas nas quais foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico. Nos 1950 números analisados que cobrem 51 anos (1963-2014) de publicações foram encontrados vinte artigos sobre o tema. Uma parte destes artigos (40%) trata o problema da eugenia e discussões correlatas (raça, racismo) diretamente relacionadas à escola (livros didáticos, opiniões de professores e alunos, politização do conteúdo). Outra parte (40%) foca a história da ciência, especialmente, em relação às controvérsias em torno da teoria evolutiva. Uma última parte dos artigos (20%) abrange a divulgação do tema em jornais, revistas e televisão. Os resultados indicam que a temática da eugenia é, ainda, pouco discutida dentro das áreas de educação e ensino, visto a pequena quantidade de artigos encontrados no período trabalhado. Isto pode ser considerado preocupante, uma vez que os movimentos eugênicos tiveram uma ampla influência no século XX e, seus ideais, parecem continuar “vivos” em algumas práticas e tecnologias de reprodução assistida.

Individuals of jacks that were captured off the Rio de Janeiro coast were characterized using multivariate morphometrics and allozymes molecular markers. The main objectives were to determine the number of fish captured and their species. Classical taxonomic classification and multivariate morphometry indicated the existence of three species in the landings from Rio de Janeiro State ( Caranx crysos , Carangoides bartholomaei and Caranx latus ). The results of the genetic analyses performed were consistent with these results. However, Bayesian analysis revealed the possible presence of a fourth species, which could not be discriminated by classical taxonomy. Caranx crysos possibly comprises two different species. Other population indexes, such as unique alleles, degree of structuring and genetic identity, also pointed to different species. Therefore, based on evidences from classical taxonomy, geometric morphometric analyses together with genetic data from allozymes molecular markers it is possible to support that at least four different Carangidae species are present in fish landings from Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, whereas fish capture records for the same location have recorded only two species. These results are important for not only developing fisheries management strategies but also providing general information regarding the ecology and evolution of the genus.

The fishermen ecological knowledge (FEK) encompasses information on biology of species and climatic and oceanographic changes, all related with schools of fish and its capture. It incorporates a complex set of codes and signs, which are constantly updated and transmitted orally thorough generations. In this sense, FEK presents characteristics such as diversity and ability to learn from experience, which are in conformity with the definition of a complex adaptive system (CAS). Based on this assumption, this work proposes to structure and interpret FEK as a CAS. It is supported that such approach can promote the exchange of information among areas, which are other way considered incommensurable (anthropology, oceanography, marine biology, meteorology etc.), and also among formal sciences and the FEK. However, CAS is a structure designed with heuristic goals associated with mathematical modeling what is beyond the aims of this work, which uses CAS only as a structuring metaphor. RESUMO O conhecimento naturalístico (CN) resume a compreensão que os pescadores têm tanto da biologia das espécies, quanto das mudanças climáticas e oceanográficas relacionadas com a identificação de cardumes e sua captura. Ele é composto de uma linguagem complexa de códigos e sinais atualizada constantemente e transmitida oralmente através das gerações. Nesse sentido, o CN está em conformidade com a definição de sistema adaptativo complexo (SAC), ou seja, apresenta diversidade e aprende com a experiência. Com base nesse pressuposto, este trabalho se propõe a estruturar e interpretar o CN como um tipo de SAC. Acredita-se que tal abordagem pode reduzir a incomensurabilidade entre as diferentes ciências formais relacionadas ao estudo dos ambientes costeiros (antropologia, oceanografia, biologia marinha, meteorologia etc.), bem como entre as ciências formais e o CN. Entretanto, o SAC foi desenvolvido com objetivos associados à modelagem matemática, nesse trabalho ele é usado apenas como uma metáfora estruturante. Resumen El conocimiento naturalista (CN) resume la comprensión que los pescadores tienen de la biología de las especies, y de los cambios climáticos y oceanográficos relacionados con la identificación de cardúmenes y su captura. Se compone de un lenguaje complejo de códigos y señales, en constante actualización y transmitido oralmente a través de las generaciones. En este sentido, el CN está en conformidad con la definición de sistema adaptativo complejo (SAC), o sea, presenta diversidad y aprende con la experiencia. Sobre esta base, este trabajo se propone estructurar e interpretar el CN como un tipo de SAC. Se cree que este enfoque puede reducir la inconmensurabilidad entre las diferentes ciencias formales relacionadas con la pesca (antropología, biología, etc.), así como entre las ciencias formales y el CN. Sin bien el SAC fue desarrollado con objetivos asociados al modelado matemático, en ese trabajo se utiliza el SAC solamente como una metáfora estructurante.

The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. In this kind of archaeological settlement, common on the southern and southeastern Brazilian coasts, marine mollusk shells are frequently used for radiocarbon dating and can represent a valuable tool in the study of MRE. On the other hand, terrestrial mollusks have proven to be an important alternative to represent the atmospheric carbon isotopic concentration. In this work we analysed the most frequent terrestrial and marine mollusk shells from the Usiminas shellmound, on Cabo Frio Island. The radiocarbon signal of marine shells from Pinctada imbricata (Roding, 1798), Ostreidae (Rafinesque, 1815), Cymathium parthenopeum (Von Salis, 1793), Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791), Lithopoma olfersii (Philippi, 1846), and that of terrestrial shells from Thaumastus achilles (Pfeiffer, 1852) and Megalobulimus terrestris (Spix, 1827), collected from the archaeological layers in the sequence, were measured and a value of 67 ± 33 14C yr was obtained for the local offset from the average global marine reservoir age. The effect of upwelling in this region and in its surrounding area is discussed.

An archaeological dimension expands the concept of biodiversity by generating long-term perspectives, combining multiple approaches and methodologies to enhance understanding of environmental changes. Aiming to investigate the patterns of biodiversity of marine mollusks over time, a comparison was made between three sets of archaeological sites (shellmounds) located in three geographic areas of the south-southeastern Brazilian coast. Sites dated between 1000–2000 and 4000–5000 yr BP were analyzed. A total of 37 bivalves and 26 gastropods were recorded. To describe the malacological community two indices of taxonomic diversity were used: average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness. The results showed a tendency of reduction in biodiversity patterns in the last 5000 years measured as average taxonomic distinctness. The observed reduction in biodiversity does not seem to be directly related to climate change over the period and there is a lack of data which could demonstrate any association between reduction in biodiversity and cultural causes such as preferences, technical level or food taboos of the prehistoric human populations. On the other hand, changes in sea level during this period are well documented and have been responsible for dramatic changes along the coast of this region. Therefore, it is likely that it could have affected local biodiversity and caused the observed pattern.

Paracentrotus gaimardi is a sea urchin reaching a maximum of 42 mm of diameter. It presents five morphotypes in sympatry characterized by their distinctive spine colors (e.g. green, black, gray, brown and rose). P. gaimardi is considered as a vulnerable species and it is included on the list of endangered species of the Brazilian coastline. In this work, allozyme electrophoresis was used to studied the genetic variation among the five color morphotypes, from two different geographic locations along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State: Itaipu and Prainha, both in sympatry and allopatry. The underlying null hypothesis is that the different spine colors that define the morphotypes, represent only intraspecific variation of P. gaimardi . Eight polymorphic loci ( Cat , a -Est-1 , a -Est-2 , Mdh , Pep , Pgi , Pgm and Xod ) were assayed. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested at each locus in each morphotype from each locality. P. gaimardi species showed high levels of genetic variation (0.171-0.343) in accordance with the patterns observed for marine invertebrates. Diagnostic loci were not found among any of the five morphotypes and neither for the different geographic locations. A Mann Whitney U test showed values significantly lower in sympatry than in allopatry for both Nei’s Genetic Identities and 2 x 2 θ F-statistics. Furthermore, performance of AMOVA analysis considering a hierarchical levels of individuals, colour-morphs and locations indicates that the differences in genetic variation are sorted among collection sites rather than color morphotypes.

Brazilian shell mounds are relicts of prehistoric settlements characterized as distinct features on the sandy coastal plain, sandy bars of coastal lagoons and rocky island. They are composed of shells of edible marine mollusks, fish remains and wildlife bones intermixed with sand. In the coastal lagoon region of the Rio de Janeiro state these shell mounds range in age between 5100 and 1300 cal BP. In this study we analyzed the geochemistry of the bones of the whitemouth croaker that primarily offers insight on the nature of bone diagenesis and its use for radiochronology and as isotope paleo-thermometer. The x-ray diffractograms of bones from the Tarioba shell mound exhibit elevated calcite profiles in contrast to a reduced hydroxyapatite concentration. Two peaks of quartz and the presence of feldspar provide evidence of exogenous materials, e.g., sand or silt particles, infilling hollow spaces within the fish bones. The Beirada and the Ponte do Girau shell mounds are characterized by the highest peaks of apatite relative to calcite, which is clearly different from the result obtained for Tarioba. The Manitiba profile is similar to the Tarioba profile except for calcite peaks that are approximately three times lower than those for Tarioba. At a depth of 25 cm in the Tarioba shell mound, the redox sensitive index of diagenetic alteration reaches its maximum value, suggesting a zone of accumulation in the soil horizon redox condition. The δ18O derived temperatures profile based on mollusks showed a consistent range from 18.1 to 24.1 °C, indicating seasonal events of intense upwelling of the South Atlantic Central Water breaking the mean warm surface conditions of the Brazil Current. Diagenetic imprints of Tarioba shell mound suggest humid burial conditions with the loss of hydroxyapatite and the enrichment of exogenous calcite. Drier depositional environmental conditions are indicated in the Ponte do Girau and the Beirada shell mounds, while intermediary depositional environmental conditions characterize the Manitiba shell mound. In the period represented by the shell mound samples, the sea level exhibited significant oscillations and portions of the inner shelf were exposed, which may have resulted in an anomalous derived temperature records. These results are compatible with events of anomalous temperatures occurring in the sea level during the time span of occupation of these shell mounds.

O presente texto tem como objetivo geral tratar sobre o mito da queda em correlação com o pensamento de Tillich com o de Platão. Por isso, o trabalho esta delimitado especificamente em três tópicos no qual o último é o seu ápice. No primeiro tópico discorreremos sobre o método de Correlação de Paul Tillich que é o instrumento na elaboração de perguntas e respostas para o problema da existência humana. No segundo do ponto de vista existencial da filosofia e da teologia faremos um percurso histórico sobre problema da essência e da existência. E por último analisaremos em correlação com Tillich e Platão a transição da essência para a existência a partir do mito da queda.

Los concheros son sitios arqueologicos conformados por pescadores-cazadores-re- colectores con alta concentracion de restos de fauna marina, compuestos basicamente de conchas de moluscos marinos y terrestres, caparazones de crustaceos, restos de peces, huesos humanos y animales, entre otros. Estos restos son evidencias de asentamientos prehistoricos caracterizados como rasgos distintivos en la planicie costera arenosa, barras arenosas de lagunas costeras e islas y bahias rocosas, que constituyen un importante testimonio de la paleodiversidad y la prehistoria brasilena. Este articulo pretende presentar los estudios que se han desarrollado con los vestigios zooarqueologicos recuperados en los concheros de la costa del estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, que amplian el alcance del concepto de biodiversidad, generando perspec- tivas a largo plazo, combinando multiples enfoques y metodologias para mejorar la comprension de los cambios ambien- tales. Se realizo un estudio malacologico, ictiologico y carcinologico sobre los restos zoarqueologicos recuperados en los concheros. Las conchas, los otolitos y el carbon vegetal bien conservados fueron seleccionados en capas sucesivas de los concheros para el analisis de las edades por radiocarbono y para la caracterizacion de la pesqueria a lo largo del tiempo. Las conchas tambien se utilizaron como estructuras valiosas en el estudio del efecto del reservorio marino y los moluscos terrestres han demostrado ser una alternativa importante para representar la concentracion isotopica del carbono atmos- ferico. Ademas de representar un registro cronologico confiable, los otolitos demostraron ser excelentes marcadores de senales de isotopos ambientales. Si bien los concheros son acumulaciones artificiales, los restos zooarqueologicos repre- sentan una muestra de la fauna existente en el momento de su construccion y pueden proporcionar informacion sobre el paleoambiente, lo que permite establecer comparaciones con los tiempos actuales.

Se evaluo la eficiencia de los vestigios arqueozoologicos de sambaquis para la re- cuperacion de informacion sobre la biodiversidad del Holoceno. Fueron usados dos inventarios malacologicos de mesoescala: sambaquis (150 sitios arqueologicos de la costa de Rio de Janeiro) y el inventario de especies de moluscos actuales registradas para la misma area. El analisis es- tadistico se realizo utilizando pruebas de distincion taxonomica e inferencias de diversidad tro- fica. No se encontraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre los inventarios pasados (sambaquis) y los inventarios actuales de malacofauna. Se concluye que los sambaquis pueden ser usados para la obtencion de valiosa informacion sobre la biodiversidad de moluscos del Holoceno tardio. Ademas, se sustenta que la incorporacion de informacion de vestigios arqueo- zoologicos a los estudios de biodiversidad puede aportar una perspectiva historica y evolutiva para esta disciplina.

El material malacologico proveniente de la excavacion realizada en el Sambaqui de Tarioba (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) fue clasificado y descrito por los indices tradicionales de zooar- queologia (NISP, MNI), asi como probada la hipotesis de diferencias en riqueza y abundancia de especies a lo largo de las capas arqueoestratigraficas. Las fechas de radiocarbono indicaron una ocupacion del Sambaqui de Tarioba de al menos 550 anos durante el Holoceno Reciente (4070- 3520 AP). Se identificaron 34 especies de moluscos, 18 bivalvos y 16 gasteropodos, y 2 familias pertenecientes a la clase Bivalvia (Mytilidae y Ostreidae). En total se muestrearon 7360 NISP y 3675 MNI. Las pruebas de Mann-Whitney indicaron diferencias significativas para los valores de MNI y NISP entre capas arqueoestratigraficas del Sambaqui de Tarioba, las cuales pueden ser explicadas por vieses culturales y por factores tafonomicos, ambientales y/o otros factores intrinsecos a las poblaciones de moluscos de aquella epoca.

Middens are archaeological sites dating between 8,000 and 1,000 years before present and are commonly found on the Brazilian coast. Data were collected from 68 middens allowing an inventory of 142 fish species, most of them recorded in no more than five sites. Conversely, Micropogonias furnieri and Pogonias cromis had the highest frequencies of occurrence. The biogeographic, ecological and economic data showed that most of the identified fish are widely distributed in the Western Atlantic (59.72%) and inhabit estuarine environments (53.99%), while most species have a demersal habit (35.92%) and exhibit oceanic migratory behaviour (28.87%). Lastly, the surveyed fish are predominantly carnivorous (72.54%) with some commercial value (96.48%). Chi-squared tests comparing midden inventory and current ichthyofauna checklists failed to show significant differences between them (p > 0.99). Thus, the results indicate that zoo-archaeological fish remains are key evidence of Holocene biodiversity and may help the establishment of more complete baselines. Resumo Sambaquis são sítios arqueológicos, datando entre 8,000 e 1,000 anos antes do presente, encontrados na costa brasileira. Neste trabalho, dados ictiológicos referentes a 68 sambaquis da costa Sudeste do Brasil foram compilados e construído um inventário de referência no qual constam 142 espécies, a maioria das quais com registro em não mais que cinco sítios. Por outro lado, as espécies Micropogonias furnieri e Pogonias cromis apresentaram alta frequência de ocorrência nos sambaquis. Os dados biogeográficos, ecológicos e econômicos mostraram que a maioria das espécies registradas nos sambaquis são de ampla distribuição no Atlântico Ocidental (59.72%), habitam ambientes estuarinos (53.99%), tem um hábito demersal (35.92%) e comportamento oceânico migratório (28.87%). A maioria dos registros diz respeito a peixes carnívoros (72.54%) e com algum valor comercial (96.48%). A comparação da lista de ictiofauna registrada para os sambaquis com uma lista construída com base em inventários atuais de peixes para mesma região não mostrou diferenças significativas (teste de qui-quadrado, p> 0.99). Dessa forma, os resultados apresentados indicam que os vestígios de ictiofauna encontrados em sambaquis constituem uma amostra relevante da biodiversidade do Holoceno podendo ser muito úteis na construção de inventários de referências mais completos da fauna ictiológica da costa brasileira.

O presente texto e sobre a heteronomia no fundamentalismo protestante do Brasil.Por isso, em primeiro lugar, apresentaremos o conceito de heteronomia, dentro de uma concepcao Tillichiana. Em segundo, discorreremos sobre a heteronomia dentro do protestantismo brasileiro e, por ultimo, abordaremos as consequencias provocadas pela heteronomia do protestantismo brasileiro.

On the Southeastern coast of Brazil the presence of many archaeological shellmounds offers a great potential for studying the radiocarbon marine reservoir effect (MRE). However, very few such studies are available for this region. These archaeological settlements, mostly dating from 5 to 2 kyr cal BP, include both terrestrial and marine remains in good stratigraphic context and secure association, enabling the comparison of different carbon reservoirs. In a previous study the chronology of the Sambaqui da Tarioba, located in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, was established based on marine mollusc shells and charcoal samples from hearths, from several layers in two excavated sectors. We now compare the different materials with the aim of studying the MRE in this region. Calibration was performed with Oxford software OxCal v4.2.3 using the marine curve Marine13 with an undetermined offset to account for local corrections for shell samples, and the atmospheric curve SHCal13 for charcoal samples. The distribution of results considering a phase model indicates a ΔR value of −127 ± 67 14C yr in the 1 sigma range and the multi-paired approach leads to a mean value of −110 ± 94 14C yr.

Resumo: A utilização de jogos didáticos tipo “Bean Bag Genetics” é descrita para o ensino da teoria evolutiva em turmas de graduação de uma universidade pública brasileira. Esses jogos estão em sintonia com as propostas de ensino baseadas em metodologias ativas, nas quais os alunos fazem perguntas e testam previsões por meio da produção de dados e sua discussão. Os resultados indicaram boa receptividade dos jogos. Com relação à aprendizagem, os jogos contribuíram para superação de problemas ligados aos aspectos matemáticos da genética de populações, reformulação de concepções prévias, bem como para a concretização de aspectos abstratos relacionados à teoria evolutiva. Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que esses jogos podem se constituir em mais uma alternativa para o ensino de evolução. Resumen: Se describió la utilización de los juegos didácticos tipo “Bean Bag Genetics” para la enseñanza de la teoría evolutiva en clases de grado de una universidad pública brasileña. Estos juegos están en consonancia con las propuestas de enseñanza basadas en las metodologías activas, en las cuales los alumnos hacen preguntas y testan previsiones por medio de la producción de datos y su discusión. Los resultados indicaron una buena receptividad de los juegos. Respecto al aprendizaje, los juegos contribuyeron a la superación de los problemas relacionados a los aspectos matemáticos de la genética de poblaciones, reformulación de concepciones previas, así como a la concreción de aspectos abstractos vinculados a la teoría evolutiva. De esa manera, se concluyó que eses juegos pueden constituirse en una alternativa más para la enseñanza de la evolución. Abstract: The paper describes the use of didactic games based on “Bean Bag Genetics” for the teaching of the evolutionary theory in undergraduate classes from a Brazilian state university. These games are in line with teaching proposals based on active methodologies, in which the students make questions and test predictions through data generation and its findings. Results have shown good receptivity of the students to the games. Regarding the learning process, the “Bean Bag” games seem to have contributed to overcome problems related to mathematical aspects of population genetics, reformulation of preconceptions, and to put the abstract aspects of the evolutionary theory in a more concrete form. Thus, it was possible to conclude that these games can become an additional tool to the teaching of the evolutionary theory.

Brazilian classical studies on archaeology have attempted to explain human settlement and cultural trajectories in different geographical regions. However, zoological remains found in archaeological sites can also provide important information on biological diversity. Shell mounds (or sambaquis, the Brazilian term for them derived from the Tupi language) are acknowledged as artificial constructions made under cultural aims. These deliberated accumulations enclose a sample of the fauna existing between at least 6500 years BP and the start of the Common Era. In this chapter studies dedicated to use archaeozoological remains as surrogates for Late Holocene malacological biodiversity of the Central-South Brazilian coast are reviewed. Important issues such as the establishment of baselines and the problem of bioinvasion are addressed. In pursuance, raw data from the reviewed publications are used to test the main assumption lying under all inferences done by them, namely that shell mounds can be used as samplers of the past mollusk fauna. In conclusion it is sustained that shell mounds can be useful proxies for Late Holocene biodiversity.

As histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) são mídias de grande influência na sociedade moderna. Contudo, o uso pedagógico deste material é polêmico. A revista Níquel Náusea, um quadrinho underground brasileiro, traz em suas páginas temas como evolução biológica, genética e criacionismo, tratados com humor, ironia e sarcasmo, características marcantes desta vertente dos quadrinhos. Neste trabalho, são discutidos os usos didáticos potenciais de uma história em quadrinhos específica (nas tiras da Níquel Náusea) no ensino de um conteúdo escolar com fortes implicações sociais: a teoria da evolução biológica. Também são apontados possíveis direcionamentos para os usos de histórias em quadrinhos em sala de aula.

Since the beginning of the Holocene, hunter-gatherers have occupied the central-south Brazilian coast, as it was a very productive estuarine environment. Living as fishers and mollusk gatherers, they built prehistoric shellmounds, known assambaqui, up to 30 m high, which can still be found today from the Espírito Santo (21°S) to Rio Grande do Sul (32°S) states, constituting an important testimony of paleodiversity and Brazilian prehistory. The chronology of the Sambaqui da Tarioba, situated in Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, is discussed herein. Selected well-preserved shells ofIphigenia brasilianaand charcoal from fireplaces in sequential layers were used for radiocarbon dating analysis. Based on a statistical model developed using OxCal software, the results indicate that the settlement occupation begun most probably around 3800 cal BP and lasted for up to 5 centuries.

The Araruama Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro) is known for its scenic beauty and natural resources, factors that have led to the economic expansion of the region. In recent decades, tourism and property speculation have been key to the urban development of the municipalities surrounding this Lagoon. Using secondary data and a theoretical framework based on Political Ecology and Critical Environmental Education, this article seeks to analyze the correlations between the development processes of the towns surrounding the Lagoon and the impact of these processes on the environmental quality of its ecosystem. In recent years, the evolution of parameters studied revealed that the imbalance in terms of the sustainable development of the region has damaged the health of this body of water. Large quantities of fresh water, as well as domestic and industrial effluents discharged without appropriate treatment in the Lagoon, have overloaded the ecological system, with negative effects for the entire economy in the surrounding area. Resumen La Laguna de Araruama, situada en la costa del estado de Río de Janeiro, es conocido por su belleza escénica y los recursos naturales, y permitieron que la región expandir económicamente. El turismo y la especulación inmobiliaria fueron la clave para el desarrollo urbano de los municipios adyacentes en las últimas décadas. El presente estudio intenta una evaluación de las correlaciones entre los procesos de desarrollo de las ciudades relacionadas con la laguna de Araruama y su impacto en la calidad ambiental de este ecosistema. Se basa en una revision de la literatura e usada la teoria Política Ecología teórica y Educación ambiental crítica. La evolución de los parámetros estudiados en los últimos años ha demostrado que el desequilibrio del desarrollo sostenible en la región deterioro la salud de la masa de agua. La alta tasa de introducción artificial de agua dulce y aguas residuales domésticas e industriales, sin tratamiento adecuado, ha sobrecargas el sistema lagunar; causando, por ello, un perjuicio a toda la economía circundante. Resumo A Lagoa de Araruama (Rio de Janeiro) é conhecida por sua beleza cênica e recursos naturais, fatores que permitiram a expansão econômica da região. A atividade turística e a especulação imobiliária foram determinantes para o desenvolvimento urbano dos municípios adjacentes nas últimas décadas. Utilizando dados secundários e o referencial teórico a Ecologia Política e da Educação Ambiental Crítica, buscou-se avaliar as correlações entre o processo de desenvolvimento das cidades as margens da Lagoa e o seu impacto sobre a qualidade ambiental deste ecossistema. A evolução dos parâmetros estudados ao longo dos últimos anos demonstrou que o desequilíbrio do desenvolvimento sustentável na região prejudicou a saúde do corpo hídrico. A elevada taxa de introdução artificial de água doce e de efluentes domésticos e industriais, sem o tratamento adequado, sobrecarregou o sistema lagunar; prejudicando, assim, toda a economia adjacente.

RESUMO: percepções de professores e alunos de turmas mistas sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de genética foram investigadas. As concepções dos professores foram obtidas a partir de questionários mistos e a dos alunos a partir de questionários baseados na escala de Likert. A análise dos resultados seguiu uma abordagem diferencial (sem grupo de comparação). Os dados foram categorizados seguindo os princípios da análise de conteúdo, seguido de um tratamento quali-quantitativo. Os resultados evidenciaram a forte influência de referências visuais nas percepções de professores e alunos videntes sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas na aprendizagem de genética. Embora alunos videntes e professores reconheçam que as imagens utilizadas nas aulas de genética sejam recursos facilitadores da aprendizagem de conceitos abstratos, continuam apresentando dificuldades a despeito do uso de estratégias visuais. Por outro lado, os alunos cegos sinalizaram os prejuízos decorrentes do uso acrítico desses recursos, posto que, dificultam a apreensão dos conceitos. Assim, parece que o primado da visão cega a todos, impedindo a percepção de que para além do ver está o ato construtivo do conhecer e que, pessoas desprovidas dessa cegueira, o caso dos cegos, podem indicar caminhos diferentes daqueles pré-estabelecidos para a apreensão de conceitos não visuais. ABSTRACT: The perceptions of teachers and students (in classrooms with young people with and without blindness) about the teaching and learning of genetics were investigated through a semi-structured questionnaire for teachers and a Likert scale questionnaire for students. Data analysis followed a differential approach, without a comparison group. Data were categorized according to content analysis, followed by a qualitative and quantitative treatment. Results evidenced a strong influence of visual reference both for teachers' and typical students' perceptions about the difficulties in learning genetics. Although typical students and teachers recognize that images used in genetics classes are facilitating tools of abstract concepts, they still present difficulties despite the use of visual strategies. On the other hand, blind students pointed to the damages caused by the acritical use of these resources, as they hindered the learning of concepts. Thus, it seems that the primacy of visual reference blinds us all, blocking the perception that beyond seeing is the constructive act of knowing, and that people who cannot see may indicate different paths from the ones pre-established for learning non-visual concepts.

Nosso objetivo é discorrer sobre o socialismo religioso de Paul Tillich. Para tanto, propomos em primeiro lugar, apresentar algumas fases concretas na vida de Paul Tillich que engendraram em sua decisão, pela qual ele vai concentrar seu pensamento em direção a uma filosofia da história para a construção do seu pensamento político. Em segundo lugar, apontar a interpretação da história como método para compreensão da história política. Por fim, discorrer sobre as principais ideias que caracterizam o socialismo religioso.

A “ciência da dedução” da personagem Sherlock Holmes de Conan Doyle como descrita no romance “O sinal dos quatro” é analisada de um ponto de vista epistemológico (Peirce, Popper, Kuhn e Lakatos). O objetivo principal é evidenciar aspectos relevantes do fazer científico que possam ser usados, de forma lúdica, em aulas de ciências, favorecendo um ensino menos focado no conteúdo e mais voltado para como o conhecimento é produzido, verificado e corrigido. Acredita-se que um ensino de ciências mais voltado para esses aspectos pode contribuir para uma visada crítica do fazer científico, prevenindo a suscetibilidade a argumentos falaciosos, tanto de cunho tecnocrático quanto pseudocientífico. Essa atitude crítica pode promover um exercício mais pleno da cidadania.

O bivalve estuarino Iphigenia brasiliensis (Lamarck, 1818) e um recurso de mariscagem amplamente explorado nas regioes Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Embora a especie apresente relevância socioeconomica para muitas populacoes tradicionais, poucas informacoes a seu respeito estao disponiveis na literatura. Este trabalho teve como objetivo recuperar estudos nos quais I. brasiliensis fosse especie modelo ou um dado direto da pesquisa. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisao da literatura utilizando-se de quatro bases de dados digitais. Foram recuperadas 132 publicacoes, as quais foram caracterizadas por uma analise de conteudo, bem como tiveram seus dados compilados para uma descricao estatistica. Das publicacoes recuperadas, apenas 17 corresponderam a pesquisas diretamente relacionadas a especie, ou seja, aquelas em que I. brasiliensis foi o objeto de estudo. A maior parte dos trabalhos levantados nesta revisao referiu-se a especie, principalmente, como uma das capturas incidentais mais abundantes durante a catacao de bivalves comercialmente mais rentaveis. Palavras-chave: Bivalve Estuarino. Catacao de Moluscos. Captura Incidental. Abstract Iphigenia brasliensis (Lamarck, 1818) is an estuarine bivalve used as commercial and subsistence resource by the traditional communities from North and Northeast of Brazil. Although its socioeconomic relevance, the species is poorly studied and information on it is very rare in the academic literature. The main aim of this review was to recover all available information on I. brasiliensis that was scattered among many different sources. For doing that a search was carried out using four digital databases. 132 publications were recovered and characterized by a content analysis, as well as had their data compiled for a statistical description. Of the recovered publications, only 17 corresponded to research directly related to the species, that is, to those in which I. brasiliensis was the object of study. Most of the literature recovered in this review referred to the species only as one of the most abundant bycatch during the exploitation of other commercially profitable bivalves. Keywords: Estuarine Bivalve. Mollusk Gathering. Bycatch.

Por meio desta pesquisa realizaremos uma abordagem do pensamento de Paul Tillich sobre a linguagem simbolica. Faremos em primeiro lugar uma definicao geral dos termos simbolo e mito como tambem suas funcoes dentro da religiao. Segundo, a partir do pensamento de Tillich sera feita uma analise sobre a linguagem simbolica e terceiro e quarto lugar apresentaremos a importância da linguagem simbolica para o sentido da vida, culto e hermeneutica religiosa.

As coleções biológicas são a fonte básica de informações sobre as espécies, servindo a diferentes áreas de estudo sobre a biodiversidade. Coleções biológicas sobre subfósseis são, ainda, raras no Brasil, embora sejam fundamentais para implementação de medidas de conservação e manejo, uma vez que podem servir como base referencial para estudos históricos sobre a evolução da biodiversidade. Neste sentido, a construção de coleções de referência da fauna presente em sambaquis, somada aos seus inventários, pode ser uma importante ferramenta, tanto para futuros estudos zooarqueológicos quanto para pesquisas biológicas e ecológicas. No presente trabalho a coleção científica de subfósseis de sambaquis do Brasil pertencente ao Laboratório de Genética Marinha e Evolução da Universidade Federal Fluminense (LGME-UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) é apresentada. Esta coleção mantém subfósseis de 34 espécies de moluscos, sendo 23 espécies de bivalves e 11 de gastrópodes, e 9 espécies de crustáceos braquiúros, sendo grande parte do material oriundo do sítio arqueológico Sambaqui da Tarioba (Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil).