Search

A török kiűzését követően, a 17–18. század fordulóján a Mecsek környéki településeken is megjelentek az ipari tevékenységekben jártas németajkú telepesek, akik a Mecsek erdeiben az első üveghuták létesítési munkálatai közben felfigyeltek a környék ércindikációira is. Levéltári dokumentumok igazolják ezeket a nemesfémkutatásokat, azonban mindezidáig tényfeltáró és a történeti kutatásokat összefoglaló munka nem született annak a kérdésnek az eldöntésében, hogy valóban található-e a Mecsekben nemesfém-indikáció, illetve nemesfémérc. Amennyiben igen, a további modern szemléletű kutatások az érctípus meghatározására és genetikai modelljének pontosítására fókuszálhatók, illetve együtt a minőségi-mennyiségi paraméterek megadásával az ércesedés gazdasági jelentősége is körvonalazható. A fellelhető írott források kutatásával párhuzamosan tehát megindult a lehetséges ércindikációk felderítése a területen, mely eddig ismeretlen, a forrásokban sem említett nemesfém-ércesedés felfedezéséhez vezetett. Az elvégzett terepi és laboratóriumi vizsgálatok megerősítették, hogy az Ófalu térségében, a Mecsekalja-zónában feltáródó ópaleozoós, milonitosodott metamorf kőzetek (Studervölgyi Gneisz Formáció) olyan Au-Ag- Bi-Te szulfidos-telluridos ércesedést tartalmaznak, mely e kőzetek lepusztulásából származó miocén kavicsanyagban (Szászvári Formáció) is megtalálható. Az érces kavicsokon kívül a durvatörmelékes, folyóvízi eredetű Szászvári Formáció önálló aranyszemcséket is tartalmaz, mely szemcsék valószínű leg torlatos eredetűek. A torlatos arany zárványainak paragenezise szintén egyezést mutat az érces kavicsanyag és az Ófalu mellett kibukkanó metamorf kőzetek érces paragenezisével. A kutatási eredmények alapján tehát a Mecsekalja-zónában egy eddig teljesen ismeretlen, Au-Ag-Bi-Te elemegyüttessel jellemzett orogén aranyércesedés előfordulását azonosítottuk, melynek egy része lepusztult és áthalmozódott a Kelet-Mecsek kora miocén folyóvízi üledékgyűjtőibe.

Quartz from the stockwork zone of various Cyprus type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (Boccassuolo, Reppia, Campegli, Bargone and Vigonzano) from the unmetamorphosed, Jurassic Northern Apennine ophiolites was studied in order to provide details on the submarine hydrothermal conditions and the characteristics for ore formation. Our detailed SEM-CL investigation of quartz contributed to a robust characterization and interpretation of primary fluid inclusions and microthermometry data. SEM-CL imaging was also useful for reconstructing the consecutive steps of quartz precipitation. The determination of trace element contents according to growth zoning in quartz by LA-ICP-MS constrained the compositional variations of parent fluids during the hydrothermal activity. A continuously cooling fluid regime characterized each studied volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) occurrence although the minimum formation temperatures were different (Bargone: 110–270 °C, Boccassuolo: 60–360 °C, Campegli: 110–225 °C, Reppia: 50–205 °C, Vigonzano: 260–330 °C), the range of temperature most probably depends on the original position of sampling in relation to the centers of the hydrothermal systems. Compositional changes are reflected by variations in the methane content (0.13–0.33 mol/kg) and salinity (2.6–9.3 NaCl equiv. wt. %) in the fluid inclusions of quartz and calcite as well as a changeable Al content (11–1526 ppm) in quartz. This study demonstrates that the combined use of SEM-CL imaging and LA-ICP-MS analyses, coupled with fluid inclusion microthermometry, can constrain the different fluid conditions of ore forming and the barren stages of evolving submarine hydrothermal systems.

Ignimbrite-hosted quartz phenocryst fragments contain much lower hydroxyl defect concentration than quartz in igneous rocks. Pre-eruptive and post-depositional loss of hydrogen were hypothesized as the main processes for lowering the initial magmatic concentrations of hydroxyl defects. The aim of this study was to examine the hydroxyl defect concentration of quartz phenocryst fragments from various vertical positions above the base of pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits. It aims to record the vertical variations of hydroxyl defect concentrations to have an insight into potential post-depositional hydrogen loss of PDC deposits. Ignimbrite-hosted quartz phenocryst fragments were examined from two different ignimbrites in the Bukk Foreland Volcanic Area (North Hungary). Unpolarized micro-FTIR measurements on 23–35 unoriented crystal fragments from each sample were performed representing four different vertical positions of each site. Present results imply that hydroxyl defect concentrations show a pronounced decrease upward from the base of the deposits. The initial ~12 ppm hydroxyl defect concentration decreases to

Hydroxyl defect concentrations of quartz phenocryst fragments from various rhyolitic pyroclastic density current deposits from the Bukk Foreland Volcanic Area, Hungary, were determined by using micro-FTIR spectrometry. In addition trace-element analysis and SEM cathodoluminescence imaging were performed on the same crystals. Hydroxyl defect-content (expressed in water equivalent) of volcanic quartz ranges from 0.9±0.1 to 2.8±0.4 wt. ppm, which is lower than those in quartz of plutonic (granitic), metamorphic and hydrothermal origin. The incorporation of hydroxyl defect is mainly due to H+ + Al3+ substitutions into Si-tetrahedral vacancies of quartz. Furthermore, the presence of molecular water probably in (nano-)inclusions was proven. The post-eruptive diffusive loss of hydroxyl defects during cooling seems to be the main factor causing the very low concentration of hydroxyl defects. This may be also manifested in the almost homogeneous distribution of hydroxyl defects regardless of the considerable zonation in Al-content, although complete diffusive loss of hydroxyl defects was possibly hindered by the cooling effect of phreatomagmatism (interaction of excess water with magma during eruption) and deposition in a shallow submarine environment. Moreover, a reasonable linear correlation is observed between the integrated area of Si–O bands (between 2110 and 1440 cm−1) and sample thickness up to ~300 μm by studying unoriented quartz phenocryst fragments. This may enable the quantitative analysis of hydroxyl defects in separated quartz crystals without the need for preparing oriented thin sections.

The Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating started in 2004 in the Geological Institute of Hungary, then continued in the successor Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, and the Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary. Our OSL ages have contributed to the reconstructions of palaeohydrography and palaeomorphology as well as the timing of neotectonic movements and archaeological sites among others. Principally, quartz is used for dating because it is an abundant and resistant mineral of the sediments and it serves as a natural retrospective dosimeter that is trapping and storing charges in the point defects of its crystal lattice. During the dating of Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments, it has been recognised that the luminescence properties of quartz and its suitability for OSL dating show local differences. For example, in some places of Hungary, quartz has much dimmer luminescence than in other areas of the country, or it is saturated due to lower radioactive radiation, which makes OSL dating challenging. The aim of this study was to find the causes of these local differences. Quartz was separated from some plutonic, volcanic, metamorphic and older sedimentary rocks and sediments of Hungary, which can be source of some Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in Hungary. Beside OSL measurements, for the detection of the chemical impurities that can cause defects in the crystal lattice, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Micro-FTIR) and Infrared Spectrometry were applied. Thermal Analysis and X-Ray Diffraction were applied for the characterization of the quartz separates. The concentration of the radioactive elements in the studied formations was also determined based on laboratory High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry. The results of the OSL measurements indicated that sediments, sedimentary rocks and some volcanic tuffs give brighter or more intensive luminescence than the quartz of the studied metamorphic and plutonic rocks. The quartz grains of only a few formations are appropriate for OSL dating if they get into the Pleistocene or Holocene sediments. They are solely sediments and sedimentary rocks, certain Upper-Miocene, Upper-Miocene–Pliocene and Upper-Oligocene sands of Kalla Gravel, Zagyva and Torokbalint Sandstone formations. The results of the LA-ICP-MS measurements indicated Li, Na, Al, P, K, Ti and Ba impurities in the quartz grains, while Micro-FTIR analysis detected coupled substitution of Al3++ H+ at the position of Si4+ incorporated as AlOH structural hydroxyl, and molecular water as well. These impurities partly are present in mineral phases, as clay minerals or smectite, and mica, according to the results of XRD, Thermal Analysis and Infrared Spectrometry. The causes of the local differences in luminescence properties of quartz grains and their suitability for OSL dating are probably their different source rocks, and diverse thermal and sedimentary history. The quartz grains that are originated directly from metamorphic and plutonic rocks by erosion show unfavourable OSL properties, probably because, during their long cooling period, they relax most of the point defects in their crystal lattice that were formed during their formation on high temperature. The OSL properties of the quartz grains of the sediments and sedimentary rocks are more favourable due to the repeated cycles of radioactive irradiation and the zeroing of the OSL in sunshine which increase the sensitivity of quartz.

The monography traces the complex relationships between political discourses on the Danube and the aestheticization of the river landscape. It shows the making of the idea of a united Danube region paralleled by the conception of the region as a treshold between the East and the West in the 19th century., Die Monografie zeigt die komplexen Beziehungen, die zwischen der politischen Diskursivierung des Stromes und seinem gleichzeitigen ästhetischen Verfügbarmachen bestanden. Sie zeichnet nach, wie beide, Politisierung und Ästhetisierung, die Idee eines einheitlichen Donauraumes, zugleich aber auch die Vorstellung von der Donau als Schwelle hervorbrachten.

The aim of this study was to determine both ‘water’ contents (as OH− and H2O) and δD values of several clinopyroxene samples from alkaline basalts. These parameters were first obtained from five clinopyroxene samples using both the classical ‘off-line’ vacuum extraction technique and the ‘on-line’ high-temperature pyrolysis technique. Blanks measured with the ‘on-line’ gas extraction techniques were low enough to prevent any contamination by atmospheric water vapour. The comparison of data has revealed that our ‘on-line’ procedure is more effective for the extraction of ‘water’ from clinopyroxenes and, consequently, this ‘on-line’ technique was applied to ten additional clinopyroxene samples. Sample δD values cover a similar range from −95 to −45 ‰ (VSMOW) regardless of the studied locations, whereas the total ‘water’ content varies from ~115 to ~2570 ppm. The structural hydroxyl content of clinopyroxene samples measured by micro-FTIR spectrometry varies from ~0 to 476 ppm expressed in molecular water equivalent. The total ‘water’ concentrations determined by mass spectrometry differ considerably from structural hydroxyl contents constrained by micro-FTIR, thus indicating that considerable proportion of the ‘water’ may be present in (nano)-inclusions. The structural hydroxyl concentration—apart from clinopyroxenes separated from amphibole clinopyroxenite xenoliths—correlates positively with the δD values of clinopyroxene megacrysts for each locality, indicating that structurally bond hydrogen in clinopyroxenes may have δD values higher than molecular water in inclusions. This implies that there may be a significant hydrogen isotope fractionation for structural hydroxyl during crystallization of clinopyroxene, while for molecular water there may be no or only negligible isotope fractionation.

Aims and objectives. To evaluate to what degree total hip replacement, or co-morbidities or their progression, influence the health-related quality of life of patients after the operation. We have looked for an objective method to reflect the severity of cardiovascular diseases and to better characterise the health-related quality of life of patients with total hip replacement. Background. The main weakness of the different health-related quality of life methods that are applied to the analysis is the lack of information regarding the contributory role of co-morbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases. Design. Retrospective longitudinal study. Methods. This study involved 109 patients who had had total hip replacement. The patients’ health status – objective and subjective functional performance at the time of operation and five years later – was evaluated using questionnaires (including EQ-5D and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities’ Ostoearthritis Index scores) and the hospital database. An Objective Cardiovascular Classification grouping was developed to evaluate the deterioration of cardiovascular diseases. Results. The subjective assessment of the patients’ health status at Year 5 revealed highly significant differences between healthy and sick patients in respect of EQ-5D and Objective Cardiovascular Classification but not in the case of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities’ Ostoearthritis Index scores. Evaluating postoperative subjective health awareness, a higher sensitivity and specificity and a significantly better individual-discriminating role was demonstrated in Objective Cardiovascular Classification vs. EQ-5D. Conclusion. After successful total hip replacement postoperative health awareness is influenced mainly by existing and developing cardiovascular diseases. It seems to be the case that for patients with significant hypertension, ischaemic heart disease or chronic heart failure, even successful surgery will not improve the patients’ overall feeling of health. Relevance to clinical practice. Nursing care of patients with total hip replacement, in respect of cardiovascular diseases, can contribute a better health-related quality of life.

The effect of the carrier gas flow rate on laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) signals of brass components (Cu, Zn, and Ni) were studied primarily with the use of a conventional closed ablation cell (UP-213) and with the use of an open ablation cell of our own construction. In the closed ablation cell configuration with the carrier gas flow rate in the range of 0.40–1.3 L min− 1 Ar, the MS signals increased significantly (an 8.2-fold increase for a Cu signal), and the Zn/Cu signal ratio increased 3.2 times. To identify the degree of fractionation, the conventional solution sample introduction method was selected as the reference method because it is expected free from fractionation for Cu and Zn. To obtain a theoretical value, calculations were made based on Saha's relationship of ionization, which resulted in fair agreement with the experimental results of the solution method. By comparing the Zn/Cu signal ratios obtained from both the LA and the solution method, a fractionation factor of 2.26 was deduced for these two components. To explain the increased signals described above, the transport efficiency as a function of the carrier gas flow rate was calculated for different particle size fractions based on existing theories. It was demonstrated that the large increase in the signals with carrier gas flow rate is predominantly due to processes taking place in the ablation cell (i.e., neither during the transportation nor in the ICP). The results of the novel fundamental works on aerosol formation under LA conditions were considered and complemented with the application of the Kelvin (Gibbs-Thomson) equation to calculate critical sizes of aerosol particles in the nucleating vapors of Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb elements. It was concluded that the noted increase of signals was due to the intensification of mixing of the expanding vapor-cloud with cold gas when applying an increasing carrier gas flow rate. It was also concluded that the fractionation factor mentioned above for Zn/Cu components (2.26) was the consequence of fractional vaporization. The open ablation cell and aerosol transporting pump system did not satisfy the demands of the sensitive LA-ICP-MS determinations. The primary reason for this was the low efficiency of the miniature pump used for aerosol transportation.

On the Border of Acceptability. Hungarian Contacts of the Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (Aktion Sühnezeichen) in the 1980s Comparing the history of oppositional movements in the GDR and Hungary during the 1980s, their different social backgrounds are especially striking: While the Protestant Church in the GDR became in many cases a refuge for oppositional groups, these acted almost invariably outside of Church in Hungary. The history of the Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (Aktion Sühnezeichen, German Abbreviation: ASZ) is especially interesting in this regard, as its international contacts alone constantly explored the limits of what was allowed. It exploited the advantages of an informal as possible mode of operations and thus also formed a testing ground for internalizing the code of conduct in a grass-roots democratic setting. The 1980s brought internal polarization to the ASZ. Above all, relations to the independent peace movement proved to be crucial. While on the one hand the wish to secure state recognition grew within the leadership, a smaller group tried on the other hand to expand the agenda of the ASZ from resting solely within German history and to rebrand it as critical of the system. The political importance of the Hungarian contacts becomes especially apparent, if one views them in context of the ramified connections between oppositional circles in both countries.

This paper is devoted to the description of spessartine-almandine garnet (Sps: 39.8-60.2%; Alm: 29.1-56.76%; Grs

Aims and objectives To analyse in detail the relationship between the movement and generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) indicators and the subjective feeling of health of the patients, as well as the objective movement parameters measured by the surgeon and the patient's opinion about the success of the total hip replacement (THR). Background We have only limited information about the effect of mobility function improvement on the HRQoL several years after THR. We have recently found that after THR postoperative health awareness is influenced mainly by cardiovascular diseases, but the effects of the movement parameters on the subsequent feelings of well-being were not examined. Design Retrospective longitudinal study. Methods This study involved 109 patients who had had THR. The patients' health status and objective and subjective mobility function at the time of operation and five years later were evaluated using questionnaires (including EQ-5D and WOMAC scores) and the hospital database. Results All components of EQ-5D and WOMAC had significantly improved by Year 5 in patients who experienced a complete recovery after the operation, but not the mobility and pain components of EQ-5D for those patients who felt an improvement only in their subjective mobility function. The surgeon-assessed parameters and use of walking aids showed a similar distribution in patients who considered themselves to be healthy or only moderately sick five years after THR. Conclusion Successful THR significantly improves the feeling of well-being and the mobility function of patients even five years after the operation. In individual cases, however, other subjective and objective factors, but not the mobility function, have a major influence on the HRQoL. Relevance to clinical practice Five years after successful THR, nursing care has to focus not only on the further improvement of the mobility but on strengthening the subjective feeling of the patient's well-being and health.

To evaluate to what degree total hip replacement, or co-morbidities or their progression, influence the health-related quality of life of patients after the operation. We have looked for an objective method to reflect the severity of cardiovascular diseases and to better characterise the health-related quality of life of patients with total hip replacement.The main weakness of the different health-related quality of life methods that are applied to the analysis is the lack of information regarding the contributory role of co-morbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases.Retrospective longitudinal study.This study involved 109 patients who had had total hip replacement. The patients' health status - objective and subjective functional performance at the time of operation and five years later - was evaluated using questionnaires (including EQ-5D and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities' Ostoearthritis Index scores) and the hospital database. An Objective Cardiovascular Classification grouping was developed to evaluate the deterioration of cardiovascular diseases.The subjective assessment of the patients' health status at Year 5 revealed highly significant differences between healthy and sick patients in respect of EQ-5D and Objective Cardiovascular Classification but not in the case of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities' Ostoearthritis Index scores. Evaluating postoperative subjective health awareness, a higher sensitivity and specificity and a significantly better individual-discriminating role was demonstrated in Objective Cardiovascular Classification vs. EQ-5D.After successful total hip replacement postoperative health awareness is influenced mainly by existing and developing cardiovascular diseases. It seems to be the case that for patients with significant hypertension, ischaemic heart disease or chronic heart failure, even successful surgery will not improve the patients' overall feeling of health.Nursing care of patients with total hip replacement, in respect of cardiovascular diseases, can contribute a better health-related quality of life.